Unit 2 Abnormal Psychology

Which is NOT a type of anxiety disorder?

Bipolar disorder

Suddenly and without warning, and without apparent cause, Melissa felt scared that she was losing control and became paralyzed with fear for several minutes. These symptoms are consistent with a(n):

Panic attack

Autonomic Nervous System

The network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body

Prolonged exposure

a treatment approach in which clients confront not only trauma-related objects and situations but also their painful memories of traumatic experiences

Persistent depressive disorder

a chronic form of unipolar depression marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

Rational-emotive therapy

a cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder

Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?

a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

PTSD

a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms long after a traumatic event

Acute stress disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms soon after a trauma but for less than a month

OCD

a disorder in which a person has recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both

Body dysmorphic disorder

a disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance. Such defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggerated

Excoriation disorder

a disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds

Trichotillomania

a disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of the body

Bipolar disorder

a disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression

Dissociative amnesia

a disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information

Cyclothymic disorder

a disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

Dissociative identity disorder

a dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities

Depersonalization-derealization disorder

a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

Psychological debriefing

a form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents

Dissociative fugue

a form of dissociative amnesia in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

a group of second-generation anti-depressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

a treatment for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have been implanted in subgenual cingulate, thus stimulating that brain area

On an impulse, Jaxson decides to throw a huge party. After four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, Jaxson welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because Jaxson has blocked a public road in order to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. It is MOST likely that Jaxson is experiencing:

a manic phase of bipolar I disorder

Norepinephrine

a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder

Serotonin

a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders

GABA

a neurotransmitter whose low anxiety in the brain's fear circuit has been linked to anxiety

Neutralizing

a person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts

Modeling

a process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle

Classical conditioning

a process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response

Which of these describes a compulsion?

a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform

Specific phobia

a severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation

Social anxiety disorder

a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

Major depressive disorder

a severe pattern of depression that is disabling and not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

Locus coeruleus

a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine

Mania

a state or people of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking

Anxiety sensitivity

a tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful

Cognitive Therapy

a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders

Behavioral activation

a therapy for depression in which the therapist works systematically to increase the number of constructive and pleasurable activities and events in a client's life

Vagus nerve stimulation

a treatment for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve; the nerve then stimulates the brain

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to a patient's head send an electrical current through the brain, causing a convulsion

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

a treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems helps lead to recovery

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

a treatment in which an electromagnetic coil, which is placed on or above a patient's head, sends a current into the individual's brain

Hypnotic therapy

a treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities

Bipolar I disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Bipolar II disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes

Symbolic loss

according to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one

Salina was terrified during the magnitude 7.2 earthquake that hit where she lived. For a couple of weeks after the event, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, her fears gradually diminished and were completely gone within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n):

acute stress disorder

MAO inhibitor

an antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase

Agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur

Panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

Flooding

an exposure treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

an exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid

Systematic desensitization

an exposure treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread

Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are:

anxious and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

Brain stimulation

biological treatments that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain

A friend who has unipolar depression says, "I can't do anything right. Nobody will ever love me again." This statement reflects a(n):

cognitive symptom

Unipolar depression

depression without a history of mania

Dissociative disorders

disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes

Anhedonia

inability to experience any pleasure at all

Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all the following characteristics EXCEPT:

inappropriate rises in mood

State-dependent learning

learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions

Brain circuits

networks of brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action

Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar depression is associated with high _____ activity.

norepinephrine

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway (HPA)

one route by which the brain and body produce arousal

Drake was trapped in his car for a time as he tried to flee a wildfire in northern California. There was ash and smoke everywhere. The heat was unbearable, and he was sure he was going to die. When rescue teams eventually found him, Drake was dehydrated, having trouble breathing, and terrified. More than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. This BEST describes a(n):

posttraumatic stress disorder

Mood stabilizing drugs

psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar disorder

The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is:

relaxation training

A severe, persistent, and irrational fear of situations in which a person may be exposed to scrutiny, such as public speaking or performing, is called:

social anxiety disorder

All the following are part of Beck's theory of depression EXCEPT:

symbolic loss

If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, the stress response that is initially activated is the:

sympathetic nervous system

Fusion

the final merging of two or more subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder

Client-centered therapy

the humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveying genuineness

Benzodiazepines

the most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax

Parasympathetic nervous system

the nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that help return bodily processes to normal

Sympathetic nervous system

the nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal

Learned helplessness

the perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over the reinforcements in one's life

Self-hypnosis

the process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events

Subpersonalities

the two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder

Exposure treatment

treatment in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread