Unit 3 + 7 Art History MCQ, CA 3 & 7, Art History Unit 3 + 7

Taj Mahal context

- Built by Shah Jahan 5th mughal ruler - tomb for his favorite wife Mumtaz, who died in childbirth - known as "The Luminous Tomb" during the mughal rule - Located in Agra on banks of Yamuna River, this provided easy access to water for fountains and irrigation - Sunni muslims usually prefer open air burials, but the Mughal's established their own tradition, which demonstrates Indian influence in syncretic culture - Based on Humayun's Tomb

Basin (Paptisere de St. Louis) function

- Originally used for washing hands at official ceremonies - later used for french royal family baptisms

St. Luke portrait page content

-Animal life: bids, felines are present, snakes

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel function

-Atone for the sin of usury -Private, devotional art

The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama content

-Excerpt shows first king, Gayumars, enthroned before his community -On the left is his son Siyamaki -On the right is his grandson Hishang -His court appears in a semi-circle below him -His court are all in court attire, for example wearing leopard skins

Folio from a Qur-an content

-Human and animal forms was considered inappropriate for the ornamentation of sacred monuments and objects, artists relied on vegetal and geometric motifs when they decorated mosques and sacred manuscripts -The Qur'an consists of the divine revelation to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic -The words on the Qur'an translate as rays of light for the people who read and recite the recitations Piece from "The Spider" a text in the Qur'an -The meaning of this passage can be interpreted as if you do betray the words of Allah you will never be at peace

St. Luke portrait page form

-Ink pigments, gold vellum, illuminated manuscript -St. Luke has gold halo above -purple robe -quill in hand

Folio from a Qur-an form

-Ink, color, and gold on parchment -Two page spread Qur'an manuscript -Kufic is the type of calligraphy used in this manuscript

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama context

-Part of a Persian manuscript entitled "Shahnama," which translates to Book of Kings -Bahram Gur was an ancient Iranian king of the Sassanian dynasty -The Karg was a mythical beast that was sometimes depicted as a unicorn, or a wolf, or a rhinoceros; here it is a combination of the three -According to legend, Bahram Gur fought the Karg during his travels to India -Calligraphy is not always the same; all calligraphers have very distinct styles

Santa Sabina context

-Rome italy -Late Antique Europe -originally a classical Roman administrative building -ancient Constantinian basilica -Constantinian architects were the first Roman Christians

Pyxis of al-Mughira content

-The pyxis is decorated with four eight-lobed medallions; medallions are surrounded by figures and animals, including falconers, wrestlers, griffons, peacocks, birds, goats and animals to be hunted -Each medallion has princely iconography -Although Islamic art is commonly viewed as an-iconic, human and animal figures play an important role in iconography

Dome of the Rock context

-Third most holy site of Islam -it is where Mohammed ascended to the presence of God -site of the first and second Jewish Temples -also a holy site for Jews and Christians -imitates early Christian and Byzantine centrally planned churches -Where Abraham was going to sacrifice Isaac -Near wailing wall

The Ardabil Carpet content

-geometric patterns, vegetative scrolls, floral flourishes, typical Islamic Art designs -Central golden medallion dominates the carpet, surrounded by a ring of multi colored and detailed ovals -The border is made up of a frame with a series of (rectangular shaped spaces for calligraphy), filled with decorations

Surrah

A chapter of the Qur'an

Minaret

A distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship.

Cinqfoil

A five-lobed ornamental shape

Mordent

An ornament which sounds the main note, the note above and then the main note again.

quatrefoil

An ornamental design of four lobes or leaves as used in architectural tracery, resembling a flower or four-leaf clover.

Rebecca and Eliezer at the well and Jacob Wrestling the angel found

Austrian National Library, Vienna

(Context) San Vitale

Built after the split of the Roman Empire

Chartes Cathedral found

Chartres, France

Great Mosque found

Cordoba, Spain

The artist who created the Scenes from the Apocalypse chose imagery that was intended to elicit which of the following responses

Deeper understanding of the relevance of biblical stories to the era in which viewers lived

Merovingian looped Fibulae

Early medieval Europe. Mid-sixth century C.E. Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones.

Rebecca and Eliezer at the well and Jacob Wrestling the angel date

Early sixth century C.E

Date: Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis

Early sixth century CE (500s)

Mosque of Selim II found

Edirne Turkey

Mosque of Selim II

Edirne, Turkey. Sinan (architect). 1568-1575 C.E. Brick and stone.

Alhambra found

Granada, Spain

The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama found

Harvard Art Gallery

The Kaaba function

Holiest shrine in Islam

orant

In Early Christian art, a figure with both arms raised in the ancient gesture of prayer.

Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh)

Isfahan, Iran. Islamic, Persian: Seljuk, Il-Khanid, Timurid and Safavid Dynasties. c. 700 C.E.; additions and restorations in the 14th, 18th, and 20th centuries C.E. Stone, brick, wood, plaster, and glazed ceramic tile.

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover)

Late medieval Spain. c. 1320 CE. Illuminated manuscript (pigments and gold leaf on vellum)

The Ardabil Carpet

Masqud of Kashan. 1539-1540 CE. Silk and wool

The Kaaba found

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Merovingian looped fibulae date

Mid 6th century AD

Date: Merovingian looped fibulae

Mid-sixth century

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation

Padua, Italy. Unknown architect; Giotto di Bondone (artist). Chapel: c. 1303 C.E.; Fresco: c. 1305. Brick (architecture) and fresco.

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel found

Piazza Erremitani, Italy

San Vitale found

Ravenna, Italy

Bayeux Tapestry

Romanesque Europe (English or Norman). c. 1066-1080 C.E. Embroidery on linen.

Catacomb of Priscilla found

Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe

Santa Sabina found

Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe.

Catacomb of Priscilla

Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 200-400 C.E. Excavated tufa and fresco.

Santa Sabina

Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 422-432 C.E. Brick and stone, wooden roof.

Folio from a Qur-an found

The Morgan Library and Museum in New York

The Bayeux Tapestry depicts which of the following historical events

The Norman Conquest

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings found

The Smithsonian Museum

Based on the style, the work shown can be identified as a folio from which of the following illuminated manuscripts?

The Vienna Genesis from early Byzantine Europe

Pyxis of al-Mughira

Umayyad. c. 968 C.E. Ivory.

pontiff

a pope or bishop

Some art historians have theorized that in the Justinian panel at San Vitale, the artist divided the figures into three distinct but equal groups in order to

symbolize the need to balance imperial, military, and religious powers

(Form) Catacomb of Priscilla

- "Cubiculum" - building up of plaster on the wall to look like marble - arms outstretched reaching towards god - hands too large for the body - symmetrical - Peacocks: symbol of eternal life - Quail: symbol of the earth

(Content) Catacomb of Priscilla

- 10 km/ 5 mi wide - 40,000 tombs - multiple sacrophagi for family members - scenes from Old and New Testaments on walls - originated under the papacy of Pope Zephyrin - scenes from a Christian woman's life (death, marriage, and death) - Good Shepherd Fresco - "Breaking of the Bread" - Abraham in the center - sacrifice of Isaac

(Context) Catacomb of Priscilla

- 5th century - underground, in the north of Rome - place where the earliest Christians were buried - some came here to practice their faith in secret - "Cubiculum of the Veil" - practice of Eucharist

(Function) Catacomb of Priscilla

- Burial location from the actual members of Priscilla's family - educational and instructive of a good Christian life

Rebecca and Eliezer at the well and Jacob Wrestling the angel form

- Byzantine - Continuous narrative - Illuminated Manuscript pigment on vellum done in silver now oxidized and turned black - Manuscript of the first book of the bible - Preserves some of the earliest illustrations of bible stories

Rebecca and Eliezer at the well and Jacob Wrestling the angel content

- Caught between realistic and abstract - Shows the medieval artists and patrons value of symbolism and abstraction - written in greek

(Function) Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well

- Depict the first book of the Bible - symbol of owner's piety

Rebecca and Eliezer at the well and Jacob Wrestling the angel function

- Depict the first book of the bible - Not sure who would have been reading this book, probably a royal individual's - Illuminated manuscripts not only aimed to depict stories of the bible but be a symbol of the owner's piety

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings context

- Jahangir wanted to bring together distant lands as seen in the painting - Has James the I in the painting - used many different aspects of European art and art of a different time period - the carpet that everyone sits on - artist wanted to sign his name so he put himself in the painting - very strong belief in religion, so they made the two holy men bigger and more important than everyone else

(Content) Hagia Sophia

- Longitudinal and Centrally planned Basilica - the dome is on top of a square (pendentive) - four minarets - pencil minarets - the place from which Muslims would be called to prayer when Hagia Sophia was a mosque - The Sultan's Lodge - Mihrab (off-center, faces Mecca) - arabic caligraphy

Taj Mahal function

- Mausoleum and gardens for Mumtaz Jahan - exceptional for scale, surrounding gardens, ornamentation, and use of white marble

Taj Mahal form/content

- Plan - enter via forecourt; would have had shops - pass through gateway; inlaid red sandstone (like Humayan and Safdarjung's tombs) - long water channel (with fountain jets) leads to Taj - surrounded by gardens (char bagh) - Taj set on raised panel at north end of gardens - surrounded by symmetrical buildings; mosque and guest house (exact function unknown) - Exterior - topped by bulbous dome and 4 minarets of equal height - minarets are usually for mosques, here they are ornamental instead of functional - moghul emphasis on balance and harmony - Interior - hasht bishist (eight levels) floorplan references eight levels of muslim paradise - eight halls and side rooms connect to a central space in a cross axial form - the center holds Mumtaz's remains in a raised cenotaph - Shah Jahan was buried next to her decades later - Decoration - walls are inscribed with quranic verses - white marble is carved an inlaid with semi-precious stones - pietra dura technique using italian methods (and workmen from Italy!) - mughal architecture tended to use red stone for exterior and white marble for decorations or interiors of tombs or holy places - perhaps derived from ancient hindi practices - this makes the Taj an outlier! - Gardens - elements and design of pleasure gardens - Char Bagh design usually places building at the center of four quadrants - instead the taj is at the end of the gardens - by being elevated on the river it is visible from many different angels - makes use of the river for waterways and fountains (some of the original clay plumbing still works) - impressive engineering

(Context) Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well

- capital is moved to Constantinople (330-726 BCE) - Christianity becomes the official religion

(Form) San Vitale

- centrally planned bascilica - octagonal in shape - Byzantine Church

(Context) Hagia Sophia

- commissioned by Emperor Constantine - today, third version of the building because the first two were burned down during riots -

(Function) Santa Sabina

- early Christian Church - respect Sabina, a martyr for Christianity - inspire others to follow Christianity

Basin (Paptisere de St. Louis) context

- people used this bowl to wash or purify themselves before the ceremonies - later was used by royal families for baptisms -adapted from its original use - people of the time valued the inlaying of metals because it was very difficult to do - also used very expensive materials to show the wealth

Basin (Paptisere de St. Louis) content

- shows people hunting alternating with battle scenes along the side; Mamluk hunters and mongol enemies - shows the conflict between the two groups - bottom of bowl decorated with fish, eels, crabs, frogs, and crocodiles - all can be found in water

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings content

- shows the 4th emperor of the Mughal Dynasty Jahangir - gold flames come out of his head which lead into a gold circle that surrounds his head - also has a moon which creates a contrast between sun and moon - this represents the rulers power and his divine knowledge - Jahangir is seated on a stone inlaid platform - platform is also connected to a hourglass - he is also the biggest of all the people portrayed - they are all on a embroidered blue carpet with intricate designs on it - the third person in line to see the emperor was King James the I of England - this shows not only the connection but the power difference that they wanted to portray in the work - Has the Shaikh or the holy man, who has been put on almost the same level as Jahangir himself - this shows his devotion to religion

(Form) Santa Sabina

- spacious nave - illuminated by natural light - mosaics on walls

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings function

- this would have been originally found in an album that had alternating paintings and calligraphic scriptures

(Function) San Vitale

- to worship the Christian God - glorify the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora

(Content) Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well

- value symbolism - written in Greek - Jacob leads his family across a river over a bridge. Then, Jacob has to fight with an angel. Upon fighting with the angel Jacob's name becomes Israel. - skewed perspective - Abraham wanted to find a wife for his son (Issac) and sent his servant, Eliezer, to find one for him. Eliezer becomes in need and Rebecca comes to the rescue. - God ensured a sound marriage for Issac - continuous narrative

(Content) Santa Sabina

- windows made of celenite - wooden coffered ceiling - depicts Biblical scenes - corinthian columns - clerestories

Catacomb of Priscilla Form

-"Cubiculum" -Passageways are stacked on top of each other (general) -Roman first style* painting -Building up of plaster on the wall to look like marble -Wanted the tomb to look rich and valuable

Catacomb of Priscilla Content

-10 km or more than 5 miles wide -At least 40,000 tombs -Multiple sarcophagi for family members -Concept originated in ancient Egypt -Small table -Scenes from Old and New Testaments (on the walls) -Depiction of figures suffering on account of their faith -Book of Daniel -Divine intervention - young Jewish men told to worship a Pagan golden idol, they refused, were sentenced to be burned alive but then saved -Originated under the papacy of Pope Zephyrin (199-217) -Location where most important pontiffs of the 3rd century

Rottgen Pieta context

-1300-1325, late gothic period of middle ages, which was very dramatic -Saints like St. Francis of Assisi, Bridget of Sweden, St. Bernardino of Siena And Hildegard of Bingen -Originally depictions of Christ on the cross would demonstrate the Christ is triumphant, like in the Lindisfarne Gospels -Greco Crucifixion came after this in the artistic evolution and it showed suffering but Christs' legs are together so as no to be immodest or too humanized Principle, where his suffering is not apparent, but in this period divinity showed in a different, and more human way, belief that connection to god could be achieved through emotion -clearly reflects mysticism of the time, not caring about previous issues with iconoclasm during middles ages, as it is a holly object that would have been prayed to

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel content

-3 registers of narrative: top: Yoakim and Anna (Christ's maternal grandparents) and birth and life of Mary, middle: scenes of Christ's life (the miracles, etc) christ is moving forward in the scenes there is a rhythm to the scenes, bottom: the Passion -Wall Fresco: Last Judgement -Enrico (the patron) is on the side of the blessed, giving the chapel to Mary -The Lamentation part of the passion scenes, transitionary work from Middle ages to Renaissance -illusionism inserting architectural elements to give a more earthly setting, not just the typical gold background from the normal Medieval this is a big deal.

Reliquary of Church of Sainte-Froy content

-33.5 inch-tall statue of a seated female martyr, Sainte Foy -A disproportionately large head, repurposed from an ancient Roman statue of a child -The remains of Sainte Foy lie inside, hidden to the eye -The reliquary is covered in gold, silver gilt, and a menagerie of precious gems

Catacomb of Priscilla Context

-5th century -Underground, in the north of Rome -The oldest part of the catacombs -Closest to the entrance of Priscilla's villa -Place where the earliest Christians were buries -Some Christians would come here to practice their faith covertly

Bayeaux Tapestry content

-75 scenes w/ latin inscriptions -horses have no armor -first meal -mortally wounded men and horses along tapestry's mid and bottom

Alhambra context

-Alhambra is an abbreviation of Qal'at al-Hamra meaning red fort. -Built by the Nasrid Dynasty (1232-1492) the last Muslims to rule in Spain. -Exterior-Interior relationship, Important transition seamlessly from shaded patios and covered walkways from well-lit interior spaces to courtyards and gardens -Ornamental elements: reflection of water, intricately carved stucco decoration.

Mosque of Selim II function

-An example of Ottoman Empire's wealth and greatness, along with its power and vastness (along a popular tourist passing through place, showed tourists of its dominance) -Mosque— displays differences between Islam and Christianity

Great Mosque context

-Ancient roman columns in hypostyle prayer hall were recycled from the original christian church on site -Horseshoe arches of the roman & visigoth architectural style -Temple was converted to a church by visigoths - who seized cordoba in 572 CE -Umayyad conquerors converted church to a mosque

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France content/context

-At this time, King Lous IX was a boy king, and his mother, Blanche of Castile, was his regent. -In theology, the prominence of Mary was at an all-time high, so the power of the queen was also heightened as a result. -Mary was most often shown as a queen with a crown, just like Blanche is depicted here.

Church of Sainte-Froy Content

-Barrel-vaulted nave, with arches on the interior Nave, apse, 1 side aisle on each side -5 radiating chapels surround the apse (in a semi-circle) -Prominent transept (cruciform church) -Elaborately carved Tympanum on the South Portal of Christ and the Last Judgment

Bayeaux Tapestry context

-Battle of Hastings 1066 -textile is missing its end which most likely showed William as king -scenes believed been adapted from images in manuscripts illuminated at Canterbury

Basin (Paptisere de St. Louis) form

-Brass inlaid with gold and silver -very expensive materials

San Vitale context

-Built after the split of the Roman empire -Bishop of Ravenna started building process shortly after a trip to Byzantium with Pope John in 525. -Year 526 was more tolerant of Catholics than before, so the Church was allowed to be built.

Catacomb of Priscilla Function

-Burial location for the actual members of Priscilla's family -NOT a place of worship or prayer (to God), not really a chapel

(Form) Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well

-Byzantine - Continuous narrative - animal skin pages - made by hand - silver text, dyed a deep royal purple - first book of the Bible

Hagia Sophia function

-Cathedral -Mosque -Museum

San Vitale form

-Centrally planned basilica -Octagonal in shape -Byzantine church

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel date

-Chapel 1303 ce -Fresco 1305 ce

Alhambra function

-Citadel Barracks -Residence, palace of the Nasrid sultans -Medina (the city square)

Hagia Sophia context

-Combination of a centrally planned and axially planned church created by Justinian and Theodora after the original was burned in the Nike Revolt of 532 -Minarets were added later in the Islamic period. -Original was commissioned by Emperor Constantine -The reason that there aren't any images or large mosaics of biblical scenes is because of the period of Iconoclasm or opposition to images of God and Jesus.

Mosque of Selim II context

-Completed in Edirne, rather than capital Istanbul -Edirne was where Selim was stationed as a prince when his father campaigned in Persia in 1548 -Edirne located in the Balkans, had historical and geographical significant for its history as a capital of the Ottoman Empire before Istanbul and was the second city of the Empire -Edirne was first major city that traveling Europeans would pass in the Ottoman Empire. Selim built this mosque there to exemplify Ottoman Empire's greatness. -Mosque also was able to dominate the domestic landscape of Edirne, making it the defining place of the city. Son of Suleyman the Magnificent

Merovingian looped fibulae context

-Composition is generally symmetrical, and the artist depicts a animals in their entirety either in profile or from above. -Northern jewelers carefully crafted their molds to produce a glittering surface on the cast metal --Fibulae: are brooches (safety pins) that were made popular by Roman military campaigns -Cultural exchanges occurred after antiquity and both groups (barbarians and Romans) copied and shared similar works -Barbarian: non-Roman, nomadic, and illiterate groups traveling throughout Europe during the middle ages

The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama function

-Depicting a secular/mythological scene, rather than religious scene -Figures and animals ok because it is not religious

The Kaaba context

-Destination for those making the hajj -circumambulate the Kaaba counterclockwise, seven times -has been repaired many times -Mecca is the spiritual center of Islam, existing structure encases the -black stone in the eastern corner, the only part of the original structure by Ibrahim that survives.

Dome of the Rock form

-Domed wooden octagon -golden gilted roof -mosaics

Santa Sabina function

-Early Christian church -Pay hommage to Sabina, christian martyr -to impress viewer

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George form

-Encaustic on wood, uses gold leaf -2' 3" x 1' 7 3/8"

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel context

-Enrico Scrovegni paid for the chapel as a "good work" to try and guarantee a spot in heaven -Painted by Giotto -This is one of the first works that shows divine figures acting in humanist ways -Characters not always frontal

Alhambra form

-Every single space covered with decoration -Extensive use of rhombus geometric forms and calligraphy -Most of the interior arches are false arches, with no structure; they are there only to decorate. -Built on a hill overlooking the city of Granada -Walls are covered with beautiful and extremely rich ceramics and plasterwork. -Walls include intricately carved wooden frames

St. Matthew cross-carpet page context

-Example of hiberno-saxon art, aka insular -Written by monks, vikings pillaged monastery, gospels protected -St. Matthew & St. Luke's pages make up Lindisfarne Gospels

The Ardabil Carpet function

-Fundamental examples of Islamic art— made of silk and wools, carpets were traded and sold across Islamic lands and into China and Europe -Iranian carpets were highly prized— carpets decorated mosques, shrines, and homes, also could to be hung on walls to preserve warmth -Islamic Art: very intricately designed and large amounts of time were put into designing the carpets -Made for prayer in funerary shrine

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George function

-Icon placed in a medieval monastery -A private devotional object

Pyxis of al-Mughira function

-In Al-Andalus, ivory objects, including Pyxides, were bestowed upon members of the royal family; specifically sons, wives and daughters on important or memorable occasions, such as a marriage, birth or coming of age -Later they were given as Caliphal gifts to important allies, such as the Berbers, who are the indigenous peoples of North Africa, many of whom converted to Islam and swore their allegiance to the Umayyad Caliphs in Spain. -The practical function was to carry perfumes and other cosmetics

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama form

-Large painted surface area -calligraphy diminished -spacial recession indicated by overlapping planes -atmospheric perspective seen in light bluish background -similar to illuminated manuscript -Areas of flat color -Script is created to seem continuous; very flowing language

Chartes Cathedral form

-Limestone, Stained glass -the formal plan of the Church is a Latin cross with three aisles, a short transept, and an ambulatory -the high nave is supported by double flying buttresses -three part elevation of nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory -uses pointed arches and ribbed vaults inside the body of the church, which is very typically Gothic -the radiating chapels, which in a Romanesque church would have been separate spaces of their own behind the altar, were integrated into the larger area of the church, which allowed for light to permeate all parts of the church -based on a cruciform basilica plan, with a transept intersecting the nave being added after the fire -transept provided an extra entrance/exit, which was good for the flow of people -in total, Chartres has nine portals (aka doors) -the nave is the widest in France and is 121 feet high

Hagia Sophia content

-Longitudinal and Centrally planned Basilica -The dome is on top of a square, this is called pendentive -Two half domes come from that square -Four Minarets -Mihrab is off center because it orients itself towards Mecca, but the original church was oriented in a different direction. -Arabic Calligraphy is the highest form of Islamic art takes years of training

Dome of the Rock content

-Massive rock inside. -mosaic walls with calligraphy

Santa Sabina form

-Massive, spacious longitudinal nave -Light from the windows was manipulated by the architect to create a spiritual effect -Imagine the walls glimmering with mosaics

The Ardabil Carpet context

-Named after the town of Ardabil in North-West Iran. -Ardabil was home of the shrine of the Sufi saint, Safi al Din Ardabili (leader who trained his followers in Islamic mystic practices)— (Sufism is Islamic mysticism) -After his death in 1334, his followers grew and descendants became influential in community. -In 1501, one of his powerful descendants and supporters named Shah Isma'il, seized power and united Iran, eventually establishing Shi'a Islam as the official religion -In 1843, British noted that one carpet was still present in the shrine of the Sufi Saint, and 30 years later, an earthquake damaged the shrine and the carpets were sold off Ziegler & Co. of Manchester restored them, and repaired them

St. Matthew cross-carpet page content

-Not too sylised -gold velum with ink pigment codex (book)

Reliquary of Church of Sainte-Froy context

-Originally displayed in a monastery in Agen, first mentioned in written history in 1010 by Bernard of Angers who worried it would inspire Idolatry because of its extreme preciousness and expensiveness -The monks at Conques conspired and stole it to draw visitors to the small town of Conques -Reliquary itself was highly valued: precious metals and gems, ancient headpiece -Contained the bones of Southern France's favorite martyr Sainte Foy, a 12-year-old French, Christian convert lived in Southern France under the Roman Empire in 200 CE. She was killed at age 12 for refusing to worship pagan gods --> seen as a martyr -Occasionally visiting pilgrims donated gems to be added to the reliquary as symbols of their piety/faith -Statue gradually accrued a large variety of precious gems, including: agates, amethysts, crystals, carnelians, emeralds, garnets, hematite, jade, onyx, opals, pearls, rubies, sapphires, topazes, antique cameos and intaglios -The Reliquary brought (and continues to bring) a great number of pilgrims/tourists to the Church of Sainte Foy, which would otherwise just another obscure, rural church.

Church of Sainte-Froy Context

-Pilgrims went to receive a blessing; their visitation = demonstration of piety -Located in Conques, France, on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain -Many churches on the pilgrimage route had a similar or identical layout to manage throughput -The church was also an abbey: it was part of a monastery where monks lived, prayed, and worked...not all of the original monastery remains. -A church had stood on the spot since the 600s; the Church of Sainte-Foy was built from 1050-1130.

Great Mosque function

-Place of Prayer for Muslims -Represents a fusion of cultures & religions -Exemplifies Islamic design of tesserae & variety of color on mosaics

San Vitale function

-Primarily to worship the Christian god -Martyrium of St. Vitalis -Glorify the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora -Serves as a reminder for the power of the Byzantine Emperor

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama content

-Representation of the ideal king -Shows mix of Chinese and European influences -Bahram Gur wears a crown and a golden halo, which shows influence by Western Christian depictions of Jesus -Bahram Gur's garment seems to be made of European fabric -Chinese landscape conventions are visible in the background

Rottgen Pieta form

-Röttgen Pietà painted wood, 34 1/2 inches high -Painted wooden sculpture, but it is damaged, paint is less vibrant, worm holes in Mary's head -most of the Pieta statues of the time were from Germany, and the other surviving works are marble, or other stone, making this wooden sculpture all the more unique

The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama form

-Shows harmony between man & landscape -Minute details do not overwhelm harmony of scenery

Dome of the Rock function

-Shrine built over the rock to commemorate and honor the holy events, such as the ascension of Mohammed, that occurred here

The Ardabil Carpet form

-Silk Warps and Wefts with wool pile (25 million knots, 340 per sq. inch) -The pile of carpet is made from wool, rather than silk because it holds dye better. -The more knots per sq. centimeter, the more detailed and elaborate the patterns can be -The dyes used to color the carpet: are natural, include pomegranate rind and indigo -Up to 10 weavers working at a time on the carpet

Rottgen Pieta content

-Spirituality, mysticism, pure emotion of Mary holding her dead son -Sharp crown of thorns, 3D blood and wounds, making it violent and gruesome -Mary is not looking optimistic like she knows he will rise again; she looks like she had been wronged, she is draped in the typical garb with heavy fabric and she still looks young, but she is suffering -Extremely skinny, ribs visible, body is contorted -this new depiction and way of Christian thought was called "the patient Christ"

Church of Sainte-Froy Form

-Stone architecture, with stone and paint -Romanesque pilgrimage church -Cruciform plan -Cross commemorates Christ's sacrifice -Helped crowd-control of pilgrims -Pilgrims traveled around the ambulatory and radiating chapels, paying homage to saints' shrines

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George content

-Subjects are the Virgin, the Christ child, Saint Theodore, Saint George, two angels, God

Pyxis of al-Mughira form

-The Pyxis is 16cm tall and 11cm wide, and made of carved ivory from an elephant tusk -There is inlaid jade and several other precisions stones -Ivory was durable, smooth, elegant, and easily carved -This made it highly desirable for the creation of pyxides (the plural of pyxis) -Highly portable, they were often given as gifts.

The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama context

-The angel, Surush, tells Gayumars that his son will be murdered by the Black Div -The Black Div is the son of the demon Ahriman -A page from the Shahnama, translating to the "Book of Kings" -Shahnama is a Persian epic poem by Firdawsi -Shahnama tells the history of Persia -The whole book contains 258 illustrated pages

Rottgen Pieta function

-The lamentation section of the stations of the Christ, but the scene around it is taken away forcing the viewer to examine emotion -Artistic viewing is like a vision, would have been the object of focus during prayer - Would have been on an altar with other religious art, perhaps depicting the passions of the Christ -This type of sculpture was common in German abbeys

Folio from a Qur-an function

-This book was used for sacred rituals and recitations -The Qur'an which means "recitation" suggests that the manuscripts were secondary importance to oral tradition -Heavily decorated for ceremonial purposes -The Qu'ran is the central part of Islam and the Islamic faith revolves around this book

Golden Haggadah context

-This piece is categorized in the Gothic era not only because of the time period, but also a few other other factors. -the figures wear contemporary clothing instead of historical wear -Gothic architecture can be seen in the background of the piece. This contemporary take on Old and New Testament stories is extremely common of Gothic art. -The Jews mainly ban images in temples, but this is part of a book art that would narrate the story of Exodus during Passover. -A haggadah generally means a Jewish manuscript and are extremely decorated and detail-oriented. -This piece, although from Spain, greatly parallels book art of France during the Gothic era.

Pyxis of al-Mughira context

-This was a coming of age gift for al Mughira, the 18-year-old daughter of the caliph of the Umayyad dynasty -Best surviving example of the tradition of carved ivory in Islamic Spain -This comes from the royal workshop of Madinat al-Zahra, which was one of the wealthiest cities in Umayyad-ruled Spain -The work is currently located in the Louvre

Reliquary of Church of Sainte-Froy function

-To commemorate Sainte Foy as a Christian martyr and saint -To inspire veneration and an increased faith in Christianity -To draw pilgrims (and now tourists) to the small town of Conques in Southern France, in order to build up the Conques economy -Prestige, glory, increased awareness of Conques as a city

Church of Sainte-Froy Function

-To host pilgrims on their journey to Santiago de Compostela in Spain -To bless its visitors, demonstrate their piety, and help them be saved on Judgment day -To inspire (or scare) Christians into behaving in a holy manner that would ultimately lead them to Heaven, as a reminder to both pilgrims and monks/clergymen -To venerate Christ, and commemorate his sacrifice on the cross as a second chance for mankind's salvation

Folio from a Qur-an context

-Very high value and prosperity in the religion -Along with the flourishing of the Islamic faith there were advancements happening in the intellectual community -It was a luxury to have such a fine inscripted object

Santa Sabina content

-Windows made of celenite, not glass -Wooden coffered ceiling -Original paneled wooden doors -Colonnade with a side aisle on each side -Like the Pantheon: walls are broken up into entablatures -Nave wall has little visual weight -Simple architecture underlies a strong, empowered foundation -Clerestory windows line the upper entablatures of the nave -Walls don't have traditional classical orders

Reliquary of Church of Sainte-Froy form

-Wooden interior covered in gold, silver gilt, and jewels -33.5 inches tall (just over 3 feet tall) -Contains Sainte Foy's remains -Uses spolia (repurposing of Roman materials to create anew,) the head of the Reliquary was originally the statue of a Roman child's head

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George context

-a transitional piece from Classical Antiquity which is common at the height of Byzantine Christianity -A mix of the Greek/Roman aesthetic and the emerging Byzantine aesthetic -Created in the era in which Constantinople was restoring and creating dozens of churches

Chartes Cathedral content

-everything about the church was chosen by architects in the effort to create "heaven on Earth" -one of the best examples of Gothic cathedrals with a new focus on more airy, open spaces; thinner walls, and geometry -part of the old Romanesque cathedral remains intact on the west-facing facade -jamb figures -huge Gothic emphasis on stained glass -north transept portal has intricate jamb figures -the chancel screen (aka a screen separating the area around the altar from the larger nave) once sported an astrological clock that told the day of the week, the month of the year, the time of sunrise and sunset, the phase of the moon and the current zodiac sign (unfortunately it was destroyed in the 18th century)

Great Mosque content

-large hypostyle prayer hall -mihrab -Mosaics, inscriptions from the Quran in calligraphy, and brilliant colors line interior -decorated arch, the famous horseshoe arch -Ribbed dome above the mihrab -Minbar

Chartes Cathedral context

-legend says that the church was built on the site of a Druidic temple, we do know that it was built on the site of a Roman temple -long history of use as a Christian space: used for Christian worship since around 200 CE -Chartres has always been associated with the worship of the Virgin Mary -9th century: the church received a relic* from Constantinople: the tunic of Mary (or the Sancta Camisia) -this relic made the church a hugely popular pilgrimage site (which also made the church very rich) -the Romanesque church on the original site burned down in 1194--but the tunic was found three days later, unharmed

Bayeaux Tapestry form

-not a true tapestry - not woven into the cloth imagery and inscriptions embroidered using wool yarn sewed onto linen cloth -high quality of the needlework suggests that Anglo-Saxon embroiderers -unrealistic figures, 1 dimensional, flat, no depth or space perception

Bayeaux Tapestry function

-to commemorate the win of the Normans (original) -to give a (semi) accurate depiction of the war (now)

Mosque of Selim II content

-two madrasas on its southeast and southwest -The ethereal dome: weightless and floating in prayer hall, architectural features are inferior to the grand dome -The grand dome rests on eight muqarnas-corbelled squinches supported by eight large piers -Muquarnas are faceted decorative forms, protrude and recess- they bridge a point of transition. They allow the round base of the dome to join the octagon formed by the piers. -Buttresses support the east and west piers— hold up the weight of the massive dome. Buttresses are artfully hidden among exterior porticos and galleries -The Qibla: wall that faces Mecca, projects outward emphasizing openness of interior space -Muzzin's platform (leader of prayers to chant congregation): placement under the center of the dome is not traditional— reflects Sinan's interest in surpassing Christian architecture— position of platform also creates a vertical alignment of octagon, square, circle -Interior decoration: repainted, polychrome, Iznik tiles, Ottoman decoration, motifs iconography saz leaves and Chinese clouds

Chartes Cathedral function

-was a hugely popular pilgrimage site -people in the Middle Ages embarked on pilgrimages in order to gain health, divine goodwill, or to ensure their place in heaven during the afterlife -Chartres was a breakthrough for Gothic architecture because it was the first cathedral in which the flying buttresses determined the overall exterior aesthetic plan of the building

Size of Taj Mahal

1,902 x 1,002 ft, 240 feet high

(Vocabulary) Catacomb of Priscilla

1. Cubiculum: bedroom 2. Pontiff: pope 3. Orant: posture or bodily attitude of prayer 4. Fresco: watercolor on wet plaster 5. Lunette: arched aperture or window

(Context) Santa Sabina

1. Rome atop a hill 2. Santa Sabina was stoned to death for converting to Christianity 3. Originally a classical Roman administrative building 4. Spolia: recycling old buildings or architectural materials for another purpose

Size of Jahangir

10 x 7 in

Church of Sainte-Froy date

1050-1130 CE

Date: Church of Sainte-Foy

1050-1130 CE

Date: Bayeux Tapestry

1066-1080 CE

Bayeaux Tapestry date

1066-1080 Ce

Date: Chartes Cathedral

1145-1155 CE

Chartes Cathedral date

1194-1220 CE

Date: Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from Bibles moralisees

1225-1245 CE

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France date

1225-1245 ce

Size of Folio from a Qu'ran

13 1/8 in x 9 3/8 in.

Size of Lindisfarne Gospels

13.5 x 9.75 in

Rottgen Pieta date

1300-1325 ce

Date: Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation

1303 CE

Date: Golden Haggadah

1320 CE

Golden Haggadah date

1320 Ce

Basin (Paptisere de St. Louis) date

1320-1340 CE

Date: Basin (Paptistere de St. Louis)

1320-1340 CE

Date: Rotten Pieta

1330-1325 CE

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama date

1330-1340 C.E

Date: Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama

1330-1340 CE

Date: Alhambra

1354-1391 CE

Size of Dedication Page with Blanche of Castille

14 x 10 in

Size of Golden Haggadah

15 x 12 inches

The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama date

1522-1525 C.E

Date: The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama

1522-1525 CE

The Ardabil Carpet date

1539-1540 C.E

Date: The Ardabil Carpet

1539-1540 CE

Date: Mosque of Selim II

1568-1575 CE

Mosque of Selim II date

1568-1575 CE

Size of folio from the Great Il-Khanid

16 5/16 x 11 13/16 in

Date: Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings

1620 CE

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings date

1620 CE

Taj Mahal date

1632-1653 C.E

Date: Taj Mahal

1632-1653 CE

Size of The Court of Gayumars

19 x 13 inches

Size of Alhambra

2,430 ft x 670 ft, 35 acres

Size of Bayeux Tapestry

20 in tall and 231 ft long

Date: Catacomb of Priscilla

200-400 CE

Size of Santa Sabina

200x98 feet with a 56-foot-wide nave

Size of Pyxis of al-Mughira

26 x 7.5 inches, .5 in thick

Size of Hagia Sophia

269 x 240 ft, 182 ft tall

Size of Ardabil Carpet

34 1⁄2 x 17 1⁄2 feet

Size of Rottgen Pieta

34.5 in high

Size of The Kaaba

36 x 43 ft on sides, 43 ft high

Size of Merovingian fibulae

4 in long

Date: Santa Sabina

422-432 CE

Santa Sabina date

422-432 CE

Size of Chartres Cathedral

430ft long x 150 ft wide

Size of Theotokos

49 x 30 in

Size of Great Mosque Isfahan

5 acres

Date: San Vitale

526-547 CE

Date: Hagia Sophia

532-537 CE

Hagia Sophia date

532-537 CE

Size of Mosque of Selim II

620 x 430 ft

Date: The Kaaba

631-632 CE

The Kaaba date

631-632 ce

Dome of the Rock date

691 CE

Date: Dome of the Rock

691-692 CE

Size of Arena Chapel

70 x 30 ft, and 40ft high

Date: Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh)

700 CE

Date: Lindisfarne Gospels

700 CE

St. Luke portrait page date

700 ce

St. Matthew cross-carpet page date

700 ce

Size of Church of Sainte-Foy

72x 200 ft long

Size of Great Mosque Cordoba

78,800 sq ft

Date: Great Mosque

785-786 CE

Size of Catacomb of Priscilla

8 miles long x 3 miles wide

Size of Basin de St. Louis

8 ¾ in tall, diameter of 19 ¾ in

Folio from a Qur-an date

8th to 9th century CE

Date: Pyxis of al-Mughira

968 CE

Pyxis of al-Mughira date

968 CE

Merovingian looped fibulae function

A fibula is used as a pin or a brooch to fasten garments; Showed the prestige of the wearer.

Egg & Dart

A moulding resembling eggs alternating with darts

Martyr

A person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs

Bifolium

A sheet of writing support material, generally parchment, folded in half to produce two leaves.

cubiculum

A small room, especially a bedroom, typically those small rooms found on the upper floor of a Roman house

Taj Mahal found

Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

Taj Mahal

Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Ustad Ahmed Lahori (architect). 1632-1653 CE. Stone masonry and marble with inlay of precious and semiprecious stones; gardens.

Folio from the Qur-an

Arab, North Africa, or Near East. Abbasid c. eighth to ninth century CE. Ink, color, and gold on parchment

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings

Bichitr. c. 1620 CE. Watercolor, gold, and ink on paper

Hagia Sophia materials

Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer

Santa Sabina materials

Brick and stone, wooden roof

San Vitale Material

Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic

Golden Haggadah found

British Library

St. Matthew cross-carpet page found

British Library

Vellum

Calfskin prepared as a surface for writing or painting.

Chartes Cathedral

Chartres, France. Gothic Europe. Original construction c. 1145-1155 CE; reconstructed c. 1194-1229 CE. Limestone, stained glass

Church of Sainte-Froy found

Conques, France

Church of Sainte-Foy

Conques, France. Romanesque Europe. Church: c. 1050-1130 C.E.; Reliquary of Saint Foy: ninth century C.E., with later additions. Stone (architecture); stone and paint (tympanum); gold, silver, gemstones, and enamel over wood (reliquary).

Hagia Sophia found

Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey

Hagia Sophia

Constantinople (Istanbul). Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. 532-537 CE. Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer.

Alhambra content

Contains 3 palaces, gardens, water pools, fountains, and courtyards

Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain. Umayyad. Begun c. 785-786 C.E. Stone masonry.

St. Luke portrait page function

Cover and opening to St. Luke's gospel

Golden Haggadah content

Each square is part of the passover story

Rebecca and Eliezer at the well and Jacob Wrestling the angel context

Early Byzantine (330-726 BCE) - The capital is moved to Constantinople - Christianity becomes the official religion - Emphasis on flatness and mystery - Used the church to back the authority of the emperor

San Vitale date

Early Byzantine Europe

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis

Early Byzantine Europe, Early sixth century CE. Illuminated Manuscript (tempera, gold, and silver on purple vellum)

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George

Early Byzantine Europe. Sixth of early seventh century CE. Encaustic on wood

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St Luke incipit page

Early medieval (Hiberno Saxon) Europe. c. 700 C.E. Illuminated manuscript (ink, pigment, and gold)

Catacomb of Priscilla materials

Excavated tufa and fresco

5 Pillars of Islam

Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Pilgrimage

Rottgen Pieta found

Germany

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocolypse from Bibles moralisées.

Gothic Europe. c. 1225-1245 C.E. Illuminated manuscript (ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum)

Alhambra

Granada, Spain. Nasrid Dynasty. 1354-1391 C.E. Whitewashed adobe stucco, wood, tile, paint, and gilding.

The Kaaba form

Granite masonry covered with silk curtain and gold and silver thread

tympanum

Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the church.

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama found

Harvard University Art Gallery

Golden Haggadah form

Illuminated manuscript with pigments and gold leaf on vellum

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France form

Illuminated manuscript, using ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama

Islamic; Persian, Il'Khanid. c. 1330-1340 CE. Ink and opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper

Dome of the Rock found

Jerusalem

Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem, Palestine. Islamic, Umayyad. 691-692 C.E., with multiple renovations. Stone masonry and wooden roof decorated with glazed ceramic tile, mosaics, and gilt aluminum and bronze dome.

Merovingian looped fibulae found

Jouy-le-Comte, France

Rotten Pieta

Late medieval Europe. c. 1330-1325 CE. Painted wood

The Kaaba

Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Islamic. Pre-Islamic monument; rededicated by Muhammad in 631-632 C.E.; multiple renovations. Granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver-wrapped thread.

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George found

Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt

Great Mosque form

Mosque

Mosque of Selim II form

Mosque of brick, marble, and stone

Basin (Paptistere de St. Louis)

Muhammad ibn al-Zain. c. 1320-1340 CE> Brass inlaid with gold and silver

Basin (Paptisere de St. Louis) found

Musee de Louvre, Paris

Pyxis of al-Mughira found

Musee de Louvre, Paris

Bayeaux Tapestry found

Musée de la Tapisserie de Bayeux in Bayeux

Alhambra date

Nasrid Dynasty - 1354-1391 CE

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France function

Part of a book art from bible moralisée

This work shown can be identified as stylistically similar to the Rottgen Pieta because of which of the following characteristics?

Physical and emotional suffering of the figures that is depicted to elicit strong feelings from the viewer

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France found

Pierpont Morgan Library, New York

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama function

Recounts the tale of Bahram Gur's battle with the Karg using illustration and textual description

Golden Haggadah function

Show the story of Exodus from Egypt and is meant to be read during Passover.

Merovingian looped fibulae content

Silver Gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones

silver gilt

Silver covered with gold, which is cheaper and lighter than solid gold

Date: Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George

Sixth of early seventh century CE

Which of the following descriptions is a characteristic of the work shown that identifies it as a panel painted by Giotto di Bondone in the Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel?

Staged composition with theatrical gestures to draw the viewer into the scene

The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama

Sultan Muhammad. c. 1522-1525 CE. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper

St. Matthew cross-carpet page function

The cover and opening of St. Matthew's gospel

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings form

This piece uses a mixture of gold, ink and watercolor on traditional asian paper

The Ardabil Carpet found

Victoria and Albert Museum, London

St. Luke portrait page found

W/ Lindisfarne

Lunette

a crescent-shaped space, sometimes over a doorway, that contains sculpture or painting

jamb figure

a figure carved on the jambs of a doorway or window

The Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George exemplifies early Byzantine pictorial conventions through the use of

a flattened perspective in a composition with spatial ambiguity

Chi-Rho

a monogram of chi (Χ) and rho (Ρ) as the first two letters of Greek Khristos Christ, used as a Christian symbol.

The designers of the Chartres Cathedral intended medieval visitors entering the church to experience

a mystical atmosphere created by the colored light filtering through the many stained glass windows

archivolt

a series of concentric moldings around an arch

Pyxis

a small cylinder-shaped container with a detachable lid used to contain cosmetics or jewelry

buttress

a support that extends out of a building to relieve the pressure on the walls

One reason for the central plan of the Dome of the Rock is to

accommodate the practice of circumambulation around a sacred space within

The architects who rebuilt Charties Cathedral after a fire in 1194 CE employed an innovative ground plan and flying buttresses that became exemplary of High Gothic churches by enabling

an increase in the height of the central nave while also allowing for enlarged clerestory windows

catacomb

an underground cemetery of connecting passageways with recesses for tombs

The choice of traditional subject matter for the illustrated manuscript of the Shahnama complete under the direction of Shah Tahmasp in c. 1330-1340 CE is significant because it demonstrates

awareness of sense of cultural identity Persians drew from Firdawsi's poem

Merovingian looped fibulae form

brooch

Catacomb of Priscilla date

c. 200-400 C.E.

The influence of different stylistic traditions that can be seen in the Treasury of Petra reflects the

central role that long-distance trade played in the Nabataean society, resulting in exposure to other cultures

In Il-Khanid courtly culture, the figure of Bahram Gur from the Bahram Gur Fights the Karg folio in the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama would have symbolized

civilized rule overcoming turmoil or disarray

The early Christian church Santa Sabina was modeled on the general plan of an ancient Roman basilica in part because the

clerestory windows admitted glowing light that served a practical and spiritual function

Although the facade of the Treasury of Petra contains many Greek architectural elements, it also departs from Classical Greek architecture in its

combination of a broken pediment and tholos

The Court of Gayumars is characteristic of traditional Persian miniatures in its

crowded composition, multiple viewpoints, and complex details

Michelangelo's altar fresco in Sistine Chapel differs from medieval depictions of the Last Judgement, such as the sculpted representation on the tympanum of the Church of Sainte-Foy, in that Michelangelo's depiction of Christ

depicts him with a muscular body in a dynamic pose

Size of Dome of the Rock

dome is 65 feet in diameter, height is 115 ft

Date: Folio from the Qur-an

eighth to ninth century CE

trompe l'oeil

fool the eye, visual illusion in art, especially as used to trick the eye into perceiving a painted detail as a three-dimensional object.

The production of highly detailed pattern design of the Ardabil Carpet was facilitated by the

high knot count of the woolen pile

In the Middle Ages, Chartes Cathedral drew many visitors, primarily because it

housed an important relic of the Virgin Mary in its crypt

Because of the secular nature of the work, the ornamentation of the Basin (Baptistere de St. Louis) differs from mosque ornamentation by incorporating

human figures

St. Matthew cross-carpet page form

illuminated manuscript, gold vellum

trefoil arches

incorporating the shape or outline of a trefoil or three overlapping rings

Rebecca and Eliezer at the well and Jacob Wrestling the angel materials

manuscript with tempera, gold and silver on purple vellum

The artist conveyed a sense of implied depth in the Court of Gayumars folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama by

overlapping human figures and landscape features

Frescos

paintings done on wet plaster walls

ambulatory

pathway for walking

Hiberno-Saxon Art

refers to the art of the British Isles, Ireland, ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS, relies on interlace patterns, borders of stylized combat patterns, exceptional handling of color and form

At the Great Mosque of Cordoba, architectural expansion was used by the Umayyads to

reinforce the power and grandeur of their rule

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George date

six or early seventh century CE

regent

someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule

In the Scenes from the Apocalypse from a Bible moralisee, the use of rich coloration, a segmented composition, and instructional content were most likely influenced by

stained-glass presentations of religious narratives used in medieval church windows

The style of Bibles moralisses from the thirteenth century was influential on the creation of other medieval manuscripts in part because

sumptuous materials such as gold leaf demonstrated wealth and taste of the works' patrons

Lamentation

the passionate expression of grief or sorrow; weeping

The central significance of the Kaaba in Mecca is reflected in other Islamic architecture in that

the plans of all mosques are oriented towards its location, as the center of Islamic prayer

timpanum

the recessed ornamental space between an arch and a lintel

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel form

this chapel is COMPLETELY covered in fresco

Visitors of the Kaaba approach the shrine in hope of

touching the Black Stone, which is embedded in the eastern corner of the Kaaba

The plan for the Court of the Lions at the Alhambra included an open-air patio with a carved, centrally placed fountain surrounded by ornamental plants, a design that was mainly intended to elicit a sense of

tranquility and reflection, such as might be experienced in the gardens of paradise