Unit 2 Sports Psych

Determining a Schedule (4)

-Hold frequent, shorter meetings -Hold informal as well as formal meetings. -Begin PST before the season begins. -Systematically schedule PST as part of daily practice.

Why are psychological skills neglected? (3 lacks, 1 F, 1 misunderstanding)

-lack of knowledge -lack of comfort trying out mental skills -misunderstandings about mental skills -lack of time -finances

Role conflict exists when role occupant does not have sufficient (4 - AMTU) to achieve the goal

1) Ability 2) Motivation 3) Time 4) Understanding

Athletes and coaches identified these as the most useful PST topics 7- (AACIMMS)

1) Arousal regulation 2) Attention or concentration 3) Confidence building 4) Imagery and mental preparation 5) Increased motivation and commitment (goal setting) 6) Mental plans 7) Self-talk

Psychological explanations for imagery effects (3)

1) Attention-Arousal Set Theory 2) Psychological Skills Hypothesis 3) Motivational Function

Role clarity and ambiguity comprise a multidimensional concept and include: (4 - BR CR, EP, SR)

1) Behavioral responsibilities 2) Consequences of not fulfilling responsibilities 3) Evaluation of performance 4) Scope of responsibility

Building mental toughness -factors not deliberately taught (7)

1) Coach expectations 2) Coping with failure 3) Motivational training environment 4) Sibling rivalries 5) Supportive parents 6) Teammate encouragement 7) Tough practices

Imagery use in athletes - cognitive imagery (2 types)

1) Cognitive specific imagery 2) Cognitive general imagery

A team is a type of group. Four additional characteristics of team are (IRCN)

1) Collective sense of identity 2) Distinctive roles 3) Structured communication 4) Norms

Four C's of mental toughness

1) Control 2) Commitment 3) Challenge .4) Confidence

Pressure training involves simulating (2 - DC) of training

1) Demand 2) Consequences

Three Phases of PST (EAP)

1) Educational phase 2) Acquisition phase 3) Practice phase

Seven types of social support (EELPRTT)

1) Emotional-challenge support 2) Emotional support 3) Listening support 4) Personal-assistance support 5) Reality-confirmation support 6) Task-appreciation support 7) Task-challenge support

*Intervention Strategies* for Enhancing Cohesion in the sport setting - (3 - TS, TE, TP)

1) Enhance team structure 2) enhance the team environment 3) enhance team processes

Strategies for enhancing cohesion involve (3 ES, SS, STV)

1) Exercise setting 2) Sport setting 3) Shared team values

Strategies for Enhancing Cohesion - exercise setting - intervention strategies (GD - IP - GN - IS - I&C)

1) Facilitate group distinctiveness 2) create individual positions 3) develop group norms 4) facilitate group members making individual sacrifices 5) enhance interaction and communication.

Theories of Group Development - *4 stages* of *The linear perspective* (FSNP)

1) Forming 2) Storming 3) Norminog 4) Performing

Factors in the effectiveness of imagery

1) Imaging ability 2) Combination with practice 3) Personality

For PST to be effective, intervention must be (3- I ES M )

1) Individualized 2) Employed systematically over time 3) Multimodal (combining different psychological skills)

Common Problems in Implementing a PST Program (4 - Lack of CTKF)

1) Lack of conviction 2) Lack of time 3) Lack of knowledge of sport 4) Lack of follow-up

Key concepts of organizational sport psychology include [FOUR - OR, OS, OOE, L)

1) Leadership 2) Organizational resilience 3) Organizational stress• 4) Optimal organizational environments

What is important in making social support more effective (2 - KT) ?

1) Level of knowledge and expertise of provider match to the situation (e.g., controllable versus uncontrollable events) 2) Timing of support is important

5 characteristics of the imagery process

1) Modality 2) Perspective 3) Angle 4) Agency 5) Deliberation

Imagery use in athletes - Motivational imagery

1) Motivation specific imagery 2) Motivational general mastery 3) Motivational general arousal (MG-A)

The Pendular Perspective: Stages of Group Development (5- O DC RC DC T)?

1) Orientation 2) Differentiation and conflict 3) Resolution and cohesion 4) Differentiation and conflict 5) Termination

Components of teamwork - *Regulation of team performance* (4 - PEEA)

1) Preparation 2) Execution 3) Evaluation 4) Adjustments

Social support (FOUR) Provides (4 - AIRC) - reduces (U) - aids ( M+P R) - improves (C)

1) Provides appraisal, information, reassurance, and companionship 2) Reduces uncertainty during times of stress 3) Aids in mental and physical recovery 4) Improves communication

Components of teamwork - *team maintenance* (2 - PC)

1) Psychological support 2) Integrative conflict

How Imagery Works: Five Theories

1) Psychoneuromuscular theory 2) Symbolic learning theory 3) Triple code model 4) Bioinformational theory 5) Psychological skills explanations

Performance Profiling For SPCs or Sport Psychology Consultants

1) Raises athlete awareness 2) Provides a basis for goal setting 3) Identifies athletes mental strengths and weaknesses 4)Evaluates and monitors athlete performance 5) Facilitates discussion, communication, and interactions in teams

Tips and Guidelines for Implementing a Successful Imagery Training Program - establish (2)

1) Realistic expectations 2) Sufficient motivation

Practice Phase of PST - This phase focuses on (3 - ATS)

(1) automating skills through overlearning (2) teaching people to integrate mental skills into training (3) simulating skills you will want to apply in competition

Group structure - Both role (2 - C&A) are critical for success

1) Role clarity 2) Role acceptance

Anxiety-Reducing Techniques (3 - SCM)

1) Somatic anxiety reduction 2) Cognitive anxiety reduction 3) Multimodal anxiety reduction packages

Components of *teamwork* (MR)

1) Team maintenance 2) Regulation of team performance

Other Factors Associated With Cohesion (TS CIA SS S)

1) Team satisfaction 2) Conformity 3) Injury 4) Adherance 5) Social support 6) Stability

Imagery Training Program (ITP):Evaluate Imagery Skill Level - Imagery Levels (3)

1) The Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised 2) Sport Imagery Questionnaire 3) Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire

Research has shown the cohesion-performance relationship depends on several factors (2- TM TD):

1) Types of measures 2) Task demands

Tips and Guidelines for Implementing a Successful Imagery Training Program - use (2) images

1) Vivid 2) Controllable

imagery effectiveness depends on (4)

1) Where imagery is used 2) When it is used 3) Why it is used 4) What

5 Ws to consider when planning an imagery script:

1) Who 2) Where 3) When 4) Why 5) What

Developing and Displaying Expertise - Experts versus non-experts. [Intentions, decision making, quiet eye, eye fixation (frequency and duration), information (2)

1) anticipate their opponents' intentions significantly more quickly. 2) more accurate in their decision making. 3) have fewer fixations of the eyes but for longer durations. 4) extract more task-relevant information from each eye fixation. 5) Experts have longer "quiet eye" periods 6) Experts pick up information from opponents' movements more quickly.

Role acceptance depends on (5 - AFO RR RS)

1) autonomy 2) feedback 3) Opportunity to use specialized skills or competencies 4) Role recognition 5) role and significance

Performance Profiling For athletes (ADDGIP)

1) awareness 2) deciding what to work on 3) responsibility for their own development 4) goal setting 5) Motivates improvement 6) monitor and evaluate performance

Making social support more effective depends on the C, M to the situation

1) context (e.g., listening support is most effective in performance settings) 2) match to the situation (e.g., controllable versus uncontrollable events)

Theories of Group Development (CLP)

1) cyclical (life cycle) perspective 2) linear perspective 3) pendular perspective

Research on elite athletes shows that most successful athletes differ from less successful ones in the following ways: they have [FIVE (3 more, 2 better)]

1) more confidence. 2) more positive thoughts and images 3) more determination or commitment. 4) better self-regulation of arousal. 5) better communication.

Implications of Steiner's model: Role of the coach - Increase relevant resources through (3 - TIR)

1) training 2) instruction 3) recruiting

When to use imagery

1. Before and after practice. 2. Before and after competition. 3. During the off season 4. During breaks in action. 5. During personal time. 6. When recovering from injury.

In the Cognitive-Affective Stress Management Training, Squill Acquisition includes (3 - MR, CR, SI))

1. Muscular relaxion skills 2. Cognitive restructuring 3. Self-instruction

Four steps to stress inoculation training (PCCE)

1. Prepare for the stressor. ("It's going to be rough; keep your cool.") 2. Control and handle the stressor. ("Keep your cool since he's losing his cool.") 3. Cope with feelings of being overwhelmed. ("Keep focused; what do you have to do next?") 4. Evaluate coping efforts. ("You handled yourself well.")

Five Phases of Cognitive-Affective Stress Management Training (PT, TR, SA, SR, PTE)

1. Pretreatment phase (assess skills and deficits) 2. Treatment rationale phase 3. Skill acquisition 4. Skill rehearsal 5. Posttraining evaluation

Designing a PST Program (discuss, assess, determine, design, evaluate)

1. discuss your approach 2. assess the athlete's mental skills 3. determine which psychological skills to include 4. design a PST schedule 5. evaluate the program

Creating an Effective Team Climate (5 - DFSP TI)

1. distinctiveness 2. fairness 3. greater similarity 4. proximity 5. task interdependence

Keys to Effective Imagery (VC)

1. vividness 2. controllability

Kirschenbaum's Model of Athlete Self-Regulation (5 - PI C E EM G)

1.Problem Identification 2.Commitment 3.Execution 4.Environmental Management 5.Generalization

*The Cyclical (Life Cycle) Perspective mode* is especially *relevant* for *groups* and *teams* that last __________ to ___________ weeks

10 to 15 weeks

Imagery training - sessions should last how long?

15 - 30 minutes

When learning to slow the breathing down, breath in to a count of _________ and out to a count of ______________

4, 8. This 1:2 ratio of inhalation to exhalation helps slow the breathing and deepens the relaxation by focusing on the exhalation phase

According to the matching hypothesis, if you are not sure what type of anxiety is most problematic, use _______________

A multimodal technique.

What phase of PST focuses on strategies and techniques for learning mental skills

Acquisition Phase of PST

Steiner's model (productivity)

Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

Most definitions of resiliency revolve around the core concepts of (2 - AA)

Adversity and adaptation

Planning an imagery script - Who

Age, sport, competitive level

Characteristic of Imagery - the author or agent of the behavior being imagined—one's self or another person

Agency

Why Study Exercise Groups

Almost any position in the sport and exercise field requires understanding of the processes and dynamics of groups.

Characteristic of imagery - the viewing angle

Angle

In the *Cyclical (Life Cycle) Perspective*, *emphasis* is on the *terminal phase* of the group's existence. This *means that* ___________________

As the group develops, it psychologically prepares for its own breakup.

(ACE)________________ showed that the pressure to conform to group norms is powerful

Asch's (1956) Classic Experiment

Groups of 7 students were asked to judge which of the three lines was like the standard line. •All but one were told to give incorrect responses. •The one person left, the naïve participant, was always the next to last to answer the question. One-third of the naïve participants gave the wronganswer!!! (ACE)

Asch's (1956) Classic Experiment

What do athletes image?

Aspects

Surroundings, the positive or negative character of images, the senses involved, the perspective (internal vs. external)

Aspects (imagery definition)

Where do athletes use imagery?

Athletes employ imagery more in competition than in training.

Why is PST important

Athletes feel that psychological factors primarily account for day-to-day fluctuations in performance.

Why is psychological skill training (PST) important

Athletes feel that psychological factors primarily account for day-to-day fluctuations in performance.

When do athletes use imagery?

Athletes use imagery before, during, and after practice; outside of practice; before, during, or after competition; and for injury rehabilitation.

Imagery functions as a predatory set that assists in reaching optimal arousal (theory - AAS)

Attention-Arousal Set Theory

This type of cognitive anxiety reduction technique focuses on produce two physical sensations (warmth and heaviness) to produce a relaxed state ______(AT)

Autogenic training

Planning an imagery script - When

Before, during, or after competition or training

This type of Somatic Anxiety Reduction involves becoming more aware of your autonomic nervous system and learning to control your physiological and autonomic responses by receiving physiological feedback not normally available (BF)

Biofeedback

Images are made of stimulus and response propositions. It is critical to imagine not only stimulus propositions (statements that describe the scenario to be imagined) but also response propositions (imaginer's response to the scenario).

Bioinformation theory

Modifying norms is more effective when ______________ sides of the argument are presented and there are multiple explicitly stated conclusions.

Both

Somatic anxiety reduction - When you are under pressure and tense, your breathing is short, shallow, and irregular. When you are calm, confident, and in control, your breathing is smooth, deep, and rhythmic.

Breath control

It is important to recognize ___________ when coaches implement programs.

COIs

___________________ discussed the "closeness" of the players and coaching staff as everyone sacrificed individual glory for team success.

Champion Chicago Cubs players

This type of imagery focuses on rehearsing entire game plans, strategies of play, and routines inherent in competitions

Cognitive general imagery

This type of imagery focuses on the performance of specific motor skills

Cognitive specific imagery

Imagery affects performance the most on what type of tasks?

Cognitive tasks

Research has shown that participants using imagery performed consistently better on tasks that were primarily _____________ in nature than on those that were mostly _______________

Cognitive, motoric

The Cohesion-Performance Relationship

Cohesion is positvely related to performance

Sport Team Resilient Characteristics - group cohesion, positive communications after failure (CE)

Collective Efficacy

Group structure - Modifying team norms - the source of the _______________ is critical to modifying norms.

Communication

Social support improves ____________(C)

Communication

Keys to Effective Imagery - Learn to manipulate your images so they do what you want them to do.

Controllability

Match to the situation (e.g.,)

Controllable versus uncontrollable events

a process of constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external or internal demands or conflicts appraised as taxing or exceeding one's resources

Coping

Characteristic of Imagery - the degree to which imagery is deliberate or spontaneous (i.e., triggered)

Deliberation

Teams with feelings of high group cohesion have fewer (2) than do classes low in cohesion.

Dropouts and late arrivals

Psychological skills need to be taught and learned. Participants must recognize how important it is to acquire PST and how the skills affect performance refers to what phase of PST

Educational Phase of PST

PST Effectiveness

Educationally based psychological skills training enhances sport performance. "Intervention must be individualized, employed systematically over time, and multimodal

Coping categories - Regulating the emotional responses to the problem that causes the stress (e.g., through relaxation, meditation)

Emotion-focused coping

(EFT)_______________ involves stimulating various acupuncture points on the body

Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT)

*Vealey Mental Skills Model* (foundation skills, performance skills, personal development skills, team skills)

Emphasizes that multiple types of mental skills are important for success and well-being in coaches and athletes

Implications of Steiner's model: Role of the coach - Reduce process losses through (2 - enhancing and emphasizing)

Enhancing cohesion and emphasizing individual contribution to the team

Although imagery helps performance for both novice and experienced peformers, the effects are generally stronger for _________________

Experienced performers

Why do athletes use imagery?

For motivational and cognitive functions

Intrapersonal resources that are the basic mental skills necessary for achieving success (def - FS)

Foundation skills

Two or more people who interact and exert mutual influence on each other

Group

A dynamic process reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs (GC)

Group cohesion

Other correlates of cohesion (2 - GG, G)

Group goals, gender

Sport Team Resilient Characteristics - positive group norms and values, clearly defining communication channels (GS)

Group structure

Sport Team Resilient Characteristics (GS, MA, SC, CE)

Group structure, Mastery Approaches, Social Capital, Collective Efficacy

An altered state of consciousness that can be induced by a procedure in which a person is in an unusually relaxed state and responds to suggestions designed to alter perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and actions. (def - H)

Hypnosis

_____________ involves creating or recreating experiences in your mind.

Imagery

______________ is a form of simulation that involves recalling from memory pieces of information stored from experience and shaping those pieces into meaningful images

Imagery

Does imagery work - qualitative studies provide support for a positive relationship between (3)

Imagery and performance and skill training

VMBR combines _____________ with ____________

Imagery with relaxation

Direction of causality—the circular relationship:

Increased cohesion leads to greater performance and brings teams together, which in turn leads to still more cohesion.

Elimination social loafing - conduct (1 - IM)

Individual meeting to discuss social loafing

Stages of a Hypnotic Intervention (4 - IHWP)

Induction phase Hypnotic phase Waking phase Posthypnotic phase

Group structure - (e.g., enforcer, mediator) evolve from the group's dynamics or interactions among group members.

Informal roles

Imagery perspective - visualizing the execution of a skill from your own vantage point (as if you had a camera on your head).

Internal perspective

Anecdotal reports of imagery

Jack Nicklaus, Tiger Woods, Chris Evert, Olympic athletes, and coaches

the sensation of movement or strain in muscles, tendons, and joints; muscle sense. (movement, position in space, etc)

Kinesthetic

What sense of imagery is particularly important for athletes?

Kinesthetic sense

There are times when working together in teams might produce performance increases instead of decreases. This refers to the (KE)

Kohler effect

The ________________ occurs when a team's score was equal to the least capable member.

Kohler effect.. This can inspire the weak member to increase his or her effort so as not to let his or her teammates down.

_______________(L) support is more effective in performance setting

Listening support

PST methods and techniques come from a variety of sources, mostly from ____________(1 - MP)

Mainstream psychology

Tips and Guidelines for Implementing a Successful Imagery Training Program - practice in ___________ settings

Many

Sport Team Resilient Characteristics - effective behavioral responses, effectively managing change (MA)

Mastery Approaches

Social support aids in (2)

Mental and physical recovery

Mentally tough athletes may avoid seeking

Mental health counseling

The matching hypothesis says that cognitive anxiety should be treated with what type of relaxation?

Mental relaxation

an athlete's ability to focus, rebound from failure, cope with pressure, and persist in the face of adversity. It is a form of mental resilience (Def - MT)

Mental toughness

procedures or techniques for developing psychological skills (e.g., arousal regulation, imagery, goal setting).

Methods

"Talent wins games, but teamwork wins championships." - ______________

Michael Jordan

Characteristic of imagery - the senses used in imagery—auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, and kinesthetic

Modality

After psychological skills training, an athlete should be able to (M & R) _____________ and _____________ his or her (1 - ES)_____________

Monitor and self regulate his or her emotional state

Using imagery to "psych up and increase arousal"•Also using imagery to achieve relaxation and control

Motivational general arousal

Using imagery to visualize specific goals and goal-oriented behaviors (like winning a particular event) (def - MSI)

Motivational specific imagery (MS)

Effectiveness of Anxiety Reduction Techniques (1 - MM)________________ approaches seem to be the most effective in terms of performance enhancement.

Multimodal

Cognitive-affective stress management training (SMT) teaches a person specific integrated coping responses using relaxation and cognitive components to control emotional arousal.

Multimodal anxiety reduction packages

Modifying norms is more effective when there is/are ____________ explicitely stated conclusion(s)

Multiple

"Teamwork is the essence of life." - ____________________

NBA coach Pat Riley

Example of a personality characteristic that may be linked with effective imagery

Narcissism

Which imagery is better?

No one imagery is better to use at all times. They each have specific instances in which one is better.

Group structure - a level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief (def - N) ?

Norm

this field focuses on understanding and evaluating what creates a positive and satisfying working environment in sport organizations (def - OSP)

Organizational sport psychology

developed a variant of somatic anxiety reduction and progressive relaxation to teach an individual to relax within 20 to 30 seconds.

Ost (1998)

When executing a skill, breathe _________

Out

______________ identifies six groups of factors that should be considered in developing an Imagery training program (ITP)

PETTLEP program guidelines,

PST Myths [FOUR - PST is for (2), provides, and one more]

PST is for "problem" athletes only. PST is for "elite" athletes only. PST provides quick-fix solutions. PST is not useful.

_______(P)________ is associated with a greater likelihood of suffering from the yips

Perfectionism

The task of analyzing, e.g., identifying performance bottlenecks based on generated metrics, and tuning the performance of a software component or system using tools. (Def - PP)

Performance profiling

Mental abilities critical to the execution of skills during sport performance (def - PS)

Performance skills

Determining a Schedule - refers to planned variation in key training variables, particularly volume and intensity, over predetermined training cycles. (def)

Periodization

Mental skills that represent significant maturational markers of personal development allowing for high-level psychological functioning through clarity of self-concept, feelings of well-being, and a sense of relatedness to others (def - PDS)

Personal development skills

Characteristic of imagery - first person (internal) or third person (external)

Perspective

Whether a person uses an internal or external image appears to be less important than choosing a comfortable style that produces clear, controllable images (def)

Perspective in Imagery

PETTLEP Model of Imagery

Physical nature of the movement Environment specifics Task type Timing of the movement Learning the content of the movement Emotion (meaning to the individual) Perspective (internal vs. external)

The matching hypothesis says that somatic anxiety should be treated with what type of relaxation?

Physical relaxation

The athletes used more _______________relaxation techniques in relation to coping with competitive anxiety and used more _______________ techniques than physical relaxation techniques in relation to coping with everyday anxiety.

Physical, mental

Players (PE)_____________ set the team climate

Player perceptions and evaluations

Tips and Guidelines for Implementing a Successful Imagery Training Program - maintain ______________

Positive focus

Specific strategies designed to create and expose athletes to pressure in practice so they are better able to cope with pressure in actual competition (def - PT)

Pressure training

Coping categories - Efforts to alter or manage the problems that are causing stress (e.g., time management, problem solving)

Problem-focused coping

Coping with Adversity - Use _______(P)_____focused coping when stressful situations can be changed

Problem-focused coping

Imagery develops mental skills.•Imagery develops and refines mental skills (e.g., concentration and confidence) and reduces anxiety. (PS Hyposthesis)

Psychological Skills Hypothesis

Imagery enhances feelings of confidence, reduces anxiety levels, and increases concentration (def - PSH)

Psychological Skills Hypothesis

the systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills for the purpose of enhancing performance, increasing enjoyment, or achieving greater self-satisfaction. (def)

Psychological skills training (PST)

Imagery programs muscles for action . Imagery facilitates the learning of motor skills because imagined events innervate the muscles as physical practice of the movement does; they strengthen neural pathways.

Psychoneuromuscular theory

Group structure - which speaking rate increases persuasiveness

Rapid

Image in slow motion or real time

Real time

This type of ognitive anxiety reduction technique teaches individuals to quiet the mind, concentrate, and reduce muscle tension by applying the elements of meditation (RR)

Relaxation response

For coping with the type II yips (choking), use (3 - RT, PT, V/I)

Relaxation training, positive thinking, visualization/imagery

the phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases (RE)

Ringelmann effect

Group Structure - accepting your role in group/team (def - RA)

Role acceptance

Group structure - understanding your role in group/team (def)

Role clarity

Studies demonstrate the value of imagery in learning and performing motor skills.

Scientific experiments

This type of coping occurs when one turns to others for assistance and emotional support in times of stress (SSS)

Seeking social support coping

is the ability to work toward one's short- and long-term goals by effectively monitoring and managing one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (def - SR)

Self-regulation

Qualities to be obtained (definition)

Skills

Sport Team Resilient Characteristics - social support, strong group identity (SC)

Social capital

The interpersonal attractions among group members (def - SC)

Social cohesion

when individuals within a group or team put forth less than 100% effort due to loss of motivation (def - SL)

Social loafing

(SS)_____________ is an exchange of resources between at least two people perceived by the provider and the recipient as intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient.

Social support

The Matching Hypothesis and Social Support - to produce maximum anxiety reduction, the specific types of_____________ (SS - e.g., informational, emotional) should be matched to the specific ______________ (AP - e.g., competitive pressure, technical problems) experienced.

Social support, anxiety problem

progressive relaxation, breath control, biofeedback are techniques to reduce what type of anxiety

Somatic anxiety

Anxiety Reducing Techniques - Multimodal anxiety reduction: An individual is exposed to and learns to cope with stress (via productive thoughts, mental images, and self-statements) in increasing amounts, thereby enhancing his or her immunity to stress (def - SIT)

Stress inoculation training (SIT)

Imagery functions as a coding system (as mental blueprints) to help people understand and acquire movement patterns (def - SLT)

Symbolic Learning Theory

_________________(1 - SP) has been proposed as a method for training mental skills through the preparatory, competitive, and peaking phases.

Systematic Periodization

Imagery training should be (2)

Systematic and considered a regular part of mental preparation for competition and practice.

This type of cognitive anxiety reduction (____SD_____)_ aims to reduce anxiety responses to stimuli by trying to have a response antagonistic to anxiety at the same time of the anxiety-provoking stimuli.

Systemic desensitization

The degree to which group members work together to achieve common goals and objectives (def - TC)

Task cohesion

Collective qualities of the team that are instrumental to an effective team climate and overall team success (TS)

Team skills

A dynamic process involving a collaborative effort by team members to effectively carry out the independent and interdependent behaviors that are required to maximize a team's likelihood of achieving its purposes.

Teamwork

Theories of Group Development - this theory assumes that the *development of groups is similar to the life cycle* - birth, growth, and death

The Cyclical (Life Cycle) Perspective

Theories of Group Development - this theory assumes that *groups move progressively through stages*

The Linear perspective

Planning an imagery script - What

The content of the movement

Planning an imagery script - Why

The goal of the imagery

How Individual Skills Relate to Group Performance? Greater ___________ = less need for __________ and more for ___________

The greater the need for cooperation and interaction in a task, the more the importance of individual ability decreases and the importance of group productivity increases. Teams of equal ability tend to play best.

An anxiety management technique should be matched to a particular problem. (def - MH)

The matching hypothesis Note - Some crossover effects occur

Caliari, 2008 - athletes in sports requiring the use of an implement (e.g., baseball, tennis, golf, hockey) should focus their imagery more on __________________ than ______________________

The movement itself (than) the direction of the ball

Theories of Group Development - this theory says that shifts occur in interpersonal relationships during the growth and development of groups

The pendular perspective

Frequency of imagery training

Three to four sessions per week

Planning an imagery script - Where

Training and competition environment

Imagery comprises the image, somatic response, and meaning of the image.•Primary importance

Triple Code Model

The Yips - a psychoneuromuscular condition characterized by involuntary tremors, freezing, or jerking of the hands

Type I (Focal Dystonia)

Two types of yips (FC)

Type I (Focal Dystonia) Type II (choking)

The Yips - an attentional disturbance caused by self-focus or distraction•

Type II (choking)

Multiple-baseline case studies of imagery

VMBR (visuomotor behavioral reheasal, Suinn, 1993) investigations with skiers and karate performers

Tips and Guidelines for Implementing a Successful Imagery Training Program - consider use of (2 types of script) 8) Consider use of video & audio script (vs. written script) 9) Include execution and outcome 10) Image timing

Video & audio scripts

Keys to Effective Imagery - Use all the senses to make images as vivid and detailed as possible (v)

Vividness

Imagery is more effective when individuals are higher in their ability to imagine. They have better (2)

Vividness and control

Cognitive anxiety reduction: Autogenic training focuses on producing two physical sensations _________(W & H) to produce a relaxed state

Warmth and heaviness

Social laboring is most likely to occur when

a group is lead by a transformational leader because team members are motivated to go the extra mile for the team.

Social support provides (4 - AICR)

appraisal, information, reassurance, and companionship

Eliminating social loafing - appreciate each teammate's responsibilities by (1 - op)

assigning players to other positions

People who see their anxiety as facilitative typically perform and cope ______________

better

Imagery training - what to do if concentration wanes

break imagery sessions into shorter time blocks.

Strategies for Enhancing Cohesion - shared team values - team values need to be developed and understood because values (2)

clarify the path to achieving goals as well as being critical to building trust among players and coaches.

relaxation response, autogenic training, systematic desensitization are all ______________(C) anxiety reduction techniques

cognitive anxiety reduction techniques

To be effective, imagery should become part of a person's ______________

daily routine.

Eliminating social loafing - divide

divide the team into smaller units

Classes with feelings of high group cohesion have fewer (2) than do classes low in cohesion.

dropouts and late arrivals

What is an example of a crossover effect in the matching hypothesis

e.g., somatic anxiety relaxation techniques produce cognitive anxiety relaxation as well).

Coping with Adversity - Use ______(E)______focused coping when situations are not amenable to change

emotion-focused coping

Use (type of coping) when situations are not amenable to change (E)

emotion-focused coping

For coping with the Type I yips (Focal Dystonia), use ______________(EFT) which involves stimulating various acupuncture points on the body

emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) involves stimulating various acupuncture points on the body

Tips and Guidelines for Implementing a Successful Imagery Training Program - include __________ and outcome

execution

Imagery perspective - visualizing yourself from the perspective of an outside observer (as if you were watching yourself in a movie).

external perspective

Compared to nonelite athletes, elite athletes see their anxiety as ________________

facilitative rather than debilitative.

Gender and cohesion The relationship between cohesion and performance was stronger for which gender?

females

Group structure - (e.g., coach, instructor, captain) are dictated by the nature and structure of the organization.

formal roles

Many individuals not only survive but ______________ because of adversity

gain positive attributes because of adversity.

Group structure - involve behaviors required or expected of a person occupying a certain position. (definitiion)

group roles

For both _________ and ____________ members may be attracted to each other and have some common goals.

groups and teams

Social laboring occurs when

increasing group size increases effort and performance.

Eliminating social loafing - increase identifiability of (1 - IP)

individual performances

Eliminating social loafing - emphasize the importance of (2 - PC)

individual pride and unique contributions

•Although mental toughness is typically perceived as desirable or a positive quality, some evidence suggests that it can lead to (2)

injury and overtraining.

Kohler effect - One should create task conditions that maximize ______________(1 - ID) between group members to achieve group goals, and, in particular, one's indispensability to group process (e.g., a relay race with other group members who are superior in ability or prior performance).

interdependence

Eliminating social loafing - attribute failure to

internal unstable factors

Theories of Group Development - in the pendular perspective, groups do not progress through the _________ phase

linear

Most coaches consider sport to be at least 50% ___________ when competing against an opponent of similar ability

mental

Kohler effect - When the goal is to maximize motivation and effort during training/exercise, individuals should select and train with a partner who is _______________ capable than themselves

moderately more capable than themselves.

General arousal techniques are (more or less) useful than hypnotic suggestions in enhancing muscular strength and endurance.

more

Group structure - what type of people are more effective persuadors

more credible, better liked, similar, attractive, high-status, and powerful individuals are more effective persuaders

The constructs of (4) make up mental toughness (MPCC)

motivation, dealing with pressure, confidence, and concentration

Imagining performing well can also help to maintain confidence

motivational general mastery

Factors in the Effectiveness of Imagery

nature of the task, skill level of the performer, imaging ability, combination with practice

Imagery programs should be tailored to the _________________(3) of each athlete or exerciser.

needs, abilities, and interests

Group structure - the expectation that group members will put forth effort and perform at a certain level (def) NP

norms of productivity

Leaders need to establish positive group norms or standards especially STANDARDS or _____________(NP)

norms of productivity

Resiliency: Bouncing Back From Adversity- Resiliency seems appropriate to study because

participants needs to effectively bounce back from adversity (e.g., injury, poor performance, being cut from a team).

Group cohesion is an important factor influencing (3 - PMP) in sports and exercise settings

participation, motivation, and performance in sport and exercise settings.

Psychological intervention studies show that imagery combined with other psychological strategies enhances

performance and other psychological variables such as confidence and coping.

Creating an Effective Team Climate Through Social Support - how does team climate develop (sentence - PRG)?

player perception - interrelationship - group members

Group structure - Group norms - leaders need to establish positive ____________________ or standards

positive GROUP NORMS or standards

•The learning of psychological skills should progress from _________and_________to____________

practices and simulations to actual competitions.

Types of coping (2 - EP)

problem focused and emotion focused

Use (type of coping) when stressful situations can be changed

problem-focused coping

Somatic anxiety reduction - Learn to feel the tension in your muscles and then to let go of the tension. Tension and relaxation are mutually exclusive

progressive relaxation

Primary mportance of the triple code model is placed on the

psychophysiology of imagery and understanding the imagery parts

Measuring Cohesion - (2)

questionnaires and subscales

time when task-relevant information cues are processed and motor plans coordinated

quiet eye period

Tips and Guidelines for Implementing a Successful Imagery Training Program - aim for

relaxed concentration

Social support - mutual _____________ and ______________ (RS) enhance the team climate

respect and support

Group structure - when there are questions about your role in group/team (def)

role ambiguity

Positive norms are important to establish because it helps to get both formal and informal leaders to ___________________(1 - SPE)

set positive examples

Eliminating social loafing - determine (1 - sss)

specific situations in which social loafing occurs

Tips and Guidelines for Implementing a Successful Imagery Training Program - apply imagery to specific situations that are ________________

tailored to your needs

The Cohesion-Performance Relationship - increases in these two types of cohesion are associated with increased performance. (TS)

task and social cohesion

task demands and cohesion-performance relationship.

task demands do not influence cohesion-performance relationship.

Group main characteristics (2 - TI & MI)

task interdependence and mutual interaction

In the *Cyclical (Life Cycle)* Perspective, *emphasis* is on the ________________phase?

terminal phase of the group's existence.

Imagery parts (3 ISM)

the image, the somatic response, and the meaning of the image.

Making social support more effective is especially important for

those who are low in support•

Social support reduces (u...)

uncertainty during times of stress

VMBR stands for

visual motor behavior rehearsal

Equivalent terms for imagery

visualization, mental rehearsal, symbolic rehearsal, covert practice, and mental practice.

"It's not a case of getting rid of the butterflies, it's a question of getting them to fly in formation."

—Jack Donohue, basketball coach

•Who should conduct PST (sport psychologist or coach)?

•Both can do so as long as they recognize their limits

Evaluating the Program (3)

•Don't overlook evaluation. •Trainers have an ethical obligation to evaluate a program's effectiveness. •Use interview, written assessments, and objective performance measures to evaluate.

When is the best time in one's career to engage in mental training?

•Mental training should continue throughout an athlete's sport participation.

Why regulate arousal?

•Stress is part of our daily lives. •Pressure to perform has increased in sport. •Athletes who don't effectively cope with stress may have decreases in performance as well as mental and physical distress. •Athletes need to be able to regulate (AKA "manage" arousal to stay focused and in control.

•How long should training last? (Minutes per day, days per week)

•Training should last 10 to 15 minutes a day, three to five days per week.

Technological Advances in Sport Psychology (2 - VR ET)

•Virtual reality•Eye tracking

When should you implement PST

•You should implement PST in the off-season when there is more time.