Unit 2 Test Review.
Stages of Development: Stage 2
Newly Industrialized Country High Birthrate Traditionally large families and need for labor force Lower Death Rate Improving health care and sanitation High BR + Low DR = RAPIDLY growing population Rising GNP; Beginning urban migration; building infrastructure; increasing literacy rate, improving health care Main Economic Activity Primary & Secondary Industries
Stages of Development: Stage 3
Newly Industrialized Country Lower Birthrate Urban setting provides Entertainment Higher standards of living Less need for labor force Acceptance of smaller families Low Death Rate Improved health care & sanitation Better living conditions Population growth begins to slow High urban migration rate High life expectancy Industrialization Increasing technology Main Economic Activities Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary industries.
Different Economic Sectors:
Primary Working with or extracting natural resources Secondary Manufacturing or construction Tertiary Provides commercial or professional services Quaternary Information-based services (software development, etc.)
Nice
Nice
Stages of Development: Stage 1
Pre-Industrial Country No countries in the world today at Stage 1 High Birthrate (BR) to create a labor force for subsistence farming High Death rate (DR) poor health care and difficult living conditions High BR + High DR = Stable Population Growth Low GNP, Low Literacy, Little Infrastructure Main Economic Activity = Primary Industries
What are the types of checks proposed by the Malthusian Theory?
Preventive checks are those ways in which nature may alter population changes like moral restraint (postponing marriage) or 'immoral ways' (birth control). Positive Checks - Positive checks are natural holds on population growth such as disasters or disease.
What characteristics do sparsely populated regions have?
Some are uninhabitable or you cannot grow crops or raise livestock there. (Ex. Too hot, too cold, too wet, too mountainous)
The 5 Stages of Epidemiological Transition: Stage 5? (disputed)
Some argue that infectious and parasitic diseases are reemerging ; others just see it as a setback Reasons for this emergence: Evolution- microbes are immune to antibiotics, etc. Poverty- disease like TB are largely controlled in countries like US but still causing many deaths in less-developed countries Travel-disease diffusion (ex. SARS from China)
What are the major push and pull factors that affect migration? What is an intervening obstacle? Give Examples.
Some major push and pull factors are related about the economy, and political and environmental reasons. An intervening obstacle is when an environmental or political feature that hinders migration. Some examples are how native american and syrians were forced off their land for political reasons, how people have to move due to natural disasters that linger such as hurricanes, and how some places may draw in people due to a pretty and clean environment.
Where are the world's four major population clusters?
South Asia, East Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia.
What are the connections between demographic transition and migration?
The causes of demographic transition and migration are typically related, and the social and economic changes from some migrations can also directly affect or cause demographic transitions. They are intertwined because they have a linear relationship, causing any affects causing migration to, in turn, change the DTM
Which of the following describes the relationship between fertility and education?
The increase in the percent of women who are more highly educated correlates with the decline in fertility.
Which of the following best explains an effect of migration within the United States between 1950 and 2010 ?
The mean center of the population of the United States shifted to the South and West as workers migrated to areas with more jobs and a warmer climate.
Which statement best explains an environmental impact of China's population distribution? (The image shows how many people live in eastern China in contrast to western China)
The population distribution shown requires more intensive use of limited soil and water resources to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land. The environment there is more heavily used and has to endure a lot more than in the west.
In 1980 China implemented an antinatalist one-child policy. Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of the policy?
There are more men than women because of a cultural preference for male children.
What are the current major migration flows in the world today?
There are three current large migration flows in the world today. From Latin America to North America. From Asia to Europe. From Asia to North America.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
(birth rate - death rate)/10 - a postive RNI means a population is growing and a negative RNI means a population is shrinking
Which of the following scenarios explains a demographic push factor for less developed countries?
A large youth population, lacking educational opportunities, seek schooling in more developed countries.
What is the Neo-Malthusian Theory?
A neo-Malthusian viewpoint suggests that food production is not meeting the needs of a rapidly growing population, causing widespread famine.
A population pyramid that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom most likely represents which of the following populations?
A population of retirees. Not a declining or stable population because there would still be a decent amount of children.
What is the difference between a refugee and an asylum seeker? Give modern examples of each.
A refugee is someone who is forced off their homes to avoid certain disasters, like how many syrians today are forced to leave because of all the war and how dangerous it is. An asylum seeker is a person who claims to be a refugee but whose claim has yet to be evaluated. They apply for asylum on the grounds they cannot return to their home due to fear of persecution.
Japan has a low birth rate and a high life expectancy. Which of the following explains why Japan will struggle with demographic challenges in 30 years?
An aging population needing health care will require more public funding.
What would the trend of a Demographic Transition Model show?
As birth rates are higher than death rates, population growth remains high.
From 2010 through 2017 there was a large increase in the number of migrants from Africa to Europe. Which of the following explains a possible impact on the emigrant countries of origin during and after that time period?
As more emigrants sent money home, the influx of money created an economic boom in the countries of origin. More money was in circulation, and helped increase the economy of the home country.
Which of the following processes best explains a decrease in mortality rates worldwide?
Better hygiene and sanitation practices
how would data from the population pyramid for [country] would be useful for government policy makers?
Data would be used to help plan and prepare for certain generations as they age.
Which of the following population patterns is common in more developed countries?
Declining levels of fertility and mortality, leading to older age structures
What are 'new refugees'?
They are people who are refugees for a newly emerged cause of their environments back in their home country.
What are remittances and why are they so important?
They are the private savings of workers and families that are spent in the home country for food, clothing and other expenditures, and which drive the home economy. For many developing nations, remittances from citizens working abroad provide an import source of much-needed funds. BASICALLY THEY JUST HELP OUT THE FAMILY LEFT BEHIND IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRY UNTIL THEY CAN MOVE OUT OR BE COMPLETELY STABLE.
The more a population pyramid looks like an actual pyramid, what characteristics would it have.
Typically, this suggests a lesser developed country, and if the base is wide, this indicates a high total fertility rate.
The Neo Malthusian Theory explains that the food production will be lower than the needs of humanity, and will result in catastrophes.
Example: South Sudan experienced famine during the twenty-first century as a result of war and drought.
Malthusian theory would explain which of the following possible consequences of high birth rates in a less developed country?
Famine and starvation will occur as demand outpaces agricultural production.
Which of the following explains an impact of open-border policies regarding migration within the European Union?
Growing political tensions as immigration increases, due to competition between immigrants and local people for available jobs. A byproduct of the EU open-border policy has increased political tensions in Europe as immigration and asylum seekers from developing countries have increased.
Malthusian Theory: Prevention
He believed that the only way to produce lower birth rates was moral constraint.
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have total fertility rates that exceed 5.0. Which of the following population characteristics is associated with this phenomenon?
High youth dependency ratio
Deaths in Country A often occur due to outbreaks of epidemic disease, while in Country B most people are dying from chronic disorders such as heart disease. Which of the following best describes where these countries fall in the demographic transition model and in which region they are likely located? [Graph shows A: Latin America - High Birth Rate, lowish Death rate B: High BR, lower than BR but still high DR C: Same BR and DR]
In Stage 2 countries, such as the ones found in West Africa, many deaths occur from outbreaks of epidemic disease because of a lack of reliable health care and advanced sanitation techniques. In Stage 4 countries, such as the ones found in western Europe, most deaths are related to chronic disorders such as heart disease caused by old age and lifestyle choices.
How has the source of immigration to the United States changed since the Seventeenth century to late Twentieth Century?
In the 17th Century, the main source of immigration was usually the UK and Ireland as well as the slave trade, importing many africans over to america.. Shifting over into the 19th century, the overwhelming majority, 90 percent, was all european, majorly including ireland, germany, and scandinavia. In the beginning of the 20th century, there were many southern and eastern european immigrants, and from then on to now, many have been latin american or asian.
Immigration of asylum applicants from Africa to the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland increased from approximately 50,000 in 2010 to approximately 200,000 in 2016. In 2017, there were approximately 175,000 asylum applicants. Which of the following best explains the trend in asylum seekers from African countries to Europe since 2010?
Insecure political situations and high fertility rates leading to competition for available jobs have acted as push factors in African countries and created the general increase.
The 5 Stages of Epidemiological Transition: Stage 1
Known as stage of pestilence and famine Infections, parasitic diseases, accidents, animal and human attacks were principal causes of human death T. Malthus called these "natural checks" on the growth of human population in stage 1 of the demographic transition model The Black Plague, smallpox & other parasitic diseases are stage 1
The 3 Stages of Development
Less Developed Country (LDC) a country with a generally weak economy, largely based on the primary and secondary economic sectors; relies on subsistence agriculture. Used to be referred to as "Third World" Newly Industrialized Country (NIC) a country with growing industry and technology; healthcare and education are improving during this stage. More Developed Country (MDC) a country with an advanced economy with a heavy focus on tertiary and quaternary economic activities.
A country develops new technologies for farming, which help stabilize and increase food supply. According to Malthusian theory, which of the following would best explain those results?
Malthus believed circumstances like war and famine constituted positive checks on population and was especially concerned that food production could never keep up with population growth. However, new agricultural technology would contribute to a stable food supply and thus enable population to grow without positive checks. (Against its name, positive checks are negative for humanity)
A high level of mobility for international migration and employment is best explained by which of the following demographic groups?
Unmarried men in their late twenties with no children and a university education. They are the ideal age to work proficiently, and have no one to leave besides their parents and siblings, and also have a good chance at success with a degree.
Malthusian Theory
Was written by Malthus and stated that population growth was exponential, and food growth was linear, but the amount of arable land was finite. This led him to believe that the population would eventually outpace food, which would lead to war, diseases, and famines that would check the population.
Immigration
coming into an area as part of a permanent move (in common language this combines the terms immigration and emigration)
Age/Sex Ratio
comparison of the numbers of males and females of different ages
Environmental Degradation
deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil and habitat destruction
Epidemiologic Transition
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Epidemiology is a branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people
Industrial Revolution
economic and social changes resulting from technology changes that started in England in 1760 - moving away from hand tools to power-driven machines
How does improved health care and nutrition affect infant mortality rate?
improved health care and nutrition lowers the IMR
Arable Land
land that can be farmed
Emigration
leaving an area as part of a permanent move (in common language, this word has blended into immigration which includes both)
Medical revolution
medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives
Contraception
methods of preventing pregnancy
Step Migration
migration to a distant location that takes place in stages
Transnational Migration
moving across a border into another country
Transhumace
moving herds of animals to the highlands in the summer and into the lowlands in the winter
Voluntary Migration
people choosing to migrate (not being forced)
Unauthorized Immigrant
person moving into a country without authorization (also know as illegal immigrants)
What is the best example of Transhumance
shepherds in France who move their sheep to mountain pastures each summer
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the average number of children a woman is predicted to have in her child bearing (fecund) years
Life Expectancy
the average number of years a person born in a country might expect to live
Net Migration
the difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 inhabitants. (+Positive net migration means more people moving in than moving out, -negative net migration means more people moving out than moving in)
Carrying Capacity
the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
the number of children who don't survive their first year of life per 1000 live births in a country
Mortality
the number of deaths occurring in a population
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
the number of deaths per one thousand people in the population
Fertility
the number of live births occurring in a population
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
the number of live births per one thousand people in the population
Physiological Density
the number of people per unit of arable land
Stages of Development: Stage 4
More Developed Country Low Birthrate Urban population has less room Smaller families accepted as traditional High standards of living for all Low Death rate Excellent Healthcare Facilities for the elderly Slowly increasing or stable population growth Highly Urban Population; High GNP High Literacy Telecommunications Advanced Infrastructure Example Countries Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, U.S., South Korea, most of Europe Main Economic Activity Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary industries
Stages of Development: Stage 5
More Developed Country Very low Birthrate Low Death rate Negative Population Growth Growing Elderly Population
If a country is more developed and has a low total fertility rate, this suggests...?
More women work in professional jobs and have an education instead of conceiving children.
What is the difference of Malthus and Neo-Malthusians?
Neo-Malthusians differ from Malthus's theories mainly in their support for the use of contraception. ... Modern neo-Malthusians are generally more concerned than Malthus with environmental degradation and catastrophic famine than with poverty.
Population patterns shown on the map indicate that areas around river deltas and upland lake and river valleys have higher densities. Which of the following best explains why these regions are more heavily populated?
These regions have higher carrying capacities because of their proximity to reliable freshwater sources. Upland lakes, and river deltas can support larger human populations because they provide a form of transportation, reliable access to water for daily needs, and a source of water for agricultural practices.
Population Distribution
the pattern of where people live
Ecumene
the permanently inhabited portion of the earth as distinguished from the uninhabited or temporarily inhabited area
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
when a country reaches replacement level fertility
Replacement-Fertility Level
when a population is neither growing or shrinking but staying about the same (an RNI of 0 or TFR of 2.1)
Forced Migration
when people migrate not because the want to but because they have no other choice
Brain Drain
when the majority of educated or skilled workers leave an area to pursue better opportunities elsewhere
Overpopulation
when there are not enough resources in an area to support a population
the Birth Rate per 1,000 population is directly related to the Death Rate per 1,000 population.
BR>DR then Positive RNI; BR<DR then Negative RNI
Bangladesh has seen its total fertility rate drop to 2.1, but its population is projected to be higher in 2050 than it is today. Which of the following explains why Bangladesh will continue to experience positive rates of natural increase?
Bangladesh's population will continue to grow as a result of a large youthful population.
Many European countries provide families one or more of the following: tax credits, flexible parental leave, monthly payments, public-transportation fare reduction, free vaccines, and subsidized childcare.
Belgium has concerns about an aging population and wants to encourage higher birth rates.
The 5 Stages of Epidemiological Transition: Stage 2
Called stage of receding pandemics disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population Cholera, & other pandemics Outbreaks of cholera were especially harmful in the crowded, poor, unsanitary cities of the Industrial Revolution 1832: NYC lost 3,500 to cholera
Ok seriously, this is 108 terms (exculding this and 69). If you fail, jeez bro step it up you finna get a 2 like this...
Come on you even had a curve breh.
Explain the multiple impacts of lowering birth rates through education and health care.
With more women able to attend school and to remain in school longer, they would be more likely to learn employment skills and gain more economic control over their lives. With better education, women would better understand their reproductive rights, make more informed reproductive choices, and select more effective methods of contraception. With improved health-care programs, IMRs would decline through such programs as improved prenatal care, counseling about sexually transmitted diseases, and child immunization. With the survival of more infants ensured, women would be more likely to choose to make more effective use of contraceptives for family-planning.
Intervening Opportunity
a favorable circumstance that causes people to stop a planned migration to take advantage of the prospect
Push Factor
a force (economic, social, political, environmental) that motivates people to leave an area
Population Pyramid
a graph of the population of an area by age and sex - when a population is growing it takes a pyramid shape, hence the name
Guest Worker
a legal immigrant who is allowed into the country to work, usually for a relatively short time period
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
a model that helps explain how countries throughout the world tend to proceed through a similar process in term of CBR, CDR, and population. Usually 5 main accepted stages. (cue to open the file named 610px-Demographic-Transition...)
Pull Factor
a motivator (economic, social, political, environmental) that draws people into an area
Internally Displaced Person
a person forced to flee their home who remains in their home country
Asylum Seeker
a person seeking residence in a country outside of their own because they fleeing persecution
Refugee
a person who flees their home country and is not able to return
Chain Migration
a series of migrations within a group that begins with one person who through contact with the group, pulls people to migrate to the same area.
Graying Population
a shift in population where older people (gray hair!) become a bigger portion, usually as a result of declining birth rates
Agricultural Density
the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. (adding on) Agricultural density is the amount of farmers compared to the amount of arable land. If the Agricultural density is high, then there will likely be a lot of arable land that farmers use, meaning for a lot of small, farm settlements. If there is a low amount of density, it likely means that it is more urban, or uninhabitable. For example, the Democratic Republic of Congo has a lot of arable land, so it has many farmers growing crops, and not necessarily a booming population, but the US has barely any farmers for each square kilometer of arable land because it is very urbanized, and many people don't live lifestyles like a farmer anymore, and move and work in more urban areas.
Dependency Ratio
the ratio of the number of people not in the work force (dependents) and those who are in the work force (producers) - useful for understanding the pressure on the producers
Diffusion
the spreading of something more widely.
Demography
the statistical study of populations
Doubling Time
the time period it takes for a population to double in size. This is also determined by the area's RNI. For example, if it has a high RNI, the time needed to double will be shorter.
Arithmetic Density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
Anti Natalist Policies
when a country provides incentives for people to have fewer children (sometimes including punishments)
Pronatalist Policies
when a country provides incentives for people to have more children
The 5 Stages of Epidemiological Transition: Stages 3 & 4
Stage of degenerative diseases and human created diseases Characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging Two most important in this stage are heart disease (cardiovascular) and cancer Stage 4 is an extension of stage 3 Delay of degenerative diseases because of operations, medicine, better/preventive diets, etc.
What are the typical characteristics of regions that have densely populated areas?
access to a constant supply of resources and water, leading to fertile, arable land.
Intervening Obstables
an obstacle that hinders or blocks migration