Unit 3
Family Equidae
8 or 9 species. all have long slender limbs, and only the 3rd digit remains functional 3 upper and lower incisors occur in each quadrant. hipsodont dentition. Natural distribution inclused eastern Africa and central Asia from the Middle East to Mongolia. They inhabit short grasslands and desert scrubland and are never far from water. A single offspring is usual after a gestation period of about a year.
Baleen
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Family Tragulidae
Chevrotans mostl ancestral of ruminants, changed least since Oligocene. 3 genera, 8 species found in Africa and Asia. worlds smallest artiodactyl in this group. no antlers. legs have a cannon bone. They do have long curved canines.
Family Chinchillidae
Chinchillas
subfamily reduncinae
Family Bovidae valley grazers; abundant unstable food supply; mobile, limited stamina. waterbuck
Family Cavidae
Guinea pigs, cavies, and Patagonian hares. Distribution in the wild ranges throughout South America, except the Amazon Basin, in a variety of habitat types. Members of the family share a short, robust body form with short limbs and ears and a vestigial tail. The 2 species of Patagonian hares are exceptions: they have long ears and long hind legs. The dentary bones of caviids have a prominent lateral groove. The upper cheekteeth converge anteriorly; thys the toothrows form a V-shape.
Family Chalicotherridae
Last extinct family of Perissodactyla
Family Glyptodontidae
Order Cingulata Glyptodon, a miocene xenarthran Fossil family Miocene giant armadillo 3 meters long Weighed over 1899kg Some have been found in Texas. Some had spikes and a sweet spot at or near the prime spike. tail spikes looks kinda like an ankylosaur. Xenarthra-slides 2-4
Family Pedetidae
Suborder Anomaluromorpha Springhares African kangaroo rats, kinda squirrel sized.
Family Odobenidae
Suborder Caniformia walrus. This is a monotypic family. They have a circumpolar distribution in shallow arctic waters, where they remain near ice flows and rocky shorelines. Body mass of adults is about 100kg but can reach 1600kg. Females are significantly smaller than males, and have smaller tusks. The skin is thick and wrinkled, and the layer of blubber, which is usually 6 to 7cm thick, can reach 15 cm. Tusks grow throughout life and can reach as long as 100cm in males and 60cm in females. They are used for defense, raking the bottom for mollusks, breaking through ice, and, among males, as weapons for establishing dominance. they are clam diggers Carnivora- slide 55
Family Neobalaenidae
Suborder Mysticeti Large, curved jaw, but has a dorsal fin.
Family Platanistidae
Suborder Odontocetes Asian river dolphin from the Ganges and the Indus river Have a weird triangular dorsal fin. They are just about all in trouble from poor fishing practices.
Family Hippopotamidae
Suborder artiodactyla 2 species in this family which differ greatly in size 2 species aren't very closely related. they are mostly naked they don't sweat as they mostly live in water. they have a mucoid secretion that is red, that is not blood, it cleans wounds and protects from sunburn. Bunodont teeth, cusplike incisors.
Family Tapiridae
Tapirs Order Perissodactyla nose and upper lip form a pronoucned, flexible proboscis. Like and elephant's trunk, it is used to manipulate vegetation during feeding. Mean head and body length is 180 to 250 cm, and body mass reaches 300kg Tapirs inhabit heavily forested areas. all are nocturnal. frugivores. eat shoots and roots. a lot of them will eat clay. They do not have chambered stomach. there are South American and 1 species of Asian tapir
Suborder Feliformia
cat-like carnivores Carnivora- slide 7
Subfamily Cricetinae
family cricetidae dwarf hamster. not from NA, from Russia
Family Bovidae
largest family of artiodactyls. 50 genera and 143 species designation of subfamilies and tribes within them is based on horn structure, cranial and skeletal features, behavior genetics, and ecology. generally they have hypsodont and selenodont cheeckteeth with no upper incisors or canines.. All species have 4 chambered, ruminant stomachs. Absent naturally only from South America and Australia, they are practically worldwide from humans. wild species primarily in Africa and Eurasia, in grasslands, savannas, scrublands, and forests. Can be found in tundra and deserts. They are all herbivores.
Epigaulus
look like prairie dogs with a horn. fossil rodents from NA
Family Moschidae
musk deer no antlers, really long canines. small species distributed from Siberia to the Himalayan Mountains in forested areas with dense udnerstory. They are named for the musk gland.
Family Suidae
order artiodactyla suborder Suiformes old world family. Europe, Africa, SE Asia. Pigs (and warthogs) 5 genera 19 living species of pig. bunodont cheekteeth. large, ever growing canines. upper pair curving up and outward to form tusks. They have short legs, heaviset bodies, thick skin with short coarse pelage, small eyes, a relatively large head, and a prominent snout truncated at the end with a cartilaginous disk. They are gregarious. Their native range is Africa, Asia, and Europe.
family Brontotheriidae
order perissodactyla extinct fossil group. had bony horns on its head. started tapir like and got larger to a rhino-like creature.
Family Antilocapridae
pronghorn antelope monotypic family. barrel-shaped bnodies and thin, long legs. 70kgs. several different glands for olfactory communication both sexes have rump glands and interdigital glands. Dr. Lee worked on this group for his Phd. Their horn has a bony core, but the outer sheath sheds.
Family Rhinocerotidae
rhinos 4 genera, 5 living species well known for their large, heavyset, graviportal structure they have small eyes and a prehensile upper lip that extends past the lower lip in black and Asian rhinos the white rhino reaches 400cm at the shoulder with max body mass 1700 kg. adult male Indian rhinos may be up to 2000kg the horns has no bone, or keratinized sheath, but it is instead fused hair. South Africa, Nepal and India, and Java
fusiform
spindle shaped, streamlined body shape. This is to minimize drag as they move through the water.
family Echimyidae
spiny rats from Honduras south to central south America almost all species have spiny, sharp, stiff, bristlelike pelage. Habitat preferences vary but are closely tied to water.
Family Herpestidae
suborder Feliformia mongeese and meerkats Old World 14 genera and 33 species the meerkat is social. (surricata suricatta) Carnivora- slide 26-27
Family Hystricidae
suborder Hystricomorpha Old World porcupines. Really long spines deserts, forests, and steppes. the tips of their quills do not have barbs. They are herbivorous, terrestrial, and generally nocturnal. they will back into you on purpose if they feel threatened
Family Camelidae
suborder Tylopoda camels 3 genera, 4 species all have a small head, and the upper lip is cleft. long neck, 2 well-padded toes that are splayed out that touch the ground, to walk on sand. 3 chambered ruminant stomach. selenodont cheeckteeth.
family geomyidae
suborder castorimorpha geomyid rodents 5 genera and approx 35 species of pocket gophers are restricted to NA and extreme northern Columbia. They occur in a variety of habitats with soil conductive to burrowing. They have chunky bodies with small eyes and pinnae There are claws on the forefeet and hind feet for digging; those on the forefeet are larger.
Family Bathyergidae
suborder hystricomorpha African mole rats. fossorial mammals which are similar to pocket gophers.
Suborder Odontocetes
toothed whales They have an assymetrical skull In the my the female is larger, where in the Odontocetes the male is larger. the skull asymmetry also functions in echolocation, which they do to find food and to orient within their environment.
Obodenocetops
walrus like whale, found in the Pleistocene fauna in Peru
Smilodon californicus
Extinct feliform fossil in felidae with giant canines for taking around really big prey. Probably bigger than a modern jaguar, close to lion size. Carnivora- slide 10
Whale body shape
general body shape is the same they are fusiform no external ears or hind limbs, no pinnae, no scrotum (testes are permanently abdominal) streamlining is further achieved by almost complete absence of body hair the forelimbs are modified as flexible flippers humerus, radius and ulna are shortened, whereas the digits are greatly elongated by having additional phalanges. The fluke is supported only by connective tissue rather than by any skeletal element
Family Anomaluridae
Suborder Anomaluromorpha scaly tailed squirrels from Africa large squirrel. They have scales on the underside of their tails.
Family Eupleridae
Suborder Feliformia Malagasy civet fossa fossana Carnivora- slide 29
whale morphology terms
look at dis slide. slide 4 of the whales powerpoint. It goes over Baleen whale and toothed whales
Family Procaviidae
Order Hyracoidea The Hyraxes. They are Coneys in the Bible. Proverbs 30:26. They are a single family, with 3 genera. Distributed in Africa and Saudi Arabia. found in rocky outcrops from sea level to 4200 m all are herbivorous and feed on a variety of vegetation. males sing. The songs have syntax. The first specimens attributable to the Proccaviidae are from the Miocene epoch rodent like, but lack enamel on their incisors. They have nearly 30 vertebrae between the head and sacrum (most mammals have 20)
Family Leporidae
Order Lagomorpha The rabbits and hares rabbits born in an altricial state, dropped in a fur-lined nest. They are born naked. they have an interparietal bone in the skull. Most rabbits are 2N=42 Hares are precocial. They are dropped and are able to run just after birth. they are born furred.They make shallow depressions on the ground called "forms". Hares do not have an interparietal bone in the skull. Most hares are 2N=48
Family Ochotonidae
Order Lagomorpha Pikas Commonly inhabit either steppe or forest areas, or steep rocky slopes(talus) in alpine areas, where they live under and among the boulders. Pikas in talus areas do not burrow, are relatively asocial, and have low population densities and fecundity rates. Conversely, those in steppe or forest habitats dig burrows, are more social, and have higher population densities. Pikas are wel known for their haymakeing activity. This caches hay is used for winter food. distributed throughout Northern Asia, China, and the rocky Mts in the USA
Family Castoridae
Suborder Castorimorpha 2 extant species. canadian beaver(Alaska, Canada, most of the US) and European beaver(throughout northern Eurasia). they are adapted to aquatic habitats and prolonged periods in icy water. they are large (35kg) the familiar spatulate tail is used in swimming, construction of dams and lodges, and certain behaviors. Additional aquatic adaptations include a nictating membrane (a thin membrane that can be drawn over the eyeball), valvular nostrils and ears that close while under water, and fully webbed hind feet.
Family Hyanidae
Suborder Feliformia hyenas. the common one is crocta cocuta. Old World capable of killing large prey Unlike most, females are larger than males. the Aardwolfs are also in this group (proteles cristatus). They eat termites and are much less aggressive towards people. Carnivora- slide 24-25
Family Nandiniidae
Suborder Feliformia African Palm civet Central africa. Carnivora- slide 30
family Myocastoridae
monotypic family nutria Native to South America from the southern cone to Brazil. This species is large, at around 10 kgs. Long sparsely furred tail. Introduced in the US and Europe.
family heterocephalidae
naked mole rat, a eusocial mammal. genetic asymmetry can be produced by cycles of inbreeding and outbreeding in a way that may encourage the evolution of reproductive altruism.
Order Embrithopoda
they were herbivorous. roamed the Egyptain plains from the eocene to the oligocene. pretty large. Had primitive teeth which were pretty well suited for handling the tough vegetation in this area at this point in time.
family Diatomyidae
It has the face of a rat and the tail of a skinny squirrel. Scientists say this creature discovered living in central Laos is pretty special. It's a species believed to have been extinct for 11 million years. Not much is known about this family.
Family Phoceonidae
Suborder Odontocetes Porpoises (beak-less whales) They have a small, roughly triangular dorsal fin or none at all. Typically they have spade-like teeth with 2-3 lobes on the crown .
Family Sciuridae
Suborder Sciuromorpha squirrels. large and diverse group of about 50 genera and 273 living species distributed worldwide except for Australia, Madagascar, and Southern South America. Subfamily Sciurinae are divided into 2 tribes: the tree and ground squirrels(sciurini), and the flying squirrels (pteromyini) chipmunks also in this group. prairie dogs.
Order Cingulata (Mammalogy Xenarthar)
This order has xenarthra vertebra which refers to one of the distinguishing characteristics of the order-the presence of at least 2 accessory invertebral articulations, located on the lumbar and some thoracic vertebrae. They are only found in the New World. Xenarthra-slide 1
fossil history of elephants
This order was widespread throughout most of the Cenozoic era. elephants occurred not only in Africa and Asia as today, but throughout the Pleistocene epoch in Europe and North America and even reached South America. The earliest fossils are from the Eocene of Africa. There are 2 extinct families that diverged early: monotheriidae and Deinotheriidae Elephants- slide 3
Order Lagomorpha
13 genera, 92 species. Rabbits and hares. Logomorphs occur worldwide except for southern South America, Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, the Philippines and some islands of the Caribbean. A few species of leporids have been introduced into most of these places. The cheeckteeth and incisors are open rooted and ever-growing. In leporids, but not ochotonids, the rostral portion of the maxilla is fenestrated (having small, latticelike perforations in the bone) rabbits have big incisors. rodents have enamel on one side, which rabbits don't have. rabbits also have a second pair of incisors behind the front upper ones.
Family Cuniculidae
2 species of Pacas central mexico south to Paraguay and Argentina in forested areas from lowlands to high elevations, usually near rivers or streams. they have the typical robust hystricomorph form and weigh up to about 10 kg. The skull is unique in that a portion of the zygomatic arch is enlarged and contains a large sinus, possibly for amplification of the vocalizations for tooth-grinding sounds. dental formula 1/1 0/0 1/1 3/3=20 They are considered to be the best tasting, most edible South American rodent.
family Mammutidae
2 species of elephants lived near the CA tar pits. This is possible since their ecology is so different. these mastodons had high crowns to chew vegetation, which is different from the mammoth.
Basilosaurus
Suborder Archaeocete 40mya whale of the Tethys Sea Long jaw with lots of large teeth. Very scary lookin.
Carnivore Fossil History
Earliest known mammalian genus generally adapted for carnivory was Cimolestes, from the late Cretaceous, over 65mya. It was small, weasel-sized. considered the basal group for both modern carnivores and an archaic group of terrestrial carnivores, the Creodonta. The creodonts extended from the late cretaceous period to the Miocene epoch Carnivora- slide 6
Family Mephitidae
Suborder Caniformia skunks found only in the Neotropics and Neartic Carnivora- slide 43
Maiacetus from pakistan
45mya. This animal propelled itself on land like a sea lion. Tail was mainly a rudder unlike modern whales.
Dolphin Embryology
A hindlimb develops in the embryo for a short period of time, and then goes away
Order Condularthra(Mammalogy- elehphants)
African group The orders present in this lecture descended from the Condularthra of the early Paleocene elephants A descendant of this group the Paenungulata gave rise to the orders in this section in the Eocene in Africa Elephants- slide 1
Order Cetacea(Mammalogy-Whales) WHALES
Cetacea includes the largest animals that ever lived (blue whale) Adults are heavier than the biggest dinosaurs (although probably not longer) Whales have the louded voices, they endure tremendous water pressure as they dive deeper than any other mammal, and certain species make some of the longest migrations.
Family Cervidae
Deer. found all over the world. 18 genera, 50 extant species. absent only from sub-Saharan Africa and Antartica. range in size from Southern Pudu to Moose. not native to Australia or NZ but have been introduced there. they exhibit sexual dimorphism. males are 25% larger, and usually the males have antlers and the females do not. Antlers are deciduous, and fall off yearly. Growing antlers are covered with haired, highly vascularized skin known as velvet. Antlers are the fastest growing tissue known other than cancer. caribou make the longest terrestrial migrations on Earth in Canada.
subfamily antilopinae
Family Bovidae arid land gleaners, scattered food; mobile, fast runners
subfamily cephalophinae
Family Bovidae forest, selective feeders, reliable, scattered food supply; sedentary hiders
subfamily caprinae
Family Bovidae Ibex mountain goat desert bighorn audad musk ox generalized, flexible feeders in low-productivity habitats
subfamily alcelaphinae
Family Bovidae blesbok and hartebeast ecotone grazers, abundant unstable food supply; mobile, limited stamina
subfamily Bovinae
Family Bovidae gar banteng domestic cattle domestic water buffalo african bufallo american bison lesser kudu greater kudu bongo fresh grass bulk grazers; scattered to abundant food.
subfamily peleinae
Family Bovidae rhebok herd grazer despite small size
subfamily Hippotraginae
Family Bovidae sable antelope scimitar horned oryx arabian oryx arid-adapted grazers; unstable food supplies; mobile, great stamina
Family Mustelidae
Suborder Caniformia badgers, otters, wolverine, weasel This large, diverse family of 21 genera and 59 species includes weasels, badgers, otters, and the wolverine the mandibular fossa is strongly c-shaped (the dentary doesn't fall out of the upper skull) mustelids have enlarged anal scent glands otters have some of the densest fur, and are one of the few (if not the only) marine mammal with fur. they keep their paws out of the water as they arent furred. pteronura brasiliensis- giant river otter. pictured on slide 40. American river otter- Lontra canadensis- pictured on slide 41 American badger- taxidea taxus, pictured on slide 42 Carnivora- slide 38-42
Family Viverridae
Suborder Feliformia civets Old world, 20 genera, 34 species most civets have a perianal gland Carnivora- slide 28
Order Notoungulata
diverse extinct gorup from paleocene to pleistocene Mainly south american, but could also be found in North America and Asia largest order of South American herbivores with 4 suborders, 14 families and well over 100 genera, ranging from the late Paleocene to Pleistocene times.
Order Artiodactyla (Mammalogy-Artiodactyla)
even-toed ungulates much more diverse than perissodactyla 10 families, 89 genera, 240 species. main weight-bearing axis passes through the 3rd and 4th digits, a condition termed paraxonic The second and 5th digits are reduced and non-functional or absent.
subfamily aepycerotinae
family bovidae monotypic subfamily impala ecotone grazers, abundant unstable food supply; mobile, limited stamina
Subfamily Neotominae
family cricetidae neotoma, peromyscus, rheithrodontomys, onychomys
subfamily sigmodontinae
family cricetidae sigmodon mostly in south america thomosomys in this group. They live high up in the Andes.
mammoths
family elephantidae imperial mammoth we have hair and tissue from extinct frozen mammoths.
Family Giraffidae
giraffe and okapi. foundin savannas, grasslands, and open woodlands throughout sub-saharan africa. okapi is restricted to dense forested areas of the Congo. Both species are characterized by long legs and neck that allow them access to forage out of reach of other herbivores. Blood pressure to the head is maintained, in part, because the heart of an adult horns are unique. short, permanent, unbranched processes (ossicones) over the frontal and parietal lobes. subspecies of giraffe mostly determined by coloration, which is problematic because the color pattern changes throughout the lifespan of a single giraffe.
fenestrated skull
having small, latticelike perforations in the bone can be found in rabbit skulls
Indricotherium
the largest land mammal ever. giant rhino like mammal that lived in central asia. 20 thousand kilograms.
Pinnipedia
they are in suborder caniformia now this is an old group name sea lions and seals Carnivora- slide 54
Order Perissodactyla(Mammalogy-perissodactyla)
3 living famillies in this order are diverse in terms of their method of locomotion, life history, and morphology the order name means "odd-toed" and refers to the main weight-bearing axis of each limb passing through the enlarged third digit. All perissodactyla are large, terrestrial herbivores they have a deep groove in the proximal surface of the astragalus (ankle bone) which creates a pulleylike surface that limits the limb to forward-backward movements they have canon bones They had a diverse fossil history. no chambered stomach, so were probably overrun by artiodactyls, which do have chambered stomachs.
family Dipodidae
suborder Myomorpha North African desert mice. 11 genera of jerboas and 4 genera of birch and jumping mice. In all species the tail exceeds head and body length. Jumping mice have elongated hind feet used in ricochetal locomotion Napaeozapus can jump up to 2m when alarmed jumping mice occur in a variety of habitat types from Alaska to Canada and the lower US. Jerboas are strongly bipedal and highly adapted for jumping with their long, tufted tail used for balance. In most species the 3 central metatarsals of the hind foot are fused, forming a cannon bone. The jerboas are distributed from the Sahara Desert east across southwestern and central Asia to the Gobi Desert.
Family tayassuidae
Order artiodactyla suborder Suiformes Peccaries smaller than pigs. they range up to 30kg body mass they have a total of 38 teeth and fewer tail vertebrae than pigs. their tusklike upper canines are small, sharp-edged, and point downward, again unlike those of pigs. Peccaries are primarily diurnal herbivores. They are found only in the New World.
elephant locomotion
A pad of fatty, fibrous tissue absorbs the shock of each step. Tendons and ligaments store some of the energy as the hand hits the ground and release it as the hand rises. Research shows a sixth "faux" digit that begins as cartilage but grows into bone in some older elephants and functions like the base of a pillar. This is called graviportal locomotion Elephants- slide 2
Mass stranding
Every year, up to 2,000 animals beach themselves. Although the majority of strandings result in death, they pose no threat to any species as a whole. Only about 10 cetacean species frequently display mass beaching, with 10 more rarely doing so. This unexplained phenomena happens just about only with the toothed whales, not the baleen whales.
Family Erethizontidae
New World porcupines 4 genera and about 12 species. They are found in mixed coniferous forests, tropical forests, grasslands, and deserts. Despite their generally chunky bodies, erethizontids are more arboreal than the Old World porcupines. The North American porcupine is both terrestrial and semiarboreal, whereas South American species have prehensile tails and spend most of their time aboveground. Heavy spines with a barbed tip embedded singly and not in clusters as they are in Old World porcupines.
Family Dasypodidae
Order Cingulata Armadillo 8 genera and 20 species of armadillos occur in different habitats from the southeastern United States through Central America to the tip of South America. Plates of ossified dermal scutes cover the head, back and sides, and tail in most species. Scutes are covered by nonoverlapping, keratinized epidermal scales. The bands of armor are connected by flexible skin. Some species are fossorial. The teeth are homodont. Reproduction in Dasypus is also noteworthy. Delayed implantation occurs, as does monozygotic polyembryomy in several species. In D. novemcinctus, four young of the same sex are produced after division of a single fertilized ovum. they have hair on their face. Xenarthra-slide 5-12
Family Manidae
Order Pholidota Pangolins Pangolins occur in tropical and subtropical parts of the southern half of Africa and in much of southeastern Asia. They are a monophyletic group, with their African and Asian branches forming two distinct radiations. The skull is conical and lacks teeth. The tongue is extremely long and vermiform (long thin and flexible form) this group is a coronavirus carrier candidate This group is the most trafficked animal group worldwide. Their scales are used a lot in China. manis tetradactyla is the long-tailed pangolin, pictured on the slides Manis temminckii is the ground pangolin, foundin africa, pictured in the slides. Dr. lee talked about their scales being a keratinized hair that is sought after in China, which has lead to them being poached a lot. They have these malleable, plastic-like scales on the underside of their tails, but not on their stomachs. predators usually flip them over. Xenarthra-slide 31-35
Family Cyclopedidae
Order Pilosa Suborder Vermilingua Its the silky anteater which is very smol In South America, Cyclopes has a silvergray dorsum with a chocolate middorsal stripe that is darkest in the Amazon basin but more yellow and less prominent farther from the river (Wetzel 1985). they look cute Xenarthra-slide 30
Family Myrmecophagidae
Order Pilosa Suborder Vermilingua myrmeco- ants/insects. mostly specialized to eat termites. The four species in this family are truly edentate (lack incisors and canines) and highly specialized for myrmecophagy. Anteaters occur in forested or savanna habitats from southern Mexico south into South America east of the Andes Mountains as far south as Paraguay. The giant anteater's tongue has a maximum width of only 13 mm but can extend up to 600 mm. The tongue is rooted on the sternum. It's a long boi. All species have long, sharp, powerful claws for foraging, with the middle claw often enlarged. There was an anteater fossil found at Messel Germany Xenarthra-slide 24-29
Family Mylodontidae
Order Pilosa, Suborder Folivora Giant Ground Sloth Glossotherium harlani The plains-dwelling Mylodont was widespread in North America and is the most common xenarthran in the Pleistocene deposits of Rancho La Brea in Los Angeles mylodon listae from Chile, 13,000 years ago Xenarthra-slide 22-23
Family Megalonychidae
Order Pilosa, Suborder Folivora This family includes two species of arboreal two-toed sloths and the recently extinct ground sloths. As with all "xenarthrans", members of this family have no incisors or canines, and the cheekteeth are usually 5/4. The anterior upper premolar is caniniform Two-toed sloths also are more active than three-toed sloths. They move to a different tree each day, and they have a broader range of feeding habits. They are almost entirely arboreal and folivorous and spend most of their adult life hanging upside down from tree branches. Unlike most mammals, which have seven cervical vertebrae, individual two-toed sloths may have five, six, or occasionally eight. extinct sloth in this group- Nothriotheriops shastense (shasta ground sloth) Xenarthra-slide 13-17
Family Bradypodidae
Order Pilosa, Suborder Folivora 3-toed sloths Three-toed sloths in the Genus Bradypus are distributed from Honduras south through northern Brazil The three species of Bradypus are arboreal folivores. Individuals may spend prolonged periods in the same tree. The teeth of three-toed sloths are cylindrical, with a central core of soft dentine surrounded by harder dentine and then cementum. There is no enamel. The stomach has several compartments, and as in other sloths, cellulose digestion is aided by microfauna. Three-toed sloths have eight or nine cervical vertebrae, which allows for greater flexibility in the neck. They are terrible walkers, but pretty good swimmers. They sleep most of the day, and algae grows in their fur to make them green. Bradypus tridactylus, the brown-throated three-toed sloth is in this group Xenarthra-slide 18-19
Family Megatheriidae
Order Pilosa, Suborder Folivora extinct giant ground sloths Striking in its proportions (2700 kg) Megatherium was six meters in length. This animal ranged from southeastern United States to South America in the Pleistocene, and it was the largest of the sloths. Megatherium was probably a browser and a grazer in grassy woodlands or wooded plains it was 2700kgs Xenarthra-slide 20-21
Family elephantidae
Order Probiscidea modern elephants 3 extant species. African forest elephant, African bush elephant, and the Asian elephant. African elephants are larger than Asian elephants and have much larger ears. The back is concave with the shoulder higher than the head, and the tip surface on the cheekteeth and different numbers of nails on the hindfeet: four in Asian and 3 in African. . There are 2 species of African elephants, differentiated by morphology and genes. Asian elephant has large ears. Terrible night vision, good low frequency sound reception. They whisper to each other to communicate. This is probably an anti-cat tactic, since cats hear very high frequencies.
Family Dugongidae
Order Sirenia Dugongs. One living species They have a whale or dolphin-like tail They have upper incisors. They feed on softer, lesser abrasive vegetation than manatees. Their teeth lack enamel. Found in the shallows of the Pacific and Indian Oceans
Family Trichechidae
Order Sirenia manatees three species they inhabit coastal areas and rivers of the Atlantic Ocean they feed on submerged vegetation They have a paddle-shaped tail. They can close their nostrils. They don't have upper incisors, and the teeth have enamel.
Family Orycteropodidae
Order tubulidentata The Aardvark. means "earth-pig" South and Central Africa Monotypic, endemic order. Orycteropus afer occurs in Africa south of the Sahara Desert in habitats ranging from dry savanna to rain forests. As with pangolins, the aarvark is closely associated with the distribution of ant an termite mounds. For aardvarks, and pangolins, the most important prey item is an ant Anoplolepis custodiens. Aardvarks are solitary, secretive, and elusive, making them difficult to observe. They are nocturnal and travel 30 km a night as they forage. Based on DNA analysis for the mammalian orders the aardvark occurs in a clade usually referred to as "Afrotheria" that includes elephants, manatees hyraxes, tenrecs, and elephant shrews. Fossils have been found in Eurasia and Madagascar. the teeth lack enamel and are composed of densely packed tubules surrounded by columns of dentine. The whole tooth is contained in a sleeve of dental content. microstructure of a transverse section of a molar of Orycteropus afer, x300, showing tubules. Xenarthra-slide 37-39 (end of slideshow)
Carnivore morphology
P4 and m1, shearing teeth (carnassial fourth upper premolar and first lower molar) skulls are heavily built, with strong facial musculature for crushing, cutting, and chewing flesh, ligaments, and bone lots of them have a saggital crest often have a deep c shaped mandibular fossa. all but a few species have a well developed baculum They usually have well developed claws on all digits. In most felids and some viverrids, claws are retractile. This helps keep them sharp because they have less contact with the ground. Carnivores range in size from maximum body mass of 70g in the least weasel to the northern elephant seal 2,270 kg. Carnivora- slide 4-5
Order Rodentia (Mammalogy-Rodentia)
Rodents they constitute the largest mammalian order, with 28 extant families and approximately 2,277 currently recognized species. rodents have a world wide distribution The vast majority of rodents are small (20-100g) although the largest, the capybara, may reach 50kg all rodents, whether living or extinct, have one of only 2 types of lower jaw, depending on the insertion of the masseter muscle Sciurognathus rodents have a relatively simple mandible that has the masseter insertion directly ventral to the molariform dentition Hystricognathous have a strongly deflected angular process and flanglike, or ridged, mandible for masseter insertion ventral and posterior to the teeth. The oldest known members of the order sciuromorph are Paramyidae from the late Paleocene epoch in North America and Eurasia.
Family Otariidae
Suborder Caniformia Fur seals and sea lions Occur in subpolar, temperate, or coastal waters of western NA, SA, Asia, southern Australia, and NZ. There are 7 genera and 14 species of otarids. all otarids are highly dimorphic, with males being larger than females. For example, maximum body mass of male norther fur seals is 5x greater than that of the female. Otariids feed on fish, cephalapods, and crustaceans. Generally otariids are much more gregarious than terrestrial carnivores, and breeding colonies of up to a million individuals may occur within limited areas. Zalophys wollebaecki female and young, and male pictured on slide 57 Otaria flavescens, the south american sealion, is pictured on slide 58 Carnivora- slide 56-58
Family Canidae
Suborder Caniformia dog-like carnivores wolves, coyotes, foxes, dingo, dholes, and jackals Occur worldwide (dingo was introduces to australia 3500 to 4000 years ago) generally, canids have long limbs relative to head and body length and are adapted to pursue prey in open habitat they are digitigrade with nonretractile claws. wild dog Lycaon picius, which shows complex social organization in its habitat of Africa coyote canis latrans urocyon cinereoargenteus (grey fox) vulpes vulpes (red fox) lycalopex culpaeus, an Andean species of fox Chrysocyon brachyurus- maned wolf. very long legged boi. lives in east central south america, which is mostly southern Brazil, but it isn't confined to that country Carnivora- slide 31-37
Family Ailuridae
Suborder Caniformia Ailurus fulgens the red panda has recently been split into two species, the Chinese and Himalayan red pandas. Apparently they are escape artists. Carnivora- slide 53
Family Amphicyonidae
Suborder Caniformia extinct combination of a bear and a wolf from the Miocene of Colorado Carnivora- slide 47
Family Phocidae
Suborder Caniformia the seals the ribbon seal is Phoca fasciata. The true seals include 10 genera and about 19 species. They are found primarily in polar, subpolar and temperate waters around the World; the monk seals are the only pinnipeds that inhabit tropical areas. The smallest is the Baikal seal, restricted to freshwater Lake Baikal, with a body mass of only 35 kg. The largest phocid is the northern elephant seal; male body mass is about 3700 kg Unlike otariids, phocids lack fur and the cheeckteeth are multicusped Phocids are not gregarious and do not form large breeding colonies Fish and cephalopods form the diet. The leopard seal, the only pinniped that regularly feeds on warm-blooded prey, takes penguins They are unable to raise themselves on their flippers. Caribbean monk seal is extinct. RIP Phoca vitulina- harbor seal northern elephant seal skeleton on slide 62 Carnivora- slide 59-62 (end)
Family Ursidae
Suborder Caniformia Bears, pandas They are omnivorous. bunodont molar. polar bears are strict carnivores, grizzlies are very omnivorous, pandas are completely herbivorous. historically occured throughout NA, the Andes Mts. of SA, Eurasia, and the Atlas Mts of N Africa and the Oriental region. Body mass in bears ranges to 800kg in grizzly and polar bears, the largest terrestrial carnivores. Males are about 20% heavier than females in monogamous species such as the sun bear and sloth bear and up to 2x as large in polygamous species. All bears are plantigrade and pentadactyl. The occurence of Epipharyngeal puches, located near the pharynx, probably play a role in amplification of vocalizations. ursus arctos- grizzly bear short-nosed bear the grizzly bear is an opportunist which feeds on all sorts of stuff year round, from carcasses to mushrooms and seeds. Its diet changes as the seasons do. ailuropoda melanoleuca, the panda. its pretty derpy. eats bamboo. mtDNA studies show recent divergence of polar bear from the brown bear in the late pleistocene, however, nuclear DNA shows a middle pleistocene divergence about 600 thousand years ago. tremarctos ornatus. spectacled bear from south america. Carnivora- slide 48-52
Family Procyonidae
Suborder Caniformia racoons, ringtails all of the 6 genera and 18 species are restricted to the New World, where they typically inhabit forested temperate and tropical areas, usually near water. They range in size from the 1kg ringtail to the 12 kg raccoon Procyonids typically have long, bushy tails (prehensile in kinkajou) They are plantigrade and have semiretractile claws. They have 40 teeth, except the kinkajou, which has 38. Dentition is generalized and adapted for an omnivorous diet. The carnassials are fairly developed only in the ringtail. The white-nosed coati (Nausa narica) is the most social with groups of 30 individuals. bassariscus astutus, procyon lotor (racoon), and procyon pygmaeus pictured on slide 46 Carnivora- slide 44-46
Famiily Heteromyidae
Suborder Castorimorpha Heteromyid rodents. like the geomyids, all have externally opening cheek pouches. their skulls are characterized by a infraorbital foramen that pierces the rostrum, and several genera have greatly inflated auditory bullae The large auditory bullae increases auditory acuity they conserve water by producing a highly concentrated urine, and they are nocturnal. they are most specious in deserts in NA, some in Central America and a small amount in Norther South America.
Family Felidae
Suborder Feliformia, Family Felidae Cats distributed worldwide except for Australia and NZ Wozencraft (2005) considered 11 genera and 34 species all cats are characterized by a shortened rostrum, well-developed carnasials, and large canine teeth that are "highly specialized for delivering and aimed lethal bite" Felids kill their prey by suffocation or biting the neck so the canines separate the spinal cord. They have only 28 to 30 teeth. The shortened toothrow and rostrum add to the force generated through the enlarged canines' the pupil of many cat species can be closed to a slit when pulled by the ciliary muscles. The muscles that control the pupil are drawn across each other, instead of being arranged in a circle around the pupil. smilodon californicus is a fossil in this group panthera tigris is pictured in the slides, along with panthera tigris sumatra, panthera leo, and the American lion, a fossil called Panthera leo atrox. this lion was absolutely massive, much taller and bigger than we are, and is utterly terrifying. (I dont think this is important, but its on the slides so its here too) Panthera onca, the jaguar. around 90% of the jaguar diet was comprised of prey under 5 kg, mainly armadillos in one hunted reserve in Brazil. Furthermore, scientists found tha the values of trophic niche width (2.21) and mean prey size (5.23kg) in their study area are among the lowest ever described for jaguars in the literature. They are able to shift to smaller game when large game are rare, but this can cause problems in recruitment. snow leopard- uncia uncia. found in Siberia. acinonyx jubatus- the cheetah, found in South Africa prionailurus viverrinus- is a cat found in East Asia (thailand and philipines) which fishes. leopardus tigrinus is a rare, small tiger found in South America. Dr. Lee photographed one that locals found. Otocolobus manul is pallas' cat. this isn't in the slides, but this is a very rare cat that is very reclusive and lives in the mountains of central asia to western and central china. they have very furry faces. felis nigripes- the black footed cat. Its smol, south american cat that is a wild counterpart to the housecat (felis cattus) lynx rufus- the bobcat is in this group as well, along with the caracal caracal, which is known as the caracal. wow. amazing. it has pointy ears, and is African Carnivora- slide 7-23
Family Balaenidae
Suborder Msyticeti Bowhead and Right Whales have a large, curved jaw. They don't have pleated throat muscles. They open their mouth and swim through the water. The water pressure keeps food stuck to their baleen as they swim. They have the longest baleen and the biggest mouths of any whales. They have no dorsal fin They have babies in warm, clear water, and feed in nutrient rich, muddy waters.
Family Eschrichtiidae
Suborder Mysticeti Gray Whale (monotypic family) Only have a few throatplates. They have different ecology. They are mud gulpers. No dorsal fin. They may reach a total length of about 13 m, females 13 m they have fairly slender bodies, broad flippers, and no dorsal fin. Although the posterior third of the body has a series of low humps, or crenulations. There are 2-5 short throat grooves. They roll on their sides and suck muddy sediment from the bottom of strain out worms, invertebrates, and amphipods. There is a gap in the baleen in the anterior part of the mouth.
Family Balaenopteridae
Suborder Mysticeti Rorquals (humpbacks and the blue whale are in this group) all have parallel grooves on the throat. short baleen. knobs are hair follicles. They have a small dorsal fin Their ramus' aren't connected, they have cartilage there. there are two genera Balaenoptera and Megatera. Rorquals work by gulping. They swim and actually gulp their food. When they do that, they gulp tons of seawater, which is what the pleated throat is for. It closes it's mouth and pushes the water out of its mouth with its large tongue You can tell individual whales apart by the coloration on the underside of their tails. Humpbacks and Gray whales migrate more than any other whales. All species vocalize, but humpback whales are well known for their complex, repetitive, long-lasting songs. humpbacks have been protected since 1944, and populations are increasing; blue whales have been protected since 1965. Recovery has been slow, however, and most species almost certainly will never regain their former numbers.
Family Ziphiidae
Suborder Odontocetes The beaked whales. Many feed by plunger feeding. They have a few small teeth at the front, and huge teeth further behind it. Front teeth for grabbing, and their big tongue will suck food into its mouth. all species have a single crescent-shaped blowhole. 6 genera and 21 species. We don't know much about them (they tend to avoid ships)
family Iniidae
Suborder Odontocetes south american river dolphins blind, fish hunters that live in muddy rivers. Their habitat is flooded forest (ex: near the Orinoco when it floods yearly in the wet season)
Family Monodontidae
Suborder Odontocetes Arctic family of Narwhals and Beluga whale. flat faces, flippers short and rounded, no dorsal fin. Males have a tusk (on male narwhals) which is sensitive to temperature and chemical differences in the external environment. Beluga whales hear through oil lining the lower jaw that sends sound to the inner ears.
Family Delphinidae
Suborder Odontocetes Dolphins. 17 genera, 34 species. Distribution is practically worldwide in all but polar waters, including some tropical river systems in Asia and SA. They are the most varied family of cetaceans; they range in size from the smallest cetacean, Heaviside's dolphin (1.7m 40kg), to the killer whale (9m 7000kg) several pelagic species are gregarious and can be found in pods of up to 1000 individuals.
Family Physteridae
Suborder Odontocetes Sperm whales it was called that because the old whalers found the oil in the oil gland (called spermaceti, if you read Moby Dick) and misattributed it to sperm teeth only found on the lower jaw, and not on the upper jaw. They can dive down over a mile, listen on the ocean floor, and hunt giant squids (which have razor blades on their tentacles) They water cool themselves through their blowhole, nasal passages, and spermaceti organ. Dr. Lee missed an opportunity to see a Pygmy sperm whale when he was at A&M
Family Aplodontidae
Suborder Sciuromorpha Beavers HB 27-40cm almost no tail does not hibernate but remains underground in bad weather Endemic to the Neartic monotypic group. The other species went extinct.
Order Carnivora (Mammalogy-Carnivora)
The diversity of the order is great among the 15 families and approx 286 species They are found on all continents except Australia and have adapted to diverse niches in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Although most carnivores eat meat, however, this is not a defining characteristic of the order. Slide 3 on the Carnivora slide shows has all of the families and suborders in this group. Go study that. Carnivora- slide 2-3
Whale suborders
There are 2 well defined suborders: The Mysticeti- baleen whales baleen is used to strain small marine organisms from the water for food. The Odontoceti- toothed whales The odontocete teeth are generally homodont, simple, and peglike. The teeth are monophyodont (having only one set). Both suborders of whales have highly modified, telescoped skulls in which posterior bones of the cranium are compressed and overlap each other. The anterior, or rostral portion, of the skull is greatly elongated through extension of the premaxillary, maxillary, and frontal bones. Telescoping has accommodated the posterior displacement of the nostrils or blowhole to the top of the skull.
Family Dasyproctidae
agoutis This family is made up of about 11 species of agoutis, which occur from Mexico south to northern Argentina east of the Andes Mts. They can also be found on roatan island. They are generally diurnal, solitary, burrowing herbivores. Both genera are similar in appearance with coarse, glossy orange-brown to black pelage. They weigh up to 4 kg. and inhabit forests, brushlands, and grasslands, always in association with water.
Family Cavidae, Subfamily Hydrocherorinae
capybara, the world's largest living rodent. monotypic group. name means "water pig" it is closely associated with water throughout its range, which extends from Panama south to Argentina east of the Andes Mts. They are semiaquatic and have partially webbed feet. Their pelage is short, coarse, and fairly sparse. HB 1.3m and up to 50kg or more. They are gregarious. in Venezuela, capybaras are ranched for their meat and leather.
Subfamily Deomyinae
family murinae spiny rats (Acomys) North Africa their skin is apparently very difficult to prepare. It is brittle and easily torn, which helps them to escape predators by jettisoning patches of their skin when caught or bitten. whereas normal lab mice grow scar tissue when their skin is removed, African spiny mice can regrow complete suites of hair follicles, skin, sweat glands, fur, and even cartilage.
family capromyidae
family of hystricomorph rodents restricted to the West Indes. 3 subfamilies with extant forms currently recognized. Capromyinae.
Family Muridae.
include several taxa that formerly were recognized as distinct families. Thus, the murid rodents encompass a variety of structurally diverse groups and include the mole rats, the bamboo rat, spiny door mice and the Old World rats and mice. This huge family has a confusing and unresolved taxonomic history. The family occurs worldwide with the exception of Antarctica and some oceanic islands. the usual dental formula is 1/1 0/0 0/0 3/3 = 16.
Whale homeostasis
look at photo on slide. water is a really good thermal conductor. whales are in cold water all the time. They have a layer of blubber, and can restrict blood flow to the skin and extremities with ringlike muscles. The core body temperature remains warm.
Order Sirenia
manatees and dugongs (they are also known as sea cows) have a pair of front flippers but no rear limbs. However, the fossil does have a pelvis. The dentary is deep Sirenians are gentle creatures, which usually live in groups. They are strict vegetarians among marine mammals. They can weigh in excess of 1150kg, and have unlobed lungs.
Whale sound
nutrient rich water with a large number of fish (but low fish diversity) is muddy and hard to see through. sound is more important underwater than sight they are essentially using sonogram there is oil inside the melon
stegomastodon arizonae
pleistocene before the end of the Miocene several kinds of elephants migrated from Asia to NA. Some had tusks on the lower jaws.
Family Ctenomyidae
tuco-tucos This family is composed of about 38 species in the single genus Ctenomys. Distributed from central South America south to Tierra del Fuego and occur in habitat and soil types suitable for burrowing. these fossorial rodents are similar to NA pocket gophers in habitats and appearance. They dig through the soil with their large feet.
Origin of whales
whales and hippos had a common water-loving ancestor that lived 50-60mya From it evolved 2 groups. The early cetaceans, which gradually moved into the water full-time, and a large and diverse group of pig-like animals called anthracotheres These animals fluorished, forming 37 distinct genera across the world before dying out and leaving just one descendant 2.5mya, the hippopotamus The theory would class whales, dolphins and porpoises with cloven-hooved mammals such as cattle, pigs, and camels.
