Unit 17 HBiol, Immune System Focus on Antibodies and Vaccines

Primary immune response

Formation and production of the antibodies takes several days after the initial exposure to an antigen & peak antibody production may occur a week or two after exposure. This is referred to as the ___________________

IgG antibodies

Most abundant (~80%) type of antibody in blood.

Herd immunity

Term for the form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 receptor

The specific cell receptor that the Corona virus binds to in order to enter the cell is called the ACE2 receptor which stands for the ________________________________

Antigenic

The spike protein is found on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 and is _______________________, meaning that our immune system will see it as foreign and develop an immune response. The spike protein is used by the virus to bind to a host cell and enter the cell.

True

True or False: The mRNA vaccine cannot cause the disease. It does not use the live virus and thus cannot cause someone to get COVID-19.

True

True or False: Vaccination is an example of artificially acquired active immunity.

Disease

'CO' in COVID 19 stands for stands for 'corona,' which is named for the spike like projections emanating from the viral surface creating a crown appearance (corona is Latin for crown). 'VI' for 'virus,' 'D' for __________________, and 19 for the year it was discovered.

Virus

'CO' in COVID 19 stands for stands for 'corona,' which is named for the spike like projections emanating from the viral surface creating a crown appearance (corona is Latin for crown). 'VI' for __________________, 'D' for disease, and 19 for the year it was discovered.

Corona

'CO' in COVID 19 stands for stands for _______________________, which is named for the spike like projections emanating from the viral surface creating a crown appearance (corona is Latin for crown). 'VI' for 'virus,' 'D' for disease, and 19 for the year it was discovered.

Vaccine

A ___________________________ typically contains an antigen that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The antigen stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the antigen as a threat, destroy it, and remember it (memory B and T cells), so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of the actual disease causing microorganisms if it encounters it at a later time.

Adaptive immune response

A vaccine activates the _____________________________ (innate immune response, adaptive immune response) in a similar way that a pathogen would except the vaccine doesn't make the person sick.

Antigen

A vaccine typically contains an _______________________ that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The antigen stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the antigen as a threat, destroy it, and remember it (memory B and T cells), so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of the actual disease causing microorganisms if it encounters it at a later time.

Secondary immune response

After the primary immune response memory cells remain dormant but respond quickly if exposed to the antigen at another time, a response so fast & effective that infection is typically prevented. This is referred to as the

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

COVID-19 is the disease caused by the coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which stands for _____________________________________.

Spike protein

COVID-19 mRNA vaccines give instructions for our cells to make a harmless piece of an antigenic viral protein called the ______________________. It does not do any harm to the person being vaccinated and there is no chance of it causing the COVID disease

Lipid nanoparticles

In the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines, the mRNA is packaged in carrier molecules known as ______________________ and the vaccine is injected into the upper arm muscle. The carrier molecules protect the mRNA from enzymes in the body that would break it down. It also helps the mRNA to enter the body cells.

DTaP

The acellular pertussis vaccine (subunit vaccine) is often combined with the vaccine for diphtheria and tetanus (toxoid vaccine) in what is called the ________________________ combined vaccine.

Spike protein

The lipid nanoparticles are usually taken up by cells localized in the area and cells within nearby lymph nodes that the lymph drains into. Once the instructions (mRNA) are inside the cells, the cell use the mRNA to make the ___________________.

IgA antibodies

Type of antibody found in secretions of digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary systems; also in colostrum, milk and tears

IgA antibodies

Type of antibody that protects internal body surfaces exposed to the environment by blocking the attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes.

Artificially acquired active immunity

Type of immunity that is formed by receiving a vaccination? Naturally acquired passive immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Artificially acquired active immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Type of immunity that is formed by receiving an injection of immunoglobulins (antibodies) to help fight an infection. Naturally acquired passive immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Artificially acquired active immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity

Passive immunity

Type of immunity where there is the direct transfer of antibodies formed by another person (or animal). Example: transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across placenta or in colostrum ('first milk') OR treatment for rabies or poisonous snake venom.

Subunit vaccines

Type of vaccines made with pieces of the pathogen. The piece is called an antigen and triggers an immune response. Because these vaccines use only specific pieces of the pathogen, they give a very strong immune response that's targeted to key parts of the pathogen. They can also be used on almost everyone who needs them, including people with weakened immune systems and long-term health problems. - Examples include hepatitis B, HPV (Human papillomavirus), and Pertussis or Whooping cough vaccines.

Toxoid vaccines

Type of vaccines that contain a toxin or chemical made by the pathogen that causes the disease. These vaccines are used when a toxin is the main cause of illness. When the immune system receives a vaccine containing a harmless toxoid, it learns how to fight off the natural toxin. - Examples include the bacterial infections of Diphtheria and Tetanus

Live attenuated vaccines

Type of vaccines that contain a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can't cause disease. Are highly effective vaccines because a live, attenuated vaccine is the closest thing to a natural infection. - Examples include the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR combined vaccine) and chickenpox (varicella), and smallpox vaccines.

mRNA vaccines

Type of vaccines that contain messenger ribonucleic acid that gives instructions in the form of mRNA to our cells on how to make a foreign protein (antigen) that triggers an immune response. That immune response, which activates T cells and B cells, is what protects us from getting infected if the real pathogen with that foreign protein (antigen) enters our bodies.

Inactivated vaccines

Type of vaccines where scientist kill the disease-causing microbe with chemicals, heat, or radiation. Such vaccines are more stable than live vaccines: Another name for this vaccine is a killed vaccine. - Examples include the injected polio vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, and most influenza vaccines.

Plasma cells

When activated most B cells differentiate into active ___________________ that produce antibodies (up to 2,000 per second). The differentiated cells swell as they add large amounts of the organelle known as rough endoplasmic reticulum for antibody production.

Spike protein

With the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines, activated B cells divide to produce memory cells and Plasma cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies work in multiple ways to protect us. The main way it protects against the coronavirus is that antibodies bind to the virus' _________________ and block the virus from entering the cell. The spike protein is used to bind to the cell's receptor and trick the cell to letting it in.

Plasma cells

With the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines, activated B cells divide to produce memory cells and __________________ that produce antibodies. Antibodies work in multiple ways to protect us. The main way it protects against the corona virus is that antibodies bind to the virus' spike proteins and block the virus from entering the cell. The spike protein is used to bind to the cell's receptor and trick the cell to letting it in.