Unit 2 Psych study set.

placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

____________ is the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. A. Behaviorism B. Psychoanalysis C. Learning D. Humanism

A. Behaviorism

Who among these researchers was NOT a stage theorist? A. KAREN HORNEY B. JEAN PIAGET C. LAWRENCE KOHLBERG D. ERIK ERIKSON.

A. KAREN HORNEY

Mahesh's father demands total obedience from their children and allows no discussion or arguing about their rules. They also have zero tolerance for breaking the rules. Mahesh's father has which type of parenting style? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. detached

A. authoritarian

Munir is in their late-seventies, and is in remarkably good health. If they were to worry about getting sick, they should probably worry MOST about: A. cancer. B. upper respiratory influenza. C. the common cold. D. viruses.

A. cancer.

Which of these are thread-like structures made up of DNA molecules containing genes? A. Chromosomes B. Genome C. Teratogens D. heredity

A. chromosomes

The part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons is the: A. dendrite. D. axon. C. cell body. D. myelin sheath.

A. dendrite.

After a particularly strenuous workout, Javon feels especially good. Javon's euphoria may reflect the release of the brain's natural painkiller called: A. endorphins. B. serotonin. C. glutamate. D. dopamine.

A. endorphins.

Men do not experience anything equivalent to _____; that is, they do not experience a cessation in fertility or a sharp drop in hormones. A. menopause B. menarche C. spermarche D. stagnation

A. menopause

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation? A. mirror neuron B. motor neuron C. sensory neuron D. interneuron

A. mirror neuron

Carmen is driving at night in an unfamiliar city. Because the neighborhood looks dangerous, Carmen feels extremely alert. The neurotransmitter _____ is helping her cope with the stressful situation. A. norepinephrine B. glutamate C. acetylcholine D. GABA

A. norepinephrine

cerebral cortex areas involved primarily in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

Associated areas

A single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy for a woman between the ages of _____ and _____ as compared with a woman between the ages of 19 and 26. A. 30; 35 B. 35; 39 C. 40; 45 D. 45; 50

B. 35; 39

Abdel had a brain tumor removed. Now they have no vision in their left eye. The tumor was MOST likely located in Abdel's _____ lobe. A. left occipital B. right occipital C. left temporal D. right temporal

B. right occipital

Learning Theory

Based on the idea that changes in behavior result more from experience and less from our personality or how we think or feel about a situation.

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

Infancy (to 1 year) If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

The process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Learning (Theory)

Neural system located mostly in the forebrain — below the cerebral hemispheres — that includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus; associated with emotions and drives.

Limbic system

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between development and maturation?

Maturation is one type of development.

True or False Insecure attachment is a form of attachment between infant and caregiver that develops as a result of the caregiver's lack of sensitive responding to the infant's needs.

True

True or False: Change blindness occurs when one fails to notice alterations in the environment.

True

True or False: Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and, as a result, learn associations-often without our awareness.

True

True or False: Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

True

How does conception occur?

When egg and sperm meet to make a zygote (one-celled organism) after fertilization

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

What is ONLY found in the intracellular fluid? a. proteins with a negative charge b. proteins with a positive charge c. potassium ions d. sodium ions

a. proteins with a negative charge

theory of mind

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

what is selection effect, and how might it affect a teen's decision to join the choir at school?

adolescents tend to select similar people to themselves and what they like. i.e. band, choir, theater etc.

The ______________- two almond-shaped neural clusters- enables aggression and fear.

amygdala

The limbic system includes:

amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

secure attachment style

an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

somatosensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

In these _________________ areas, neurons are busy with higher mental functions.

association

Connecting events is to acquiring mental information as _____ learning is to _____ learning.

associative; cognitive

After five speech-imitating African grey parrots were adopted by a British wildlife park, they started swearing. "The more they swear, the more [park visitors] laugh, which then triggers them to swear again," explained the park manager. The parrots are demonstrating a type of _____ learning called _____ conditioning.

associative; operant

Phoenix is awake. As they pass from an alert, focused state to a "chill," almost drowsy, state, Phoenix's electrical activity transitions from _____ waves to _____ waves.

beta; alpha

Maturation refers mainly to _____ development. a. social b. emotional c. cognitive d. biological

d. biological

Extinction (operant conditioning)

decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced

Avoidant style _____________ commitment and ______________conflict

decreases; increases

Delta waves (EEG)

deep sleep waves on EEG

An action potential is comprised of a series of:

depolarizations

Developing Morality

discerning right from wrong and developing character

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced.)

discrimination

Giovanna wakes and is surprised to find that it is 3:30 A.M., rather than their usual wakeup time of 7:30. Giovanna's surprise reflects the fact that MOST often, we maintain a sense of time when we are asleep and therefore unconscious. This fact BEST illustrates the concept of:

dual processing.

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view is defined as:

egocentric

Erik Erikson intimacy and generativity mean

forming close relationships and being productive, supporting future generations.

diygotic twins

fraternal twins

Between the ages of 3 and 6 years, the number of neural connections increases most dramatically in the _____ lobe.

frontal

In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _____ than in its _____.

frontal lobe; limbic system

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

scaffold

in Vygotsky's theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

Sleep deprivation may encourage the development of obesity because it _____ levels of the hormone ghrelin and _____ levels of the hormone leptin.

increases; decreases

Adolescence ends with:

independence

Emotions feed moral___________

intuition

The successful functioning of children who have experienced the surgical removal of an entire cerebral hemisphere BEST illustrates the value of: A. malleability. B. localization of function. C. neuroplasticity. D. dual processing.

neuroplasticity.

According to Kohlberg, ______________ morality focuses on self-interest, ______________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles, and ______________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules.

preconventional; postconventional; conventional

With respect to the basis of moral reasoning, Kohlberg's _____ thought is to self-interest as postconventional thought is to _____.

preconventional; self-defined ethical principles

In the brain, the massive loss of unused neural connections is known as:

pruning

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing is:

puberty

Research shows that infant rats that are _____ gain weight more rapidly and develop faster neurologically than those rats that are _____.

raised in an enriched environment; raised in solitary confinement

To ensure that he gets the most he can out of his cruise vacation, night after night Toby stays up late. He tries to sleep during the day, but his cabin is too noisy. As a result, Toby experiences REM sleep deprivation. Toby can expect to experience REM _____ during his first several nights back home.

rebound

The function of dendrites is to

receive incoming signals from other neurons

parietal lobe is responsible for

receives sensory input for touch and body position

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.

reflex

Respondent behavior refers to

reflexes. Pavlovian conditioning is respondent while Skinner's is instrumental/operant.

Nancy the neuron is taking a short break. This called the

refractory period

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Parenting styles can be described as a combination of two traits: how __________________and how __________________parents are.

responsive; demanding

In what brain region would damage be most likely to leave you in a coma?

reticular formation

Nerve network running through the brainstem and thalamus; plays an important role in controlling arousal.

reticular formation

The brain's _____ helps regulate not only arousal generally but also the ability to pay attention to specific stimuli. A. cerebellum B. medulla C. reticular formation D. pons

reticular formation

Divya quits smoking cigarettes during the 7th week of their pregnancy. There is a chance that the chemicals in the cigarettes acted as _____, harming the development of Divya's baby during the period of the _____.

teratogens; embryo

agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

terotagens

positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

Object Permanence (Piaget)

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

The central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions

the brainstem

the hindbrain's "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

the cerebellum

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Telomeres are

the ends of linear chromosomes

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

discrimination (classical conditioning)

the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

parallell processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions

Alpha waves (EEG)

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

postconventional morality

third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

TRUE OR FALSE: Observational learning is one form of cognitive learning.

true

True or false: Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other creatures

true

True or false: Language processing, for example, seems to reside mostly in your left hemisphere

true

True or false: the reticular formation also controls arousal.

true

Most learning involves the process of associations. In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate:

two stimuli

In classical conditioning _____ is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus(US) (such as food in the mouth) is called :

unconditioned response (UR)

With respect to parenting style, neglectful is to _____ as _____ is to unrestrained.

uninvolved; permissive

delay of gratification

waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act

The visual cortex is located in the _____ lobes. A. occipital B. parietal C. temporal D. frontal

A. occipital

ACEs

Adverse Childhood Experiences

What is the basic building block of the nervous system? A. neurotransmitters B. axons C. neurons D. the brain

C. neurons

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus is called:

Respondent behavior

In one episode of the long-running animated television show "The Simpsons," villain Mr. Burns complains that taking candy from a baby is more difficult than the adage suggests. This is probably because infants clutch the candy tightly in a response called the _____ reflex.

grasping

John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov agreed that:

laws of learning are the same for all animals.

observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

Dr. Demarco is conducting a study with migrants who have experienced war-related trauma. They plan to evaluate them every year for five years to determine if those who developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. What type of study is this?

longitudinal

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus used to produce fear was a:

loud noise

The healthy adult, is one who can _________ and _________ (Sigmund Freud )

love; work

The biological growth process called______________________ explains why most children begin walking by about 11 to 15 months.

maturation

Teens also tend to develop a __________________________-, believing that they are unique and special and what happens to "most people" would never happen to them.

personal fable

The beginning of adolescence is marked by

physical signs of sexual maturation

The hypothalamus controls the nearby __________ gland.

pituitary

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

The _____ charge of one section of an axon causes the _____ of the next section to open.

positive; sodium gates

Based on the textbook's discussion, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the frequency of exercise is _____ correlated with memory performance in middle age and late life.

positively

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream

positron emission tomography (PET)

Christina walks into her introductory psychology course on the first day of class. She becomes immediately aware that she is the only person of color in the entire class. She is aware of her:

social identity

parietal lobe function

somatic sensory processing

the cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes; registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

somatosensory cortex

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; (2) Autonomy vs. Shame; (3) Initiative vs. Guilt; (4) Industry vs. Inferiority; (5) Identity vs. Confusion; (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; (7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; (8) Integrity vs. Despair.

integrity vs despair

-Erikson psychosocial crisis -Resolved in mature adulthood -Determining how well one has lived (60s and up)

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

Brasel and Gips left people in a room for 28 minutes with full internet and television access. On average, participants' attention switched focus _____ times during the 28-minute session.

120

DeLoache and Brown (1987) investigated whether children could use a model room to locate a toy in a real room. More recently, Kalkusch et al. (2020) examined children pretending to play as firefighters. These studies suggest that symbolic thinking and pretend to play first become apparent when children are _____ years old, which is _____ than Piaget proposed.

2-1/2 to 3; earlier

One's parents contribute roughly _____ genes to the egg that becomes a unique person, namely, oneself.

20000

During intercourse, _____ million or more sperm are released.

250

Initiative vs. Guilt

3-6 years; preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

An infant can tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar languages as early as _____ months of age.

4.5

Less than _____ percent of all _____ survive beyond the first 2 weeks after fertilization.

50; zygotes

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

6 identifiable developmental stages of moral reasoning which form the basis of ethical behavior, the pre-conventional (level 1) contains the first stage (obedience and punishment orientation and second stage (self-interest orientation)), the conventional (level 2) contains the third stage (interpersonal accord and conformity) and fourth stage (authority and social-order maintaining orientation) the post-convential (level 3) contains the 5th stage (social contract orientation) and 6th stage (universal ethical principles)

Research discussed in the textbook suggests that it takes just over _____ days for a behavior to become a habit.

60

Stranger anxiety is greatest at what age?

7-9 months

fetus stage

9 weeks to birth

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

Teratogens and examples

A teratogen is any agent that causes a birth defect. Examples: chemicals ingested by the mother (nicotine if the mother smokes and alcohol if she drinks) and certain illnesses (rubella, or German measles)

A 6-year-old child observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger goes to the next aisle, the child picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. The child's behavior is similar to the findings in studies conducted by: A. Albert Bandura. B .B. F. Skinner. C. Rosalie Rayner. D. Edward Thorndike.

A. Albert Bandura.

An example of the interaction of the nervous and endocrine systems can be seen in our response to danger. The _____ nervous system orders the adrenal glands to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act to provide a surge of energy. A. Autonomic B. Somatic C. Central D. primary

A. Autonomic

_____ is the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. A. Behaviorism B. Psychoanalysis C. Learning D. Humanism

A. Behaviorism

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by: A. Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory. B. Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory. C. Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory. D. Sandra Bern's gender schema theory.

A. Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

If a 2-year-old boy's pituitary gland is NOT functioning correctly, what might be the consequences? A. His physical growth might be affected. B. His metabolism may become dysregulated. C. His neural networks might slow down. D. His serotonin levels might drop.

A. His physical growth might be affected.

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which process does NOT apply to both types of learning? A. Involuntary responses to stimuli b. extinction c. associative learning d. discrimination

A. Involuntary responses to stimuli

Who of these used conditioning to help a 3-year-old named Peter to overcome their fear of white rabbits? A. Mary Cover Jones B. John B. Watson C. Ivan Pavlov D. Margaret Washburn

A. Mary Cover Jones

In classical conditioning, _____ refers to the initial stage when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the unconditioned response, making it the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, it is the strengthening of a reinforced response. A. acquisition B. extinction C. generalization D. discrimination

A. acquisition

The parasympathetic nervous system: A. activates digestion. B. dilates the pupils. C. increases respiration. D. Stimulates the release of stress hormones

A. activates digestion.

The prefrontal cortex is an example of a(n) _____ area of the cerebral cortex because it involves higher-level thinking rather than primary motor or sensory functions. A. association B. connective C. somatosensory D. neurogenetic

A. association

Norbu is 23 years old and still dependent on their parents. They are paying for Norbu's college tuition as well as their living expenses. Norbu spends their school holidays at home with them. Norbu is in the phase of life known as: A. emerging adulthood. B. adolescence. C. second childhood. D. adult dependency.

A. emerging adulthood.

Sodium ions are more concentrated in the _____ while potassium ions are more concentrated in the _____. A. extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid B. intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid C. intracellular fluid; cell bodies D. extracellular fluid; cell bodies

A. extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid

Evangelis was contemplating dropping out of high school when they were asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week they worked in a local day-care center, helping children with their projects. The children appreciated the help. After a few months, it is MOST likely that Evangelis will: A. feel better about himself and not drop out. B. ask permission to start a day-care center in their school. C. drop out and work full time in the day-care center. D. decide to stay in school and become a teacher.

A. feel better about himself and not drop out.

Because they clean up after neurons send messages to one another, _____ cells may be called the custodians of the nervous system. A. glial B. frontal C. motor D. cortical

A. glial

Interneurons can ONLY be found: A. in the brain and spinal cord. B. in the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. C. in the peripheral nervous system and the brain stem. D. in the frontal lobes and temporal lobes of the brain.

A. in the brain and spinal cord.

The sensory and motor neurons are linked by: A. interneurons. B. the spinal cord. C. the brain. D. ganglion cells.

A. interneurons.

Casey's left hemisphere is damaged. Casey is MOST likely to experience difficulty with: A. mathematical computations. B. fine-tuning his speech. C. self-awareness. D. perceptual tasks.

A. mathematical computations.

Selena's right hemisphere is damaged. Selena is LEAST likely to experience difficulty with: A. mathematical computations. B. self-awareness. C. perceptual tasks. D. fine-tuning her speech.

A. mathematical computations.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: A. observable behavior. B. cognitive processes. C. genetic predispositions. D. emotional outcomes.

A. observable behavior.

When 5-year-old Torrence suddenly picks up their ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, they likely have seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, they have learned via: A. observation. B. classical conditioning. C. operant conditioning. D. neural networks.

A. observation.

Fikri is an 8-year-old child who frequently witnesses their parents arguing. In Fikri's room, they are playing with the toys and begins to yell at them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Their behavior is a clear example of: A. observational learning. B. classical learning. C. observational conditioning. D. reinforced learning.

A. observational learning.

Which choice CORRECTLY orders branches of the nervous system from the broadest to the most specific? A. peripheral, autonomic, sympathetic B. autonomic, peripheral, sympathetic C. peripheral, sympathetic, autonomic D. sympathetic, peripheral, autonomic

A. peripheral, autonomic, sympathetic

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: A. positive punishment. B. negative reinforcer. C. conditioned reinforcer. D. negative punishment.

A. positive punishment.

The __________ scan tracks a temporarily radioactive form of the sugar glucose. A. positron emission tomography (PET) B. an electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A. positron emission tomography (PET)

Marija smokes cigarettes. During a party, they stepped outside to smoke and started talking to the others who are also smoking. Marija gets to know them and exchanges phone numbers. One of these people becomes a close friend. What factor of peer influence describes this story? A. selection effect B. peer pressure C. normative behavior D. collectivistic style

A. selection effect

What type of neurons carry information from the body's organs and tissues to the central nervous system? A. sensory neurons B. motor neurons C. ganglion cells D. interneurons

A. sensory neurons

Rina is the mother of two young girls and tells everyone that they are strikingly different from each other. They said that they first noticed this difference when they were newborns and it was exhibited in how they cried and nursed. Rina is describing differences in: A. temperament. B. genetics. C. heredity. D. personality.

A. temperament.

Juro, who is six months pregnant, was recently arrested for using drugs. They are addicted to drugs, and there is a risk that the fetus will be born addicted as well. Drugs are a _____ for the fetus. A. teratogen B. genetic factor C. hereditary factor D. dependent variable

A. teratogen

One of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: A. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. B. dogs anticipate and expect events. C. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines but not other organisms. D. an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement.

A. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n): A. unconditioned response. B. unconditioned stimulus. C. conditioned response. D. conditioned stimulus.

A. unconditioned response.

Eriko is a participant in a study in a cognitive neuroscience lab at her university. As Eriko completes a task, functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals substantial activity in the right hemisphere of Eriko's brain. Eriko's task LEAST likely involved: A. understanding language literally B. .thinking about herself. C. drawing inferences from language D. rotating visual images in her mind.

A. understanding language literally

Nina was convinced that all birds could fly and that is what made them birds. However, after learning that penguins cannot fly, they had to modify their existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:

Accommodation

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Acquisition

The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called _______________________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called ________________________.

Acquisition; Extinction.

These are the brain wave patterns of a relaxed, awake state.

Alpha waves

This structure is located on the ends of the hippocampus and is related to the emotions of fear and anger.

Amygdala

avoidant attachment style

An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships

__________ bond is a powerful survival impulse that keeps infants close.

Attachment

Early adulthood is generally classified as ages between: A. 18 and 25. B. 20 and 39. C. 40 and 65. D. 65 and 100.

B. 20 and 39.

Popular actor Michael J. Fox lives with Parkinson's disease. His symptoms include shaking and trembling, signs of a deficiency of the neurotransmitter: A. Seratonin B. Dopamine C. Acetylcholine D. GABA

B. Dopamine

To monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing one's own name, researchers would make use of a(n): A. PET scan. B. EEG. C. MRI. D. brain lesion.

B. EEG

The neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the body's muscles are: A. Dendrite neurons B. Motor neurons C. interneurons D. Sensory neurons

B. Motor neurons

Although B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? A. Rats do not seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. B. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. C. Children learn from observing their parents and exhibit the learning immediately. D. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence.

B. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

The visual cortex and auditory cortex are at the ___________ of your brain and receive input from your eyes. A. front B. Rear C. Center D. Sides

B. Rear

Who was modern behaviorism's MOST influential and controversial figure? A. Pavlov B. Skinner C. Bandura D. Watson

B. Skinner

Herve's realization that others may have beliefs that they know to be false BEST illustrates the development of: A. egocentrism. B. a theory of mind. C. stranger anxiety. D. object permanence.

B. a theory of mind.

In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions. A. medulla B. amygdala C. reticular formation D. thalamus

B. amygdala

Trea was at the park with their mother and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty!" Trea had never seen a squirrel before but has a cat at home. Their mother pointed out that this was a squirrel and not a kitty. This BEST illustrates the process of: A. conservation. B. assimilation. C. object permanence. D. accommodation.

B. assimilation.

Which function does the autonomic nervous system MOST directly control? A. speech production B. bladder contractions C. thinking and memory D. movement of the arms and legs

B. bladder contractions

Which type of ions have a negative charge in the extracellular fluid? A. sodium ions B. chloride ions C. protein ions D. potassium ions

B. chloride ions

Mordred had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made them nauseous. As they underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make them nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the: A. neutral stimulus. B. conditioned response. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. conditioned stimulus.

B. conditioned response.

Which of these types of studies compare people of different ages with one another? A. cross-validation studies B. cross-sectional studies C. cross-relational studies D. cross-vocational studies

B. cross-sectional studies

Alicia's pregnancy terminated in the seventh week after conception. Alicia was devastated by the experience. During what stage of prenatal development did they have the miscarriage? A. zygote B. embryo C. fetus D. gonadal

B. embryo

A neuroscientist asks a human participant to extend her leg at the knee. EEG recordings of the participant's brain activity should show increased activity from the scalp over the _____ lobe. A. occipital B. frontal C. parietal D. temporal

B. frontal

Amari is an extremely anxious person. Positron emission tomography—a PET scan—would MOST likely show _____ use of _____ in areas of Amari's brain associated with fear. A. low; glucose B. high; glucose C. high; oxygen D. low; oxygen

B. high; glucose

Alfonso experienced several concussions during his career as a professional football player in the early 2000s. The memory difficulties he has experienced in recent years may reflect damage to a limbic system structure called the: A. amygdala. B. hippocampus. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.

B. hippocampus.

Tyrell is 16 years old and is trying out different styles, particularly different clothes and hairstyles. Their father is uncomfortable with some of Tyrell's style choices, such as wearing long skirts with shirts, and wearing earrings, and trying different hair colors. Their mother on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Tyrell is in the stage of development called: A. initiative vs. guilt. B. identity vs. role confusion. C. intimacy vs. isolation. D. generativity vs. stagnation.

B. identity vs. role confusion.

Amy's _____ do the additional processing needed to make sense of events occurring within her body and outside in the environment. A. motor neurons B. interneurons C. sensory neurons D. ganglion cells

B. interneurons

A small stroke damages Justice's hippocampus. Thereafter, Justice is MOST likely to experience difficulty with: A. interpreting sensory experiences B. learning and remembering C. regulating sleep and eating D. experiencing emotion.

B. learning and remembering

In its resting state an axon has: A. more negative particles outside the axon than inside the axon. B. more negative particles inside the axon than outside the axon. C. only positive particles outside the axon. D. a similar number of positive and negative particles inside and outside the axon.

B. more negative particles inside the axon than outside the axon.

Dale's _____ carry instructions from his central nervous system to his muscles. A. interneurons B. motor neurons C. ganglion cells D. sensory neurons

B. motor neurons

Ralph was involved in a bar fight and sustained a blow to the back of the head from a beer bottle. He was dazed and could not see for about two minutes. Which lobe was affected? A. parietal B. occipital C. temporal D. frontal

B. occipital

The rear of the brain is to the front of the brain as the _____ lobe is to the _____ lobe. Please choose the correct answer from the A. parietal; temporal B. occipital; frontal C. occipital; temporal D. parietal; frontal

B. occipital; frontal

A brain tumor has slowly robbed Mr. Schneider of his ability to recognize objects by touch. The tumor is probably centered in his _____ lobe. A. occipital B. parietal C. frontal D. temporal

B. parietal

Which of these is considered to be the opposite of aggressive behavior? A. analytical B. prosocial C. respondent D. operative

B. prosocial

Ueli is trying to train their new dog to sit. They give the dog a treat each time the dog engages in behavior related to sitting. What is Ueli using to train their new dog? A. latent learning B. shaping C. delayed reinforcement D. spontaneous recovery

B. shaping

A guest will be spending time in Ms. Gui's classroom. To make sure the students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, Ms. Gui should pick a guest who the children think is: A. different from them. B. similar to them. C. kind of average but works hard. D. boring.

B. similar to them.

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?

Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.

The scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes is:

Biological Psychology

Anaiah is 2.5 months of age. Brennan is 5 months old. Corazon is 7 months old. Which of these infants can distinguish familiar from unfamiliar languages?

Brennan and Corazon can, but Anaiah cannot.

In the United States, about _____ percent of all babies are walking by age 11 months, _____ percent are walking within a week after their first birthday, and about _____ percent are walking by age 15 months. A. 10; 50; 85 B. 20; 75; 98 C. 25; 50; 90 D. 50; 75; 90

C. 25; 50; 90

The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by: A. Ivan Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. B. John Garcia and Robert Koelling's research on taste aversion. C. B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. D. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.

C. B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

Following a horrible injury to the _____ lobes of his brain, Phineas Gage experienced irritability and other distinct personality changes. A. Temporal B. Occipital C. Frontal D. Parietal

C. Frontal

According to operant conditioning principles, which action would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young child who is resistant to going to school every morning? A. When the child cooperates by getting in the car in the morning, their caregivers should reward them. B. Their caregivers should ignore complaints or whining about school. C. Their caregivers should express their anger by yelling at the child. D. If the child refuses to get in the car, their caregivers should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs.

C. Their caregivers should express their anger by yelling at the child.

Which stage of development is synonymous with a cocoon, where the caterpillar morphs into a beautiful butterfly? A. infancy B. childhood C. adolescence D. late adulthood

C. adolescence

When people with anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders make a mistake in a challenging task, the pattern of electrical activity in the brain differs from that observed in the brains of other people in the same situation (McLoughlin and others, 2021). Which of the neural measures described in the textbook is MOST appropriate for revealing a difference in brain activity such as this? A. computerized axial tomography (CAT) B. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C. an electroencephalograph (EEG) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

C. an electroencephalograph (EEG)

Another word for the soma is: A. dendrite. B. axon. C. cell body. D. myelin sheath.

C. cell body.

Which subfield of study is interdisciplinary in nature? A. structuralism B. psychoanalysis C. cognitive neuroscience D. behaviorism

C. cognitive neuroscience

Regarding Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which list contains an item that does NOT belong with the others? A. age 1, object permanence, sensorimotor B. age 15, formal operational, mature moral reasoning C. concrete operational, age 14, abstract logic D. preoperational, pretend play, age 4

C. concrete operational, age 14, abstract logic

This bushy, branching extension of a neuron receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body. A. axon B. terminal branches C. dendrite D. myelin sheath

C. dendrite

Neurotransmitter is to hormone as _____ is to _____. A. endocrine system; nervous system B. Body; brain C. fast; slow D. Gland ; neuron

C. fast; slow

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is MOST directly involved in speaking? A. parietal B. temporal C. frontal D. occipital

C. frontal

With respect to their functions, the _____ lobe of the cortex is to speaking as the _____ lobe is to hearing. A. Temporal; frontal B. parietal; temporal C. frontal; temporal D. frontal; occipital

C. frontal; temporal

Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ stage of life, people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for love. A. initiative vs. guilt B. identity vs. role confusion C. intimacy vs. isolation D. generativity vs. stagnation

C. intimacy vs. isolation

John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov agreed that: A. psychologists should study "mentalistic" concepts. B. laws of learning are not the same for all animals. C. laws of learning are the same for all animals. D. the study of consciousness should be a goal of psychology.

C. laws of learning are the same for all animals.

John was injured in a car accident after which he lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous injuries and, most importantly, had a large, open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered which type of neural measure to rule out any soft-tissue damage to the brain? A. an electroencephalograph (EEG) B. single-cell recording C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

People with a history of violence tend to have smaller frontal lobes than other people do. Which of the neural measures described in the textbook is MOST appropriate for revealing a difference in brain structure such as this? A. positron emission tomography (PET) B. an electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. magnetoencephalography (MEG)

C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Which factor would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning? A. models perceived as somehow different from the observer B. models who are not respected by the observer C. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished D. the socioeconomic status of the observer

C. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished

Which factor would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning? A. models perceived as somehow different from the observer B. models whom the observer does not respect C. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished D. the socioeconomic status of the observer

C. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished

What piece of information will provide the BEST clue to an adult's mental ability? A. physical strength B. age C. nearness of death D. marital status

C. nearness of death

What type of behavior produces consequences? A. associative B. respondent C. operant D. cognitive

C. operant

The membrane is repolarized when gates open and _____ flow out of the axon. A. protein ions B. chloride ions C. potassium ions D. sodium ions

C. potassium ions

Jwa thinks they should obey the teachers only if they are carefully watching them. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jwa demonstrates _____ morality. A. conventional B. unconventional C. preconventional D. postconventional

C. preconventional

Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. the unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus. B. organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. C. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. D. rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste.

C. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Gilad acts so differently with their parents than they do with their friends that they often think their personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Gilad is experiencing: A. egocentrism. B. insecure attachment. C. role confusion. D. fluid intelligence.

C. role confusion.

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in the sensorimotor stage acquire a: A. theory of mind. B. Concept of conservation. C. sense of object permanence. D. capacity for abstract reasoning.

C. sense of object permanence.

The three broad classes of neurons are: A. motor neurons, ganglion cells, and sensory neurons. B. ganglion cells, sensory neurons, and interneurons. C. sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons. D. interneurons, motor neurons and ganglion cells.

C. sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons.

Within the first week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to: A. Denunciate. B. Escalate. C. specialize. D. potentiate.

C. specialize.

Which region of the brain appears to have the oldest evolutionary history? A. The corpus callosum B. the limbic system C. the brainstem D. the frontal lobes

C. the brainstem

The limbic system does NOT include the: A. the amygdala B. the hippocampus C. the medulla. D. the hypothalamus.

C. the medulla.

Juang loves cats! They feed their cats canned cat food. Initially, their cats got excited about the canned cat food, but now they begin to show excitement when Juang uses the can opener. In this example, the canned cat food is the: A. neutral stimulus. B. conditioned response. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. conditioned stimulus.

C. unconditioned stimulus.

The ______________— two large hemispheres that contribute 85 percent of the brain's weight — enables our perceiving, thinking, and speaking

CEREBRUM

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kylie has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her _____.

Cerebellum

What are chromosomes?

Chromosomes are long, thin strings of genetic material made of DNA and proteins.

Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 explored

Classical conditioning.

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Cognitive Psychology

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language is defined as:

Cognitive learning

_____ is the interdisciplinary study of the links between brain states and mental experiences.

Cognitive neuroscience

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but not conditioned) stimulus (CS) is called

Conditioned Response (CR)

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response is called

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Which parts of our development are gradual and continuous and which change relatively abruptly.

Continuity and stages.

Developmental psychologists often use ________________ and ____________ to study physical, cognitive and social changes throughout the life span.

Cross-sectional; longitudinal studies.

The sea slug Aplysia withdraws its gills when squirted with water to protect itself. This demonstrates that A. instincts exist. B. operant behavior is effective across species. C. Different species can engage in cognitive learning. D. Animals can learn by association.

D. Animals can learn by association.

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output begin to decline in the late twenties. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be halted or reversed by: A. exercise and lifestyle changes. B. techniques of genetic engineering. C. vitamins or antioxidants. D. Nothing can halt or reverse the decline associated with aging.

D. Nothing can halt or reverse the decline associated with aging.

The part of the neuron that is specialized for sending impulses to other neurons is the: A. dendrite. D. axon. C. cell body. D. myelin sheath.

D. axon.

______________is used to deduce the function of specific brain regions by destroying them in animals and then testing the animals. A.functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) B. electroencephalogram (EEG) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. brain lesioning

D. brain lesioning

The brain and the spinal cord constitute the _____ nervous system. A. primary B. somatic C. peripheral D. central

D. central

Yves has been drinking. When a police officer asks him to walk a straight line, he has difficulty doing so. Apparently, Yves'_____, which normally helps him balance, is functioning poorly. A. Amygdala B. medulla C. thalamus D. cerebellum

D. cerebellum

Mared was bitten by a dog when they were 5 years old. To this day, they will not pet dogs; however, they will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates: A. an unconditioned response. B. operant conditioning. C. generalization. D. discrimination.

D. discrimination.

Diljit often experiences a runner's high during their daily 3-mile run. Which neurotransmitter in their brain is MOST likely responsible for this experience? A. GABA B. serotonin C. dopamine D. endorphins

D. endorphins

Jett's grandparent has a brain tumor. "It's at the top of their head. Well, not the very top, exactly; a bit toward the back, but still the top," Jett tries to explain the location of the tumor. Based on this information, the tumor is MOST likely in the _____ lobe. A. parietal B. occipital C. temporal D. frontal

D. frontal

The endocrine system consists of: A. interneurons. B. neural networks. C. neurotransmitters. D. glands.

D. glands.

Darnell underwent surgery to control his severe epilepsy. Now, however, Darnell cannot form new memories of his experiences although he does remember events in the past. Most likely, the surgery destroyed a portion of the _____ in Darnell's brain. A. amygdala B. thalamus C. hypothalamus D. hippocampus

D. hippocampus

This test is used to observe how certain tasks influence brain activity. A. positron emission tomography (PET) B. an electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. magnetoencephalography (MEG)

D. magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Compared with children with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are: A. less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence. B. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence. C. less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence. D. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

D. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

Synaptic vesicles contain: A. hormones. B. chloride ions. C. potassium ions. D. neurotransmitters.

D. neurotransmitters.

Which neurotransmitter is also a hormone? A.glutamate B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine

D. norepinephrine

Which factor is NOT one of the major issues in developmental psychology? A. nature and nurture B. continuity and stages C. stability and change D. past and present

D. past and present

Which endocrine system gland is matched with the scenario that BEST illustrates the functioning of the hormone it releases? A. adrenal glands—Javon feels weak with hunger as his blood sugar drops. B. pancreas—Jae feels a surge of energy as they take the ice at the beginning of a hockey game. C. parathyroid gland—Viv drifts off to sleep soon after she goes to bed. D. pituitary gland—Milk begins to flow as Lila nurses her newborn.

D. pituitary gland—Milk begins to flow as Lila nurses her newborn.

Which of these transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the developing fetus? A. embryo B. ovaries C. uterus D. placenta

D. placenta

The text cites research suggesting that deaf people who learned sign language before another language may have better-than-average motion detection (Bosworth & Dobkins, 1999; Shiell et al., 2014). According to the text, this advantage illustrates the process of _____ in the _____ lobe. A. neurogenesis; frontal B. neurogenesis; temporal C. reorganization; frontal D. reorganization; temporal

D. reorganization; temporal

An axon can range in length from a fraction of an inch to: A. two inches. B. one inch. C. six inches. D. several feet.

D. several feet.

Ions are captured and pushed through the membrane by: A. sodium and potassium channels. B. sodium and potassium gates. C. sodium and potassium terminals. D. sodium and potassium pumps.

D. sodium and potassium pumps.

When a neuron fires _____ rushes into the axon and makes that part of the axon more _____ charged compared to the extracellular fluid. A. sodium; negatively B. potassium; negatively D. sodium; positively C. potassium; positively

D. sodium; positively

The movement of _____ and _____ through the membrane is most central to action potentials. A. chloride; protein B. protein; sodium C. potassium; chloride D. sodium; potassium

D. sodium; potassium

Which part of the neuron is MOST closely associated with the speed with which it can convey an impulse? A. the axon terminals B. the soma C. the dendrites D. the myelin sheath

D. the myelin sheath

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n): A. negative reinforcer. B.Conditioned stimulus. C. conditioned reinforcer. D. unconditioned stimulus.

D. unconditioned stimulus.

Ilsa finds it extremely difficult to pull themself away from the poker table. They keep thinking they will break even because the next hand will be their winning one. This is a _____ schedule. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. fixed-ratio D. variable-ratio

D. variable-ratio

Genes make up _____, which in turn make(s) up _____.

DNA; chromosomes

Shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp. A. positron emission tomography (PET) B. an electroencephalograph (EEG) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. magnetoencephalography (MEG)

EEG

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families 20-40s

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service (middle adulthood)

In classical conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned response-when an inconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the weakening of a response when it is no longer reinforced. ) this is called:

Extinction

_________________________is the drop-off in responses when a CS (tone) no longer signals an upcoming US (food).

Extinction

True or false: In the aging grain, exercise reduces brain shrinkage and enhanced memory, and increases cognitive decline.

False, exercise enhances memory, sharpens judgment and reduced the risk of cognitive decline.

True or False: Secure attachment is a form of attachment between infant and caregiver that develops due to the caregiver's lack of sensitivity in responding to the infant's needs.

False, insecure attachment

True or False: The cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movement. This is called the medulla.

False, it the motor cortex.

True or False: Language processing, for example, seems to reside mostly in your right hemisphere

False, its is the left.

True or False: The more sensitive a body region the smaller the somatosensory area devoted to it.

False, its larger.

True or False: Stimulation can slow brain and cognitive development.

False, lack of stimulation can.

True or False: Electrically probing an association area will trigger observable responses.

False, they will not.

physical and mental function deficits in children caused by their birth mother's heavy drinking during pregnancy. In severe cases, symptoms include a small, out-of-proportion head and distinct facial features.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.

Frontal lobes

Put the following cell structures in order from smallest to largest: nucleus, gene, chromosome

Gene, chromosome, nucleus

(also called stimulus generalization) in classical conditioning, the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations.)

Generalization

Middle adulthood (40s to 60s)

Generativity vs. stagnation In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

What are genes?

Genes are sections of DNA that control a single genetic trait.

Communicate with one another and process information between the sensory input and motor output.

INTERNEURONS

Acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Late adulthood (late 60s and up)

Integrity vs. despair Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

What part of the brain is found atop the brainstem; connects the hindbrain with the forebrain, controls some motor movement, and transmits auditory and visual information?

Midbrain

Generativity vs. Self-Absorption

Middle adulthood ones focus shifts from independent goals to working productively with others. What you contribute is the primary focus.(40s-60s)

early adulthood physical development

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output peak in mid-twenties.

Hypnagogic sensations occur in _________ sleep.

N1

__________ sleep is a transitional stage prior to deep sleep.

N2

Hos our genetic inheritance(_______) interacts with our experience (___________) to influence future development.

Nature and nurture.

What are the three major issues studied by developmental psychologists.

Nature and nurture; continuity and stages, stability and change.

Karen Horney (1885-1952)

Neo-Freudian who found psychoanalysis negatively biased toward women and believed cultural variables are the foundation of personality development

_______are electrical cables formed from bundles of axons

Nerves

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning is called:

Neutral Stimuli (NS)

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence is called:

Operant Behavior

Learning to associate an action (our behavior) and its consequence is called?

Operant Conditioning

Role confusion (identity diffusion)

Opposite of identity achievement. A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is.

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

This nerve network extends upward from your spinal cord, through your brainstem, and into your thalamus

Reticular formation

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Sensorimotor-explores through the senses, gains object permanence Preoperational-can't see other people's point of view (egocentrism) Concrete operational-concept of conservation, logical thinking Formal operational-adult reasoning develops, abstract thinking, metacognition (thinking about thinking)

the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Shaping (operant conditioning)

Leiko is paralyzed below the waist following an accident. Although her genitals do not respond to erotic images, she does experience an increase in vaginal lubrication in response to genital stimulation. Leiko has MOST clearly suffered damage to her:

Spinal cord

a condition resulting from surgery that separates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.

Split brains

which traits persist through life and which change as we age.

Stability and change

Consists of the cerebral cortex, ________________, and _______________; manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities.

Thalamus; Hypothalamus

If the aroma of a baking cake sets your mouth to watering, what is the US? The CS? The CR? (pg 162)

The cake= us the aroma= cs salivation to aroma = cr

stimulus generalization (classical conditioning)

The elicitation of the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. The more similar the stimulus is to the conditioned stimulus, the stronger the response.

left hemisphere of brain

The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for control of the right side of the body, and is the more academic and logical side of the brain.

The hindbrain structure that is the brainstem's base; controls heartbeat and breathing

The medulla

shaping (operant conditioning)

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

right hemisphere of brain

The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for control of the left side of the body, and is the more artistic and creative side of the brain.

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Theory of the mind

Amydala

This structure is located on the ends of the hippocampus and is related to the emotions of fear and anger.

law of effect

Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated

TRUE OR FALSE: Classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare for good or bad events.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The limbic system is a neural system.

True

True or False: Just above the medulla sits the pons, which help coordinate movements and controls sleep.

True

True or False: Observational learning is the same as social learning.

True

True or False: The parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex, not the motor cortex. Increased activity in the parietal lobe would be observed if the patient's knee were touched.

True

True or False: The placenta not only transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus, it also screens out many harmful substances.

True

True or False: When alcohol, nicotine, or other drugs enter her bloodstream and that of her fetus, activity is affected in both their central nervous systems.

True

True or false: Association areas are involved in higher mental functions- interpretation, integrating, and acting on information processed in other areas.

True

True or false: temperament is genetically influence.

True

True or false: the cerebellum also coordinates voluntary movement.

True

True or false: Classical conditioning is biologicaly adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare for good or bad events.

True

True or false: Most psychologists now agree that classical conditioning is a basic form of learning. Modern neuroscience has also supported Pavlov's ideas — by identifying neural circuits that link a conditioned stimulus (warning signal) with an upcoming unconditioned stimulus (threat)

True

remember: Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce — by responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring (Hollis, 1997). Learning makes for yearning.

True dat.

In classical conditioning, the _____ is the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

UR Unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)(such as food in the mouth) is called:

Unconditioned Response (UR)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically- triggers a response(UR) is called:

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR) is called

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

To most people the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as immoral. This BEST illustrates that moral judgments may reflect:

Unconscious decision making

neglectful parenting

a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life

Define emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

synaptic pruning

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

REM rebound effect

a tendency to increase the amount of REM sleep after being deprived of it

When scientists compared the brains of rats raised in an enriched environment with the brains of rats raised in an impoverished environment, the rats raised in an enriched environment had:

a thicker brain cortex

operant conditioning is defined as:

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

formal operational

abstract reasoning

the terminal decline

acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death

Adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information is to

accommodate.

The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called________________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called __________________.

acquisition; extinction

Sensory neurons

afferent neurons; neurons that carry messages from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cords

relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

alpha waves

A person who following a head injury has difficulty recognizing emotional responses in others MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's _____.

amygdala

The Harlows' infant monkeys developed ________ their artificial cloth mothers

attachment

an emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation.

attachment bond

anxious attachment

attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence. an insecure attachment style

moral action feeds moral __________________

attitudes

In terms of one's heartbeat, digestion, and glandular functioning, one's body is a fairly well-oiled machine that works even when one is asleep. This is possible because of the _____ nervous system.

autonomic

Beta waves (EEG)

awake and alert

When one is conscious, one is:

aware of oneself and the environment.

messages from a cell are sent to other cells via its

axon

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by: a. Erikson's psychosocial development theory. b. Piaget's cognitive development theory. c. Harlow's attachment theory d. .Vygotsky's social cognitive theory.

b. Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

The ___________ is a crossover point where nerves from the left side of the brain are most linked to the right side of the body, and vice versa.

brainstem

Middle adulthood is generally classified as ages between: a. 18 and 25. b. 20 and 39. c. 40 and 65. d. 65 and 100.

c. 40 and 65

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects: a. Ainsworth's attachment styles theory. b. Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development. c. Piaget's theory of cognitive development. d. Baumrind's parenting styles classification.

c. Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites? a. receive information from neighboring neurons b. integrate information from neighboring neurons c. insulate and speed the impulse of neurons d. conduct received information toward the cell body

c. insulate and speed the impulse of neurons

Your neighbor is five months pregnant and still smoking a pack of cigarettes daily. Perhaps they are unaware nicotine is a(n) _____ for the fetus. You decide to inform them of the potential consequences of smoking while pregnant. a. agonist b. depressant c. teratogen d. hallucinogen

c. teratogen

In what brain region would the damage be most likely to disrupt your ability to jump rope?

cerebellum

A thin layer of interconnected neurons covers the forebrain's cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

cerebral cortex

The thin layer of interconnected neural cells that forms a surface layer on the cerebral hemispheres (like bark on a tree). It is the body's ultimate control and information processing center. It is what makes humans upper-level thinking beings as opposed to animals

cerebral cortex (cerebrum)

deprivation of attachment

children become withdrawn, frightened, unable to develop speech

Lightning is associated with thunder and always precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

cognition

Piaget believed that children's moral judgments build on their ______________ development

cognitive

How consciousness arises from the material brain is a mystery at the heart of an interdisciplinary field called:

cognitive neuroscience.

Dr. Maida examines the brain activity that accompanies mathematical problem solving. Dr. Maida is BEST described as a(n):

cognitive neuroscientist

Sequential processing is to parallel processing as _____ is to _____.

complex tasks; simple tasks

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:

concept of conservation.

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shapes.

concept of conservation.

During the _____ stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children begin to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetic operations.

concrete operational

In ____________________thought, a child develops an ability to think logically and to make rational judgments about concrete or observable phenomena, which in the past they needed to manipulate physically to understand.

concrete operational

Jonas, a veteran of the war in Iraq, has posttraumatic stress disorder. Now back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are BEST thought of as _____ stimuli.

conditioned

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

conditioned response (CR)

Linda had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the:

conditioned response CR

_____ is the process of learning associations.

conditioning

Visual cortex (occipital lobe)

conscious processing of sights

Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting _______________; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting__________________.

continuity; stages

a large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

corpus callosum

Pam uses crack cocaine. Her dealer drives a black Buick. Pam's heart starts pounding and she feels "keyed up" when she sees a black Buick pull alongside the curb in front of her house. In this scenario, the unconditioned stimulus is MOST likely:

crack cocaine

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

creation of involuntary responses to stimuli

A(n) _____ period is a time early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development.

critical

An individual will fail to develop language capabilities if they are not exposed to language before adolescence. This BEST illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ period in development.

critical

A period early in life when exposed to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development is known as a ________ period

critical.

A researcher investigates the impact of socially isolating COVID-19 lockdowns on people of different ages by surveying young, middle-aged, and older-adults in April 2020, near the peak of the pandemic's first wave. The researcher is using a _____ research design.

cross-sectional

Which subfield within psychology examines the physical, cognitive, and social aspects of change across the life span?

developmental

An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should the student consider taking next semester?

developmental psychology

Chinese adoptees living in Canada since age 1 process Chinese sounds as do fluent Chinese speakers, even if they have no conscious recollection of Chinese words (Pierce et al., 2014). The text notes that this finding provides support for the concept of:

dual processing—the two-track mind.

Competence vs. Inferiority

elementary school (6 years to puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

Amanda is pregnant. Her baby's intestinal system is beginning to develop. The baby is in the _____ period of prenatal development.

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

embryo

It is now six weeks since Jennifer conceived. At this point, the human organism she is carrying is called a(n) _____; at the third month, it will be called a(n) _____.

embryo; fetus

Gabriela is a 22-year-old recent college graduate. She is preparing to move to the largest city in her region to complete a prestigious internship. She has dated several young men but does not envision settling into a serious relationship for at least a few years yet. Gabriela is in a life stage many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

emerging

A person who is "in between" adolescence and adulthood, who is no longer a teen but has yet to assume the full range of "grown-up" responsibilities, is in the phase of life known as:

emerging adulthood

The recuperative functions of sleep do NOT include:

encouraging the production of free radicals.

The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block gene expression is called

epigenetics

in classical conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned response — when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the weakening of a response when it is no longer reinforced.) This is known as:

extinction

True or False: The placenta does not filter out teratogens.

false it does

The most immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of:

feeding

According to Jonathon Haidt, moral intuition is associated with _____ first, followed by _____ second.

feelings; reasoning

Janet is 9 weeks pregnant; her developing baby is called a(n):

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

fetus

Delaying gratification fosters__________

flourishing

Esther dreams that she is flying. Her psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse. According to Freud's wish-fulfillment theory of dreaming:

flying is the manifest content.

The MOST immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of:

food consumption

What part of the brain consists of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus; manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities.?

forebrain

Many people experience arachnophobia, a strong fear of spiders. Frynta and colleagues (2021) argue that in our evolutionary past, arachnophobia originated as a fear of scorpions, a related but more dangerous organism with a body plan similar to the spider's. From the perspective of classical conditioning, a fear of scorpions is MOST likely to become a fear of spiders through a process called:

generalization

A false sensory experience, such as hearing something in the absence of an external auditory stimulus.

hallucinations

temporal lobe function

hearing and smell

Research has shown that among U.S. couples who live together before marriage, there are:

higher rates of divorce.

What part of the brain consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; directs essential survival functions, such as breathing, sleeping, and wakefulness, as well as coordination and balance?

hindbrain

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

individuals who developed from a single fertilized egg that split in two, creating two genetically identical siblings.

identical (monozygotic) twins

monozygotic twins

identical twins

Teenagers work at refining and integrating a sense of self. In Erikson's terms, adolescence is defined by a search for:

identity

Stella resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of

insecure attachment

association areas of cerebral cortex

integrate diverse information

Wilbur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Wilbur is in the stage of development called _____ versus despair.

integrity

Erikson believed that adolescent identity formation (which continues into adulthood) is followed in young adulthood by a developing capacity for __________, the ability to form emotionally close relationships.

intimacy

Sam has a job, a cat named Joker, and 31 candles on their birthday cake. They are worried about finding the "right" partner and frequently spend nights alone. According to Erik Erikson, Sam is in the stage of development called:

intimacy versus isolation.

Matthew tries to finish the day's most important business by 1:00 P.M., before his brain "runs down." His graduate student Meghna claims that her brain "comes alive" at 10:00 P.M. Matthew may be described as a(n) _____, whereas Meghna is better called a(n) _____.

lark; owl

The orderly sequence of biological growth is called:

maturation

The orderly sequence of biological growth is known as:

maturation

In what brain region would the damage most likely cut off the very breath and heartbeat of life?

medulla

Schemas (Piaget)

mental frameworks that shape and are shaped by our experience

Surveys of more than 7000 American 12- to 24-year-olds reveal that sensation seeking peaks in the:

mid-teens

The _____________ cortex and ____________ cortex tissue are devoted to each body part.

motor; somatosensory

Developmental researches who consider how biological, psychological, and social-cultural forces interact are focusing on____________________ and _______________.

nature; nurture

The work groups in which neurons cluster are known as neural _____.

networks

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.

How our brain adapts to new situations is called:

neuroplasticity

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes NO response BEFORE conditioning is called the:

neutral stimulus (NS)

Pauline is learning how to play badminton. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving the birdie while Pauline patiently watches. Pauline then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This is an example of _____ learning.

observational

Behavior that produces consequences is called _____ behavior.

operant

Choose the option that does NOT complete this sentence correctly: In _____, we learn _____.

operant conditioning; from others' experiences

What skill is associated with theory of mind?

our ability to understand our own and others' mental states.

Learning by association

our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

_____ processing occurs when many aspects of a stimulus are processed at the same time.

parallel

Right now, Sawyer's bladder is contracting, indicating that their _____ nervous system has become active and that they are _____. A. sympathetic; calming down B. parasympathetic; keyed up C. sympathetic; keyed up D. parasympathetic; calming down

parasympathetic; calming down

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

Somatosensory cortex is to motor cortex as the _____ lobe is to the _____ lobe. parietal; frontal parietal; temporal frontal; parietal temporal; frontal

parietal; frontal

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, those who develop an abstract level of reasoning in which they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self have developed what is known as _____ morality.

postconventional

In the correct stage, morality reflects a belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles.

postconventional

Kohlberg levels of moral development

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality of self-interest.

preconventional

moral intuition

quick, gut-feeling decisions

The text notes that subsequent psychologists had difficulty repeating Watson and Rayner's results. The process of repeating a study to evaluate its results is called:

replication

conventional morality

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior

Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves and then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Adam MOST clearly display signs of:

secure attachment.

Ainsworth's attachment styles

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

insecure attachment (avoidant)

seeming indifferent to mother's departure and return

With respect to Piaget's theory, object permanence is to pretend play as the _____ stage of cognitive development is to the _____ stage.

sensorimotor; preoperational

While the _____ related to pubertal development is predictable, the _____ is not.

sequence; timing

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.

shaping

EEG (electroencephalogram)

shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp

Our brain's ______________ cortex registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. The ______________ cortex controls our voluntary movements.

somatosensory' motor

The reappearance, after a pause, of a weakened conditioned response (CR) is called:

spontaneous recovery.

People often switch college majors and professional careers during the course of their lives. However, people experience a continuous sense of self through these experiences. These observations are MOST relevant to developmental psychology's key issue of:

stability and change

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are MOST directly relevant to the issue of:

stability and change.

Authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

When Mary puts her finger on her newborn daughter's mouth, the baby pulls Mary's finger into her mouth. The baby is demonstrating the _____ reflex.

sucking

Neurotransmitters are released into

synaptic gap

Neurotransmitters are released from:

synaptic vesicles

Identity vs. Confusion

teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are 13-20

Telomeres and Telomerase

telomeres are protective caps on each chromosome held in place by telomerase.

An infant's _____ is revealed in their general tendency to be intense and fidgety on the one hand or easygoing and quiet on the other.

temperament

In what brain region would damage most likely disrupt your hearing ability?

thalamus

The brain's sensory control center is the_________.

thalamus

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

spntaneous recovery

the reappearance of an extinguished response when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period

Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents:

the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue.

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Theory of Mind (ToM)

the understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one's own

Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in another cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns, she is able to find the bear in the cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:

theory of mind.

Maturation (nature) sets the basic course of development; experience (nurture) adjusts it.

this is ture

Assimilate new experiences

to interpret the into our current Schemas (understandings).

Nine months after conception, a baby named Tracy is born. The periods of Tracy's prenatal development from first to last were:

zygote, embryo, and fetus.

What is the correct order of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus

The first 2 weeks of prenatal development is the period of the _____________. The period of the _______________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of the ______________________.

zygote; fetus; embryo

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

zygotes