UNIT #3 APUSH

Wilmot Proviso

1846: Representative David Wilmot (Pennsylvania) introduces an amendment to an appropriations bill that anticipates Mexico's cession of territory as a result of the war. The Wilmot Proviso stated that in any resultant treaty "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory." Bill passes House but fails in Senate. Became a plank in the FreeSoil and Republican platforms.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 in New York first modern women's rights convention.; Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott​to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women. Stanton present her Declaration of Sentiments​, modeled on the Declaration of Independence and proclaiming that "all men and women are created equal". They pushed for the right for women to own property, enter professions, and most importantly to vote.

Birth of Republican Party

1854 Due to the anger following the KansasNebraska Act (​popular sovereignty threatened antislavery), the ranks of the Republican party began to form with Northern Whigs(Clay/Webster), FreeSoil Party, KnowNothings, and Northern Democrats who had abandoned the south's view on slavery. Republicans drew ideas from the philosophy of Thomas Jefferson (keeping slavery out of new territories) and from Alexander Hamiliton. Isues that brought together the party: Repeal of KansasNebraska Act ; Support for construction of transcontinental railroad ; support of Homestead Acts ; Support of high protective tariffs and liberal immigration laws

Hayes Tilden Election

1876 known as the most corrupt US election. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) ran for President→ Tilden wins popular vote and has enough electoral votes but votes in 3 Southern states (Louisiana, Florida, and S.Carolina) were disputed. However, all of them voted in favor of Hayes which raises eyebrows. The Republicans basically handled this by ending the military reconstruction in the three Southern states, so that they would vote for Hayes and get him to presidency.

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

1st woman to receive medical degree in US Very active in the movements to abolish slavery and discrimination upon women applies to many medical schools (all rejected her because she was a woman) except Geneva Medical College in NY in 1847 She graduated top of her class and gained practical experience in clinics and studied midwifery in Paris and London she opened the NY Infirmary for Women and Children the first US hospital to the staffed by women later opened a medical college at the same location

Nat Turner

A semi literate black preacher who led an uprising that slaughtered 60 Virginians. His rebellion frightened white Southerners and inspired them to safeguard against future revolts.

Civil Rights Act 1866

An act that declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.(except Indians) They would receive the rights that US citizens had. Persons who denied these rights to former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine or imprisonment. It passed by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.

Redeemers

Political coalition in the South during the Reconstruction Era; Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in teh south. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the South by taking back Southern State Governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged aggressive assault on African Americans.

John Brown

Radical with good intentions he was raised in oberlin which was a progressive school ( the first to accept women actually) and was very religious. He believed God gave him the instruction to end slavery and was known for taking groups of black people into white churches and sitting in the front. He beat himself because he had to address his sins. He was a Puritan and a Calvinist and he lived by the golden rule "do unto others what you do to yourself" he was very radical and killed proslaveryites, one of the big factors in creating bleeding kansas as well as becoming a martyr for freedom, a symbol of abolition for the union cause.

Lucretia Mott

Raised in a Quaker community and adopted the ministry's antislavery views. Helped form the Philadelphia Female AntiSlavery Society in 1833 and was one of the founders of the American women's rights movement. ​She wrote Discourse on Women (1850) and argued for equal economic opportunity and voting rights. She and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Polk ​speaker of the house for 4 years who was sponsored by andrew jackson, with his democrats, strongly advocated for this and laid out this 4 point mission to lower tarrifs, restore independent treasury, clean up the oregon border and get California.

Webster Ashburton Treaty

What: Divided disputed land between the US and Canada near Maine. Negotiations handled by Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton. Cause: The British, wanting to bolster defense, planned a road route from Halifax to Quebec. The road went through disputed Maine territory and tensions rose until the "Aroostook War" occurred between US and Canadian militia. Effect: The treaty settled the dispute by splitting the difference: Britain got the Halifax Quebec route and US got more land (including the iron orerich Minnesota).

Tariff of 1816

What: First tariff in American history instituted primarily for industrial protection, not revenue. Cause: The War of 1812 sparked nationalism which manifested itself into increased manufacturing as a result of the selfimposed embargoes and the war. After the War of 1812, Britain flooded the American market with cheap goods, outcompeting new American factories and thus causing economic damage. Effect: Started a tariff trend that stimulated an appetite for more industrial protection.

American Colonization Society

What: Founded in 1817, this society focused on transporting blacks back to Africa.Cause: Early abolition movements after the Revolution, especially among Quakers. Effect: In 1822, the Republic of Liberia​ was established for former slaves. Result: failed because many of the blacks considered themselves African American not Africans and the society did not have the necessary finances.

Scott v Sanford

cause: a slave who had lived with his owner in a free state before returning to a slave state(Missouri) calls for emancipation bc his owner died but then in the owner's will he was passed on to a friend. Chief Taney(slavery supporter) disagree bc no blacks could claim US citizenship so they couldn't petition court for freedom (dred scott sued federal court but Nelson (judge) was like this case is state not federal and then antislavery justices (mclean and curtis) = dred scott is not a citizen, but freed slaves can become citizens republicans = no! democrats = divided over it! 4 yrs til civil war

James Russell Lowell

vital force in the history of american literature wrote many antislavery​works: Conversations on some of the Old Poets and the Biglow Papers both with expressed the need to abolish slavery and stop Mexican War wrote over 50 antislavery articles for periodicals

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves

What: Jefferson and Madison secretly wrote these resolutions stating that it was the right of individual states to nullify federal laws, notably the Alien and Sedition Acts, if the federal regime overstepped its authority. Cause: Jefferson and Madison wrote this in order to combat the Federalistfavored Alien and Sedition Acts which threatened DemocraticRepublicans. Effect: Although these resolutions received little support at the time, they brilliantly formulated extreme states' rights views regarding the Union. Aimed at dethroning the Federalist party, but was later used by southerners to support nullification and secession.

Worcester v Georgia

What: John Marshall ruled case. Supreme Court said that Cherokees are not an independent nation but a domestic dependent and that only the federal government has power to handle Indians, not the states. Cause: Dispute over Indian jurisdiction over American citizens within territories. Response to Jackson's Indian Removal Act. Result: Set precedent as to the relationship between Indians and the US.

Tariff of 1832

What: Lowered the ridiculously high tariff rates of the Tariff of Abominations. Cause: The demands of South Carolina. Effect: South Carolina still protested the reform because it was not extensive enough.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What: Peace treaty ending the Mexican War. Handled by Nicholas P. Trist. Cause: General Winfield Scott had won a string of victories in Mexico all the way up to Mexico City. Effect: Confirmed the American title to Texas and the enormous area stretching westward to Oregon and California. The US paid $15 million for the land.

Crittenden Compromise

What: Proposed by Kentucky Senator James Henry Crittenden. It was designed to appease the South. Prohibited slavery in the territories north on 36th parallel, but south of that line it was to be given federal protection. Future states, north or south of the 36, could come into the Union with or without slavery. Cause: Many Southern states had just seceded. This was a last ditch effort to maintain peace in the Union. Effect: In short, slavery supporters were guaranteed full rights in the southern territories as long as they remained territories, regardless of popular sovereignty. Lincoln rejected this amendment.

William h. Seward

Who: (1867). An ardent expansionist and Secretary of State who bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Effect: Most of the public didn't look very favorably towards Seward's purchase because they were preoccupied with Reconstruction and other internal conflicts. Thus, their minds were geared more towards economy and antiexpansion. BUT....it was a good thing Seward bought this land because oil, gold, and gas were later discovered, sooooo Alaska proved be a huge bargain.

Booker T. Washington

Who: A former exslave who fought for black rights but avoided the issue of social equality. He believed in blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights and was described as an "uncle tom". Between 18901915 he was a leader in the black community.

Free Soil Party

Who: A new party that had formed when Taylor was nominated for president.. It was formed by antislavery men from the north. It mainly appealed to: 1) industrialists who didn't like Polk's reduction tariff 2) democrats who disliked the fact that Polk fought for all of Texas but only part of Oregon 3) northerners who did not hate slavery, but hated blacks who gagged at the prospect of sharing the newly acquired western territory with the African Americans

W.E.B. Dubois

Who: Civil rights leader and author. What he did: He called for full equality of African Americans, which included social, civil, political and economic equality. He opposed Booker T. Washington's "gradual approach" to equality. His higher education allowed him to develop leaders from the most able 10 percent of African Americans ("The Talented Tenth"). He cofounded the Niagara Movement which became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Frederick Douglass

Who: Douglass was an escaped slave and an outspoken abolitionist. What he did: He escaped from his Maryland owner and published his own newspaper, The North Star. He favored the use of political methods of reform. During the Civil War, he helped put together regiments of African Americans from Massachusetts and urged others to join the Union Army. He is known as the father of the American civil rights movement.

William Lloyd Garrison

Who: Editor of The Liberator. What he did: In his newspaper, he spread his views that slaves should be immediately emancipated. While many other antislavery advocates of the 1830s and 40s recommended a gradualist approach. His inflexible position and fiery language that he used in the paper gained him opposition towards his policy in abolitionist groups. Garrison also advocated for women's rights. After the Civil War, he promoted free trade, suffrage for women and fair treatment of the Native Americans.

Denmark Vessey

Who: He was a slave who won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom. What he did: He gained wealth and influence in South Carolina. He was accused of using church get togethers to plan a violent slave revolt. Vesey and thirty four other slaves were hanged. Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Who: He was a transcendentalist essayist and lecturer. What he did: He wrote SelfReliance (1841), one of his essays, which promoted the virtue of independence. Through his themes in his writing and through the independent lifestyle he lived, Emerson strong influenced American thought and culture.

Henry David Thoreau

Who: Major transcendentalist and author What: He spent 2 years living in woods and wrote Walden: Or Life in the Woods describing his simple life there. He also wrote On the Duty of Civil Disobedience which emphasized peacefully not following unjust laws in protest of Mexican American War. Influence:This became a strong influence later on Mahatma Gandhi and then Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Stephen A. Douglas

Who: Senator from Illinois and called the "Little Giant" What he Did: He was an expansionist and supported the Mexican War. Broke the compromise of 1850 into smaller and more acceptable pieces of legislation and pushed it through Congress with the help of several allies. He introduced the KansasNebraska Act of 1854. When campaigning for Senate in 1858, he participated in a series of debates against Abraham Lincoln (LincolnDouglas Debates). Douglas believed that popular sovereignty was the most appropriate way to handle slavery in territories.

John C. Calhoun

Who: Vice President to John Quincy Adams and Adams' political rival (Andrew Jackson who defeated Adams in 1828). What he did: He was a champion for states' rights. He was the author of the essay, "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest," which advocated for the nullification of the Tariff of 1828 and asserted the right of states to nullify federal laws. When a senator, he engaged with Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states' rights. He demonstrated the ideas that would lead the country to the Civil War.

Susan B. Anthony

from Massachusetts, raised a Quaker after teaching for 15 years became part of the temperance movement​but angered because she was a women so could not speak at meetings becomes friend with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and joins women's suffrage movement​and devotes life to cause travels across nation lecturing and promoting women's suffrage as well as other aspects of equality such as the abolitionist movement, labor unions for women, right for women to own property and retain their earnings persuaded the University of Rochester to allow women to attend remained active rights advocate until death lead the National American Woman Suffrage Association

"The Liberator"

influenced by past abolitionist movements and organizations, William Lloyd Garrison became an uncompromising leader of the abolition movement: on New Year's day, 1831, garrison published the liberator, a militant antislavery newspaper. He in a sense fired one of the first shots of the civil war.

Amendments 13,14,15

known collectively as the Civil War Amendments designed to ensure equality for recently emancipated slaves 13th: banned slavery and all involuntary servitude, except in the case of punishment for a crime. 14th: declared that all persons born or naturalized in the US are American citizens INCLUDING African Americans. (overturned the Dred Scott V. Sandford 1857 Supreme court ruling that Black people weren't eligible for citizenship) 15th: prohibited governments from denying U.S citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or past servitude

Abraham Lincoln

16th US President (18601865) President during Civil War, comes in after James Buchanan fails to keep the Union together Key Events: LincolnDouglas debates: Lincoln challenges Senator Douglas to a series of debates to be held in Illinois in 1858. Douglas, a notorious debater, defeated Lincoln, but was put in a bind when Lincoln asked whether the people of a state should be allowed to vote slavery down even if the Supreme Court said slavery was legal, and Douglas replied by saying that they could. This lost Douglas all support from the South, and although Lincoln lost the debates, he was able to get his name out there and he put up a fight. Emancipation Proclamation: Issued on January 1, 1863, this effectively freed all bondsmen in the Confederate states, not including the border states or any territories loyal to the Union. Had no real power over Confederate rule, but this encouraged slaves to run away and also gave the Union a sense of purpose; this essentially made the war completely about slavery why: He advocated for the eradication of slavery and this was a step to changing philosophies behind the war from mere political reasons to moral reasons. It allowed more soldiers to be admitted into the army (African Americans) It also was a punishment to the seceded slave states. Lincoln still needed to keep the support of the border states who had slaves, that's why his vice president was a democrat and a southerner 2nd Inaugural speech : best rhetoric in history Lincoln = expansion of federal power what with the expansion of military with the draft and the suspension of habeas corpus for a bit (in times of rebellion/insurrection it could be repealed) this happened because the union couldn't try all of the rebel soldiers from the confederate so interned them into prisons until after the war. 10% Plan: Lincoln's plan for reconstruction was very lenient towards the Southern states and aimed to get them back into the Union as quickly and peacefully as possible. Stated that if 10% of a state's population pledged loyalty to the Union and submitted a Constitution barring slavery, then they would be admitted back into the Union

Gettysburg Address

A 2 minute address by abraham lincoln during the american civil war (november 19, 1863) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg Lincoln's reason behind fighting the civil war was to unite the union, but after all of the death, many Americans grew weary as to if a civil war was the right thing to do. This address stated that we need to restore the union at all costs, no matter how horrific. The Gettsyburg Address did the job of reminding a war torn nation what they were fighting for the restoration of the union

Emancipation Proclamation

Announced on Jan 1, 1863, following the battle of Antietam, this proclaimed all slaves in territories not loyal to the Union as free men. Led to an increase in moral for the North, as they were fighting now to free the slaves and not just to keep the Union together. Also led to an increase in fear of slave revolts and an increase in the amount of runaway slaves, as 1 in 7 slaves ran away to join Union army camps In its first draft, it gave the South 4 months to rejoin the union and keep slaves but this was quickly repealed after the north showed promise and realized they could win the war. Esentially it was a morality boost to make the war a part of something bigger. It was also for Britain to not help/intervene in the South even though that would economically benefit them, they were against slavery so could not aid the slave states. It also gave the North the moral upperhand.

Ku Klux Klan

AntiBlack group that arose in the South in 1865, this group centered upon the ideals of white supremacy, whitenationalism, and antiimmigration. Often drove away blacks from communities by using fear tactics, and if that didn't work they would resort to violence, hanging or shooting blacks at their will. Infamous for their white hoods, and their hooded horses. Met its demise when the Enforcement Act of 1871 was passed, suspending habeus corpus to combat white supremacy groups like the KKK

Military Reconstruction Governments

As 5 military regimes were instated in the South, much of the governments within these territories were composed of Republicans loyal to the Union. These leaders were bitterly labeled as "Scalawags" and "Carpetbaggers"​by their Southern counterparts. Carpetbaggers were Northerners who came to the South seeking an opportunity to gain power due to their loyalty to the Union. Scalawags were simply Southerners who sympathized with Northern ideals.

Immigration Notably Irish and German

BACKGROUND ● From 1840 1860, 4 mil Irish and Germans immigrated to America ● Most Irish​immigrants came to the US poor, settling in either Boston, NY, or Philly after the disastrous effects of the Irish Potato Famine ● German​immigrants came to the US to escape war, better their lives, and because of crop failures (democratic revolutions of 1848 as well as crop failures) ○ most came for higher wages in northern industrial job ○ low fares on trans Atlantic ships made access easier ○ were illiterate, discriminated against by older Americans, and received lowest paying jobs (railroad building) ○ they were also Catholic which also led to discrimination ○ Americans hated the Irish (No Irish Need Apply) and the Irish often times hated competition with blacks for low paying jobs (especially shown in the NYC draft riots) ○ Those with money bought farms in the Midwest i.e North Dakota and Wisconsin ○ many also went to the frontier ○ they clung to themselves and their culture, they were Lutheran, against slavery, and tended to drink a lot (contributed to the cause of the temperance movement) EFFECT ● Immigrants took available jobs in factories and mines, helping the economy → often this influx of workers allowed employers to give barely sustenance wages ● Nativists (people born in the US who were opposed to immigrants) tried to limit immigration,​ blaming immigrants for stealing jobs from native born Americans and for being criminals ○ 1850s Nativists formed the Know Nothing Party ■ they met in secrecy "I know nothing" was their answer ■ fought for restrictions on immigration, naturalization, and deportation of alien paupers ● Immigrants were crucial to economic expansion and more jobs were becoming available

Increased Education

BACKGROUND ● In 1800, Massachusetts was the only state requiring free public schools supported by community funds ● Middle class reformers called for tax supported education, arguing to business leaders that new economic order needed educated workers ● Free public education emerged in 1828 but they were largely ill trained teachers and students were ill taught DETAILS ● Horace Mann f​ought for better schools as the "Father of Public Education". HIs reforms included: ○ also "uneducated brats" might become rabble with voting rights ○ school funding by state, instead of parents ○ classifying students into grades ○ extending school year from 3 months to 9 ○ standardized tests ○ compulsory attendance ● By 1850s, # of schools, attendance figures, and school budgets increased sharply, with school reformers enjoying greatest success in Northeast and the least in the South (Southern planters opposed paying taxes to educate poorer white children; these poor white children had to tend farms) ● Education for women also expanded ○ 1833 Oberlin College in Ohio became first coeducational college ○ 1837 Mount Holyoke, Massachusetts, first all female college, founded

Temperance Movement

BACKGROUND ● In 1830, Americans drink an average of 5 gal of liquor a year ● Reformers argue that drinking causes domestic violence, public rowdiness, and loss of family income ● Problem is that Americans have habit of drinking all day ● Movement West spurred growth in production and consumption of alcohol DETAILS ● Temperance Movement rose to eliminate social problems by curbing drinking ● 1826 American Temperance Society​was founded ● attacks on the "Demon Drink" adopted two major lines of attack: ○ headed by Lyman Beecher of CT ○ promoted abstinence from liquor ○ targeted laborers ○ signed pledges, made pamphlets ○ stressed temperance (individual will to resist) ○ Legislatureremoved temptation (Neal S. Dow becomes father of "prohibition") ■ sponsored Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited making and selling of liquor

Women's Movement

BACKGROUND ● The status of the early 19th Century Women was almost that of a minor: ● Gender differences increased sharply with different economic roles ○ unable to vote ○ could not make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court w/o husband's permission ○ if single, could own her property; if married, no control over her property or her children ○ Could not initiate divorce ○ Republican Motherhood evolved into the "cult of domesticity" ​ which stipulated that a woman's "sphere" was in the home (refuge from the cruel world outside) and her role to civilize her husband and her family ● At time, 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society →​ many joined the movement to abolish slavery (ex: Grimke sisters; Lucy Stone) ● When abolitionists divided over the issue of female participation, women found it easier to identify with the situation of slaves DETAILS ● 1848 Feminist reform led to the Seneca Falls Convention,​which established the arguments and the program for the women's rights movement for the remainder of the century ○ Declaration of Sentiments written in the spirit of the Dec of Independence said that "all Women and Men are created equal" ○ demanded ballot for woman ● Movement was temporarily eclipsed by slavery when Civil War heated up but served as a foundation for later days

Sojourner Truth

Born into slavery in New York in 1797 but was freed in 1827. She was one of the first black women to successfully challenge a white man in a US court (over the illegal purchase of her son for slavery). She devoted her life to Methodism and the abolition of slavery.

Carpetbaggers

Came to the South from the North in search of economic gains - most had arrived before black suffrage therefore killing the theory that they had come just to involve themselves in politics. For most those economic gains never happened so they turned to politics. They tended to be well educated and middle class.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Case: ​NY state had granted a monopoly to a steamboat company that conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress ● Decision / Reason: M​arshall ruled NY monopoly was unconstitutional, establishing the fed gov's broad control of interstate commerce → Congress regulates commerce ● SIgnificance: T​he decision secures the concept of a common market and prevents states from impeding (disrupting) commerce

Marbury v Madison

Case: ​William Marbury, a Federalist and "midnight appointment" of Pres Adams, did not receive his commision form Sec of State, James Madison. Marbury asked SC to issue a "writ of mandamus" forcing Madison to deliver his commision ● Decision / Reason: M​arshall dismissed suit, but in doing so, struck down part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission ● Significance:​Established precedent of "judicial review" and the Supreme Court, not the states, had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional

Dartmouth v Woodward

Case:​Involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately charted college into a public institution ● Decision / Reason:​SC struck down state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. Upheld the sanctity of contracts and private property ● Significance: D​ecision was important in assuring economic development and encouraging investment in corporations. In addition, it set a precedent for the SC's overturning acts of state legislatures and state courts

McCulloch v Maryland

Case:​The state of Maryland tried to collect a tax from the 2nd Bank of US ● Decision / Reason: U​sing a loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that fed gov had the implied power to create the bank ● Significance: A​tax could not tax a fed institution because the "power to tax is the power to destroy" and that federal laws are supreme over state laws

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Cause: Abolitionist movement and antislavery was causing many slaves to rebel and frightened Southerners to vouch for stricter penal laws for slaves Action: on August 22, 1831, a slave by the name of Nat Turner rallied a force of 40+ slaves and was confronted in Southhampton County, Virginia, in which his forces fought with local militia and civilians and killed anywhere from 5565 white folk Effect: Created vast amounts of fear within the white population in the South. Was the largest and bloodiest slave rebellion in the history of slavery. Voiced the opinions of the blacks and showed that they supported the abolitionist movement

Presidential Reconstruction

Cause: After the civil war there had to be some system in place to let the south back in Action: Lincoln put forth the 10% plan w​hich stated that if 10% of a state took oath to be loyal to the Union and the Emancipation Proclamation, they could be admitted back into the Union. That 10% could then make a new state constitution. The Radical Republicans ​however wanted to change the Southern way of life completely by adopting that of the North ​WadeDavis Bill ​which was a bill proposed by Republicans in Congress that required that 50% of state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation for readmittance into the Union. It would ensure no slavery would be permitted to happen again. Result: In fact, due to Lincoln's assassination, Johnson's reconstruction bill was used which was very similar to that of Lincoln's.

"Seward's Folly"

Cause: Russia approached the United States about taking the territory of Alaska from them. Russia believed they were on the brink of another war with the British and did not want the land falling into the hands of the British. They believed they were overextended abroad and feared the loss of Alaska in a future war. What: Secretary of State William Seward decided to purchase the territory of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. ​Congress agreed to purchase the land because Russia had been proNorth during the Civil War. Effect: Many people thought the purchase to be silly because the land was in a remote location. They did not believe that it had significant resources that would benefit the US, but instead was a barren piece of ice.

King Cotton

Cause: The new invention of the cotton gin​separated the seeds from the fibers. What: New southern states (like Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas) began producing cotton and it becomes a cash crop. North and British textile industries were dependent on southern cotton which is why the south thought that if a civil war were to occur over slavery, Britain would support them. Result: Led to a boom in the cotton market, and its global effects crowned the staple "King Cotton." The need for cotton and because it caused land butchery encouraged westward expansion. Heightened the demand for slaves.

12th Amendment

Cause: Whomever got second place in the ballots would get the VP position which created some hard feelings and fights because of differing political views Effect: Amended so that the President and VP ran together and were not from opposing sides. Also allowed political strategy for using VP to gain more support from different parties, as with Lincoln (Northern Republican) and Johnson (Southern Democrat)

Bleeding Kansas

Cause: after the Kansasnebraska act, it was assumed that Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska would become a free state, keeping the balance but Kansas was flooded with both pro and antislavery people so that popular sovereignty would swing in their favor. Border ruffians​(pro) from the missouri border crossed into Kansas and the New England Emigrant Aid co. sent free soilers​(anti). Two rival governments were set up, in Topeka was the free soil and Lecompton was the slave gov, What: There was the Sack of Lawrence in 1856​where a free soil town was attacked by pro slavery border ruffians. In response to this John Brown attacked proslavery forces at Pottawatomic Creek​. It was basically a civil war. People were killed and Horace Greeley coined the phrase "bleeding kansas". effect: Political and physical battles went on for several years, both sides had formed a hard line and refused to compromise. Eventually the proslavery supporters drafted the Lecompton constitution​that asked for Kansas to be let in as a slave state. In the vote it was passed because the freesoilers boycotted the elections because they thought the border ruffians were corrupting the popular sovereignty. President Buchanan approves but it was rejected by congress. Free state settlers continued to flow into kansas from northern states and was voted free state in 1861.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

Cause: douglas was a democrat in the senate and lincoln was a republican who wanted douglas's position. Douglas kept on defying president buchanan when he opposed the admission of kansas as a slave state so the president supported lincoln. Lincoln believed even then that the agitation of slavery must become extinct and that a house divided against itself cannot stand and slavery must be dealt with as a moral wrong. Cause: Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates for a seat on the Illinois senate. Seven meetings were arranged from August to October 1858. What: The most notable debate occurred in Freeport, Illinois. Here he asked Douglas could slavery be prevented in territories if that is what the people wants, even if it does go against the precedent set in the Dred Scott Case?​. The Supreme Court had ruled that they could not because it is unconstitutional under the 5th amendment, but Douglas was a people's man and therefore Lincoln placed Douglas in a bad situation. Douglas uses the freeport doctrine​and states that no matter what the Supreme Court argued, that if the people wanted to vote down slavery than they could​. He still stuck with his idea of popular sovereignty He stated that laws to protect slavery would need to be passed by the territorial legislatures in the absence of popular approval. Result: Douglas defeated Lincoln in the Senate seat, he won the battle but later on loses the war because it hurts his presidential campaign. This brought out Lincoln as a possibility of the Republican presidential candidate. Douglas' performance in the debates hindered his possibility of being the candidate as he was shone in a negative light afterwards. These debates proved to be one of the preliminary battlefields of the Civil War. Lincoln, a previously not known political figure, emerges as people begin to take notice and pay attention to him​. When he, an insignificant figure first challenged Douglas, no one thought he would last but he was able to hold his own, opening up a world of opportunities for him and increasing his political popularity

Johnson Impeachment

Congress passed Tenure of Office Act (​president could not remove some military officials without Congressional approval) to protect Radical Republicans in Johnson's office ● Johnson went ahead and removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (who served as their spy) ● House impeached Johnson but Senate fell one vote short ○ 11 week trial ○ Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of 2⁄3 vote)

Freedman's Bureau

Created in 1865, this was essentially a primitive form of welfare for all freedmen and white refugees. Headed by Oliver O. Howard, this program primarily helped the underprivileged community in the educational factors; however, for many others, it hurt the blacks and immigrants by signing them to extremely cheap labor contracts to work on plantations, essentially almost reducing them back to slaves. Despite these obvious cheats, the South still was against it because it helped the inferior races become closer to equals with the superior white race. It expired in 1872 after Johnson vetoed its continuation.

Asylum Reform

DETAILS ● "Rehabilitation" goal of care in asylums, which had focused on confinement, shifted to reform of personal character ● Dorothea Dix​, a boston School teacher, took the lead in advocating state supported asylums for the mentally ill ● Dorothea also discovered that people were placed in prisons for debt, people were subjected to cruel punishment, and children were not treated any different than adults ○ attracted much attention to the movement by her report detailing the horrors to which the mentally ill were subjected ( i.e, being chained, kept in cages and closets, beaten with rods) ○ In response to her efforts, 28 states maintained mental institutions by 1860 ○ argued that people can change if they are placed in proper environments and given an education ○ responsible for helping eliminate sentencing for debt, ending cruel punishment, and getting states to establish juvenile court systems

Draft Riots

Draft Riots New York is split between Democratic party (Irish,German) and abolitionists/republicans Irish and German (immigrants, poor working class) do not want emancipation because freed slaves could take their jobs abolitionist movements get more attention with emancipation proclamation March 1863 marks a stricter draft law in which you could 1.pay to get out of ot 2. be black and not have to participate because they were "not citizens" changes lead to people to believe draft law was aimed at the poor working white class (Irish, German) people mad they have to go to "n igger war" military and government buildings (symbols of draft) destroyed then black orphanages and black places specifically targeted black men and women attacked and killed in brutal, tortuous ways white working class gladly eliminates black working class of city through riots, asserting white workers superiority as many blacks leave or are forced out of city to prevent further violence lasted 5 days, 11 men lynched the Rich started to buy their way out of the war with a mere sum of 300$, So Lincoln lost alot of support, but he still had the RIGHT people behind him.

"Uncle Tom's Cabin"

Even more popular that had an even greater effect than 12 years written by a white lady buy the name of Harriet Beecher Stowe

Liberal Republicans

Founded in 1872. Formed in response to the corruption of the US government as well as in opposition to military reconstruction. Along with the Democractic Party, they chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate.

Daniel Webster

He was one of the Whig leaders and one of the "senatorial giants" WebsterAshburton treaty: treaty which settled the Aroostook war which was caused by the dispute MaineCanada border. It was between Webster and Lord Ashburton of Britain. It roughly split the land at the Aroostook river. During the debate over California and Texas's entry into the union, Webster represented the north and urged them to compromise in his "Seventh March" speech He said that the lands of the Mexican Cession were to too dry to grow the prominent cash crops so there would be no need for slavery anyway. Many abolitionist thought he was a traitor with this belief of compromise. When the compromise of 1850 arose, Henry Clay, Stephen Douglas, and Webster all urged for the north to compromise.

Whig Party reason for decline

In the 1850s, the Whig party became extraordinarily dysfunctional over the topic of slavery while the Republican party formed primarily to keep slavery quarantined off in the south while Southern sentiment was for their right to move. ● the republican party while it also attracted many antislavery democrats drew off so many whigs that they effectively killed the Whig Party The whigs were also in decline by the shortlived Native American or KnowNothing party which was primarily antiimmigrant and antiCatholic. ● the party was strong in urban areas, which has also been a Whig stronghold ● the last year the Whigs has a presidential candidate was in 1856

Andrew Johnson

In the election of 1864, Johnson is nominated as Abraham Lincoln's running mate and after his assassination he was in charge of Restoration: May 1865 he unleashes his Restoration Plan in which the exConfederate states had to recognize the abolishment of slavery by ratifying the 13th Amendment. Johnson then provided for the disfranchisement of the highranking confederate officials because he seriously disliked the plantation system and the disregard for small farms. He ended up losing popularity because of his veto towards two important bills in 1866 which were the Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Bill which would have nullified the Black Codes as well as granted full citizenship to African Americans. He then violated the Tenure of Office Act which sparked the April 1868 impeachment case. This failed by a single vote that would declare the 2/3rds majority to remove Johnson. Made a public speaking tour known as the "swing around the circle". He argued that equality for blacks would lead to an Africanized society and that this black code that the republicans wanted to install were too quixotic and discriminatory against the white poorment.

Popular Sovereignty

Introduced by Samuel A. Douglas, popular sovereignty it gave the idea that a territory should get to decide whether or not to support slavery within its land via a vote by the people inhabiting the land​. This was employed after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, upon which the territories of New Mexico and Utah were allowed popular sovereignty​to choose whether or not to support slavery. Also came up in the KansasNebraska Act

Field Order 15

Issued by William T. Sherman following his March to the Sea. Provided for the confiscation of 40,000 acres along South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and redistribution of this land amongst freed blacks.

Compromise of 1850

January 29, 1950: Henry Clay proposed plan that results in five statutes: 1. California admitted as free state 2. Territory of NM created w/o reference to slavery, as well as Utah 3. Fugitive Slave Law a. no jury trial b. those who did not arrest slave, essentially complicit 4. Banned slaves from being brought into D.C. for transport or sale 5. Texas paid $10 million

Radical Republicans

Led by Thaddeus "Old Thad" Stevens' Motivated by 3 main factors: revenge: punish South for causing war Concern for freedmen: want federal gov to protect and support Political concerns: keep Republican Party in power both North and South Supported protective tariffs, Probusiness national banking system, Liberal land policies for settlers, federal aid for railroad development demonstrated Congress supremacy over President: Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14th Amendment, The Tenure of Office Act which was an attempt to impeach Pres Andrew Johnson for firing Edwin M Stanton Created a VERY integrated America by the time people stopped liking them ***14th Amendment*** Important aspect was no confederate could ever hold office South never really transformed under them, just forced at gunpoint

Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise Cause: Missouri was a territory that applied for statehood as a slave state. But the government wanted to keep the balance between the number of free and slave states. Action: it was admitted but in turn, Maine branched off of massachusetts and became its own, free state. Result: 36 30 line is formed north of missouri = separating slave and free states. this signified that the issue of slavery would come back to bite the growing us as the government got lucky with this and how well it worked out with Maine and stuff. *how constitutional was it for the government to decide where slavery could not be? (41 yrs til civil war)

Jefferson Davis

President of the Southern Confederacy. Faced trouble trying to unite the South because of Southern state's righters.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Prominent 19th entury suffragist and civil rights activist who helped organize the first women's rights convention in 1848 (Seneca Falls Convention) and formed the National Women's Loyal League with Susan B. Anthony in 1863. Stanton composed the Declaration of Sentiments which declared that all men and women are created equal. She led way to the passage of the 19th Amendment which allowed women the right to vote.

Kansas Nebraska Compromise

Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas, this Compromise called for the Nebraska territory to be split into two (Kansas and Nebraska) and for these territories to have slavery decided by popular sovereignty (essentially negating the Missouri Compromise of 1820) Supported by president and much of the South (chance to gain a new slave state) Hated by Free soilers and many Northerners because it infringed on the Missouri Compromise

Growing West

REASONS FOR MOVING WEST (also links into the Free Response Question!!!) ● Political Reforms ​ Between 1791 1819, nine frontier territories became states which were some of the most democratic areas of the country → to attract citizens, they offered many political, social, and economic reforms, such as extending the right to vote to white males, instead of property owning men ● Improved Transportation ● Economic opportunitie ○ Construction on the Cumberland Road began in 1811 and prove a vital transportation route for settlers moving westward ○ Steamships (Robert FUlton) were first used in western waters in 1811 and would offer cheap transportation west ○ Tobacco planters were running out of land on the eastern seaboard and needed new land for crops ○ Many merchant families had been hit hard by the embargoes and thus sought new opportunities west ● More land was available the Battles of Tippecanoe and Horseshoe Bend had cleared most lands east of the Miss Riv of hostile Native Americans ● Cheap land​ Western states wanted the US gov to offer land at a cheap price so as to attract settlers As a result, many are attracted because of cheap land and more opportunities in democratic west than in the eastern states ○ Land Act of 1820​ authorized sale of land at $1.25 per acre

Utopian Movements

Shakers ​ led by Mother Ann Lee ● used dancing as a worship of practice ● practiced celibacy, separating the sexes ● worked hard, lived simply (built furniture) and impressed outsiders with their cleanliness and order ● lacking any natural increasing, membership began to decline after 1850 The Oneida Community ​ ● practiced free love, birth control, and eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring ● ironically survived as a capitalistic venture, selling baskets and cutlery ( kitchen utensils) Brook Farm New Harmony Robert Owens

Scalawags

Southerners who joined the Republican party during Reconstruction. Most were former Whigs. Scalawags wanted blacks in political power as long as they were there to help Scalawags run things and not try to run things themselves. Many entered politics in an attempt to modernize the South both socially and economically.

Thaddeus Stevens

Thaddeus Stevens was the most powerful radical in the House. He had defended run away slaves in court without fee and insisted on being buried in a black cemetery. He seriously hated white rebellious southerners and was a leading figure on the Joint (House Senate) Committee on Reconstruction. He promoted the 14th Amendment and the major reconstruction legislation.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union commander, awesome, Who: Had been a mediocre student at West Point, distinguishing himself only in horsemanship. His first success came in Tennessee (Fort Henry and Fort Donelson)→ it was crucial because it riveted Kentucky more securely to the Union but also opened the gateway to the strategically important region of Tennessee, as well as Georgia. He lost a tough battle at Shiloh. Grant was also successful in capturing Vicksburg, Mississippi which was important because it secured the Mississippi River. grant vs. lee Grant had the mindset that he could send out as many men he needed in battle (thousands) to win against the Confederates, ultimately because he knew that he could afford to lose twice as many men while Lee could not. His outrageousness of sending men without a second thought caused the public to dislike him and demanded him to be dismissed but of course he didn't leave. Finally, Grant was able to capture Richmond, Virginia April 1865, cornering Lee at Appomattox Courthouse. Lee formally surrendered and the war was officially over.

Indian Removal Act

What: Act passed by Congress in 1830 that transplanted all Indian tribes living East of the Mississippi. Jackson's policy that forced uprooting of >100,000 Indians and most were in the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles) Cause: Jackson wanted Western expansion Effect: Bureau of Indian Affairs made in 1836 to administer relations with Indians. Indians fought back (Sauk and Fox braves resisted eviction). See Worcester v Georgia

McCormick Reaper

What: A horsedrawn contraption that was able to harvest crops at a much faster rate than human labor could Cause: Much like the cotton gin, the reaper was created to make the lives of farmers easier and more efficient Effect: Initially met with skepticism, this revolutionized the farming of crops, making harvesting grains much quicker and more effective. Also led to a backlash from paid farm laborers, as they had to compete with the machine for their jobs

Monroe Doctrine

What: A stern warning to European powers to that had two basic features: (1) noncolonization and (2) nonintervention. Monroe declared that the period of colonization in the Americas had ended, and thus no Old World governments could seize any more land. Monroe also trumpeted a warning against foreign intervention of Latin American fights for independence. Cause: America feared international influence because of a period of worldwide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon's fall. Also many Latin American countries were gaining independence from Spain, and the United States thought that these colonies might be taken over by other European powers which would threaten American security. Effect: Doctrine had a lasting impact beyond Monroe's time in office. Other presidents had invoked it to deal with their foreign affairs issues.

Land Ordinance 1785

What: Provided that the acreage of the Northwest should be sold and the proceeds used to pay of the national debt from the Revolutionary War. The vast area was surveyed before sale and settlement. It was to be divided into townships six miles square, each of which in turn was to be split into 36 sections. The 16th section was set aside to be sold for the benefit of public schools. Cause: New Northwest Territory was acquired by the US, and Congress set about finding a way to properly distribute the land Effect: The orderly settlements eliminated the endless confusion and lawsuits of vague land ownership. The land allocation for public schools was a priceless gift to education in the Northwest. Brought forth the issue of slavery in new territories.

Gag Rule

What: Required all antislavery appeals to be tabled (cancelled) without debate. Cause: Southerners were annoyed with mass amounts of antislavery petitions Effect: Violated "freedom of press" and highlighted the tensions of slavery leading up to the Civil War

Nullification Doctrine

What: Right of state to override federal government (nullify) Cause: Basis of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Jefferson used to oppose Federalists. John Calhoun supported the doctrine in his document South Carolina Exposition and Protest in response to south opposition to Tariff of Abominations (1828). Effect: Crisis between South Carolina and the federal government in 183233 as the state tried to declare null and void the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 through Ordinance of Nullification. Threatened secession if federal government tried to collect the tariffs by force and was resolved in favor of the federal government which undermined the nullification doctrine. Jackson issued Proclamation to the South Carolina people and asserted supremacy of the federal government. Force Bill passed which authorized Jackson to use military to collect tariff duties and also passed Compromise Tariff of 1833 to reduce these duties. South Carolina responded by rescinding Ordinance of Nullification but also nullified the Force Bill.

Tariff of Abominations

What: Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by southern planters. Cause: Jacksonites thought they would tarnish Adams if the bill of high tariffs was defeated. Effect: John C. Calhoun (John Q. Adam's VP) anonymously protested his own leadership's bill. He suggested that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state. South Carolina wrote against the tariff and tried to nullify the tariff and eventually were successful. This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities which would essentially lead to the civil war.

Wade Davis Bill

What: The Radical Republicans thought Lincoln was being way too lenient with the South, therefore, they decided to push this bill forward at 50% instead of the original 10% plan. Cause: The Radical Republicans feared that the leniency would allow the Southerners to reenslave newly freed blacks and give power to the planter aristocracy. Effect: Lincoln pocketvetoed the bill by letting it expire so that the 10% plan would remain.

American System

What: This system had 3 main parts. First, a strong banking system to provide easy and abundant credit. Second, a protective tariff to allow eastern manufacturing to flourish. Third, tariff revenues would supply the funds for a network of roads and canals to connect the North, South, East, and West. Cause: Created by Henry Clay as a result of increased nationalism from the War of 1812. The plan was aimed at developing a profitable home market. Effect: Attempts to secure federal funding for roads and canals failed with veto from Madison who declared it unconstitutional. Jeffersonians choked on the idea direct federal support of intrastate internal improvements. New England also disliked the idea of federally funded transportation that would drain their population and create competing states.

Black Codes

What: Were enacted by new southern leaders and forbade Blacks from serving on a jury and some even prohibited them from buying or renting land. They could be punished for leaving their jobs and were forced into apprenticeships (unpaid labor) Effect: Northerners were angry because they had fought so hard to earn the freedom of the Blacks and it had basically become for naught.

Trail of Tears

What: Worcester vs. Georgia was a response to Jackson's Indian Removal Act. Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court, but Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision. At this time, the Cherokees had largely met the government's demands ​to assimilate into Westernstyle democratic institutions. Still, the Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in presentday Oklahoma. Cause: Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity. Result: The migration caused devastating hunger, disease, and exhaustion. Killed about 4,000 Cherokees.

Know Nothing Party

aka the American Party; major political force from 18541855; objective: to extend period of naturalization, undercut immigrant voting strengths, and keep aliens in their place. Was a party that flourished in the 1850s which was an outgrowth of the strong antiimmigration and antiRoman Catholic sentiments (caused by the rising tide of German and Irish immigrants in the east who posed as a threat to the economic and political security of nativeborn Protestant Americans ● it called for restrictions on immigration, the exclusion of foreignborn from voting for holding public office and for a 21 year residency requirement for citizenship ● passed the KansasNebraska Act in 1854 ● the party split over the proslavery platform and flocked to join either the Whig or the Democratic parties

Eli Whitney

cotton gin → revolutionized South into a plantation economy run on the chains and bondage of slavery interchangeable parts → strengthened the North by giving them the means to quickly assemble weapons & products; basically heightened industry production of cotton = profitable pushed expansion westward as more land cleared for cotton became basis of assembly line, mass production methods gave North military preponderance over South helped North flourish with industry *Caused the civil war and ended it (metaphorically)

Henry Clay

who: Henry Clay was a 19th century U.S. politician who served in Congress and as secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams What he did: Speaker of House, lots of compromises, ran for president and lost a lot, head of Whig Party at first he was a very successful lawyer, elected Speaker of the House in House of Representatives came into congress as War Hawk​(wanted to confront British over conscription of American seamen) and his political pressure was one of the factors in causing the War of 1812​, negotiated the treaty of Ghent "The Great Compromiser" pushed for settlement between the slave states and rest of country ===> Missouri Compromise stopped secession of South Carolina ===> Clay's Compromise Tariff of 1833​(slowly lower the tariff over time) California ​up setting the balance ===> Clay introduces bill to get California in Union for Texas boundary line fugitive slave law, abolition of slavery in the District of Colombia secretary of state​to Adams, lost popularity due to scandal (the election ended in a tie therefore it went to the House and people suspected Clay put in vote for Adams to receive Secretary of State in return), because Jackson upset he would not let Clay's plans pass any longer joined senate and ran for president in 1831 but wants to recharter the bank and voters do not so Jackson wins becomes ahead of Whig party ​and runs for president again in 1844 but people want to annex texas and he does not so he loses again

Mormon Movement

● 1830 Joseph Smith​claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with Book of Mormon inscribed on them → formed the new denomination of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ● Antagonism emerged due to Morman acceptance of polygamy and practices of drilling militia and voting as a unit ● Smith was killed but succeeded b Brigham Young,​who led followers to Utah

Mexican American War

● Americans are determined to move westward from sea to shining sea ● Texas is annexed by US in 1845 & becomes 28th state in the union ○ Mex argues that boundary is still the Nueces Riv not the Rio Grande ○ US provokes Mex army to attack them along Rio Grande Riv ● 1844 John Polk runs a campaign of expansion and pledges to expand the US if elected; when elected he interprets this as a mandate to expand the nation from the people ● After he provokes Mex army and American troops are attacked, he goes to congress for approval for war ○ This prompts questions from Abraham Lincoln ("Spot Resolution")​and Henry David Thoreau protests against this ("Civil Disobedience") EFFECT ● Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ○ US pays Mex 15 mil and additional 3 mill to Mex citizens who make claims against US military ○ Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado are ceded to the US ( Mexican Cession) Cause: Mexico and Santa Ana destroy rebels in Texas Then, there was a coup in Mexico which signified instability Action: the US goes in and annexes Mexican territory (on their own whim) (Mexico can't do anything to stop them so how much are they allowed to take? They wanted up to the Rio Grande and so Zachary Taylor, a military person, went to monitor the border and Slidel went to Mexico City to negotiate. US fakes evidence which proves attacks from Mexico on US in order to justify taking Mexico's land. Lincoln writes Spot Resolution against it. REsult: first war for expansion and not defense

Texas Dilemma

● Mexico won independence from Spain in 1823 ○ in effort to attract settlers, even American settlers, it offered generous terms ○ Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans 3 to 1 ○ 1829 Mexican gov banned slavery in Texas region and stated that all migrants would have ● Texas dilemma escalates further when Santa Anna ​overthrew Mex gov in 1834 and declared himself dictator and soon after stated that Mexico's laws would now be enforced in Texas ○ Texas, under leadership of Sam Houston,​declared their independence by stating that ○ Santa Anna invaded TX and at the famous Battle of Alamo slaughters defending Texans ○ But Texas Army, under Sam Houston, surprised Mex army at the San Jacinto Riv and to convert to Roman Catholic religion → Americans ignored the demands and continued to migrate Texas was now an independent republic captured Santa Anna, forcing him to sign a treaty that stated Mexico would recognize the independence of the Republic of Texas and that its southern border would stretch all the way t the Rio Grande River ● Sam Houston applied immediately for Texas to be annexed by US ○ Jackson and Adams ignored his request, knowing that North would oppose annexation ○ President John Tyler tried to annex Texas​ Brits were in cahoots (ha) with Texas about because Texas would be a slave state, as well as issue with possible war with Mex annexing territory and Tyler wanted to block their efforts (Brit rule in Tex would threaten US in America); used the last remaining time of his presidency to do so

Northwest Ordinance 1787

● Passed July 13, 1787 by the Continental Congress ● It was a group of laws that established a system of government for the territory north of the Ohio River (Northwest Territory). ○ Set up procedures for admitting new states: *Guaranteed all persons freedom of worship and trial by jury. Slavery was forbidden, public education was encouraged, Indians were promised fair treatment. Territories included: Ohio (1803), Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), Michigan (1837), Wisconsin (1848).

Bloody Shirt Campaign

● Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant, who was a great Civil War general but had no experience ● The Democrats could only denounce military Reconstruction and couldn't agree on anything else → very disorganized but chose Horatio Seymour ● The Republicans got Grant elected (barely) by waving the bloody shirt or reliving his war victories and used his popularity to elect him

Corruption under President Grant

● Though Grant was almost surely innocent in the following cases of government scandals, his greatest fault was in naively hiring men who were prone to dishonesty, many of which he considered loyal friends ○ Black Friday Scandal​ Jim Fiske and Jay Gould tried to corner the gold market by ○ Tweed Ring (AKA Tammany Hall) of NYC ○ Credit Mobilier Scandal​ ○ Salary Grab Act ○ Whiskey RIng Scandal convincing Grant to stop the sale of the nation's gold → he realized too late what had happened ■ Boss "Tweed" employed bribery, graft, and fake elections to cheat the city of $200 million ■ Tweed was finally caught when the New York Times secured evidence of his misdeeds and Tweed was convicted and imprisoned ■ Officials of the Union Pacific Railroad were given money by the government to build a railroad ■ The officials created a fake construction company, which they stashed gov money into and all the while bribing gov officials to save nothing ■ In 1873 Congress voted for very large increases in salary for the president and all congressmen ■ Public outrage allowed the Democrats to gain control of the government in the next elections ■ Makers of whiskey and gov treasury officials embezzled millions of dollars from excise taxes on whiskey and some of Grant's closest friends were involved in the scandal (Grant's own private secretary) ■ Grant was almost found to be involved in scandal as he naively accepted bribes from corrupt agents believing they were the perks of the president

Market Revolution

● Though there was a brief panic in 1819, for the most part, American economy experienced great growth during the 1st part of the 1800s, which resulted in the development of a new American economy ○ Prior to 1820s, many families were self sufficient ○ But after 1820s, American market is forever changed farmers of South and West fed the ● Factors that contributed to Market Revolution ○ Improvements in Transportation workers of the cities of the Midwest and North, who in turn supplied farmers with manufactured goods ■ Steam engine​brought many changes to American economy ■ Canal Boom ● Steamboat allowed farmers to move good much less expensively and more efficiently upstream and downstream ● birth of trains and railroad system linked farms in west with markets in east, giving farmers more buyers for goods ● 1825 Erie Canal completed and linked farmers in Ohio region with large markets in big northeastern cities ● Soon after, there would be a boom of canals throughout Midwest region ○ Growing Population ​American population swelled due to an improved quality of life ○ Economic Boom (higher birth rates and longer lives) and large increases in foreign immigration ■ Created more buyers and more workers to employ, thus giving manufacturers a reason to build many factories and expand American economy ■ In south, Cotton became King highly profitable and the dominant crop of the south due to Eli Whitney's development of the cotton gin​, which allowed for easy separation of seeds from cotton fiber ■ In North, mass production of products and the factory system spread to all industries, due to Eli Whitney's system of interchangeable parts ● Effects of Market Revolution ○ Women ○ Social structure ○ Slavery ■ NY passed law that allowed businesses to become corporations and sell shares of their stock publicly to private investors → allowed companies to raise large amount of capital for the expansion of business ■ 1791 Samuel Slater built 1st American factory ■ Women no longer had to work alongside their families on the farm ■ they gained more control over their lives > arranged marriage becoming less common and single women had opportunities to seek employment in cities ■ gap between wealthy and the poor increased as the wealthy became industry leaders and large plantation owners but wages of workers and overall standard of living eventually started to increase with reform ■ slavery had been present throughout the colonial and early US periods ■ rise of King Cotton = incredible demand for slaves in the south

Robert E. Lee

● West point Military Academy graduate, general in chief for Confederacy (felt obligated to fight for his native state, Virginia) one of the greatest generals of US history ● Lee distinguished himself as a brave battle commander in the Mexican War ● launched a devastating counterattack during the Seven Day's Battles (Civil War) in 1862 in which the Confederates drove McClellan back to sea (led them to abandon Peninsula Campaign) ● In the Second Battle of Bull Run, he defeated Federal General John Pope and thrust in Maryland ● Federal troops under McClellan found a copy of his battle plans and halted Lee at Antietam in 1862 (important war that stopped international intervention) ● In Richmond, Grant faced Lee in his "Wilderness Campaign" and defeated him , causing Lee's rate of loss to be the highest of any general in the war ● saved from being hanged as a traitor bc of Lincoln and Grant