Unit 3 Test Questions

Which event does not occur when the normal GFR is decreased? dilation of efferent arterioles contraction of mesangial cells dilation of afferent arterioles constriction of efferent arterioles

dilation of efferent arterioles

Which blood vessel(s) deliver(s) blood to the glomerulus? efferent arteriole arcuate arteries peritubular capillaries afferent arteriole

afferent arteriole

What terminology describes a series of transverse folds in the lining of the small intestine? taeniae coli haustra circular folds rugae

circular folds

Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla? proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct distal convoluted tubule nephron loop

collecting duct

Variable secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is a specific function of which renal structure? proximal convoluted tubule collecting system distal convoluted tubule nephron loop

collecting system

Which activity expends the greatest amount of energy per hour? competitive swimming jogging climbing stairs speed walking

competitive swimming

The detrusor muscle moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. Correct compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. surrounds the renal pelvis. functions as the external urinary sphincter. functions as the internal urinary sphincter.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact? evaporation convection conduction radiation

conduction

Which type of teeth, also known as canine teeth, are conical, with a sharp ridgeline and a pointed tip? Which type of teeth, also known as canine teeth, are conical, with a sharp ridgeline and a pointed tip? cuspids molars bicuspids incisors

cuspids

Which nutrient group provides vitamins A, B12, pantothenic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin? dairy vegetables fruits grains

dairy

Ascites, the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, would not be caused by dehydration. liver disease. heart failure. cancer. kidney disease.

dehydration

Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra? internal urethral sphincter trigone external urethral sphincter detrusor muscle

detrusor muscle

The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes. urinary retention dysuria renal calculi incontinence pyelonephritis

dysuria

Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP? citric acid cycle glycolysis glycolysis + citric acid cycle electron transport system None of the answers is correct.

electron transport system

The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of diffusion. facilitated diffusion. cotransport. osmosis. energy-dependent exchange pump.

energy-dependent exchange pump.

The nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons have an important function that other parts of the nephron do not share. What is this function? secretion of drugs and toxins reabsorption of glucose establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla reabsorption of water and ions

establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla

Which structure is the remnant of the ventral mesentery between the liver and the anterior wall of the peritoneal cavity? lesser omentum greater omentum falciform ligament mesentery proper

falciform ligament

Which structure is composed of a layer of collagen fibers that covers the entire outer surface of the kidney? fibrous capsule renal fascia peritoneum perinephric fat capsule

fibrous capsule

Which transport mechanism(s) results from blood pressure that forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space? reabsorption secretion filtration reabsorption and secretion

filtration

Multi-unit smooth muscle cells __________. form the smooth muscle tissue located in the iris of the eye show rhythmic cycles of activity triggered by pacesetter cells lack a direct contact with any motor neuron are arranged in sheets or layers, with adjacent muscle cells electrically connected by gap junctions

form the smooth muscle tissue located in the iris of the eye

Which region of the stomach is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus? cardia fundus pylorus body

fundus

Which digestive hormone is secreted when fats and carbohydrates, especially glucose, enter the small intestine? vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) secretin cholecystokinin (CCK) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Which of these hormones stimulates the digestive activity of the stomach? cholecystokinin (CCK) secretin vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gastrin

gastrin

In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following? chylomicrons pyruvate lactase insulin

insulin

Which of the following body systems is not involved in capturing or creating energy that is used to maintain one's metabolism? muscular cardiovascular lymphatic digestive integumentary

integumentary

Which of the following is a structure of the portal triad? liver sinusoid central vein interlobular artery hepatic vein

interlobular artery

The bile duct: produces digestive enzymes and buffers. is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. is the duct that immediately leads out of the gallbladder. is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts.

is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct.

Convection __________. is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact changes a liquid to a vapor is energy similar to radiant heat from the sun

is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body.

The jejunum: is the longest segment of the small intestine, averaging 3.5 meters (11.5 ft.) in length. receives chyme from the stomach and digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver. is the segment closest to the stomach. is the site where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.

is the site where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.

Glucose: is absorbed and converted to pyruvate as needed by the liver. leaves the cytosol of the epithelial cells and reaches the interstitial fluid by simple diffusion. is transported to the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein. is generally used for catabolism after protein and lipid sources are used.

is transported to the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein.

Which structure filters the blood? renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop collecting duct

renal corpuscle

Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______. ADH aldosterone angiotensin II renin

renin

An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that assists in the digestion of milk proteins is pepsin. rennin. gastrin. cholecystokinin. trypsin.

rennin.

The filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle has: a lower osmotic concentration than plasma. a higher osmotic concentration than plasma. the same osmotic concentration as plasma. the same composition as plasma and contains plasma proteins.

the same osmotic concentration as plasma.

Which of the following basic food groups provides complete proteins? fruits grains meat, fish, eggs, and legumes vegetables

meat, fish, eggs, and legumes

Metabolic complications of the urinary system associated with diabetes result in: dysuria polyuria urinary retention anuria

polyuria

Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential for liver synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors? vitamin A vitamin D3 vitamin E vitamin K

vitamin K

Glucose is reabsorbed _______. by secondary active transport into the peritubular capillaries by facilitated diffusion through transmembrane proteins All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

An excess of which water-soluble vitamin results in polycythemia? B3 (niacin) B12 (cobalamin) B6 (pyroxidine) B2 (riboflavin)

B12 (cobalamin)

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT? 50 90 75 25 99

99

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day. 250 mL 1200 mL 2500 mL 500 mL 25 mL

1200 mL

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules. 2 pyruvate 4 NADH 4 ATP 2 CO2 2 H2O

2 pyruvate

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 60 mm Hg 50 mm Hg 35 mm Hg 25 mm Hg

25 mm Hg

Which description of the alkaline tide is true? Hydrogen ions are generated inside chief cells. The chloride ions are actively transported into the lumen of the gastric gland. The hydrogen ions diffuse across the cell and exit through channels into the lumen of the gastric gland. A countertransport mechanism ejects the bicarbonate ions into the interstitial fluid.

A countertransport mechanism ejects the bicarbonate ions into the interstitial fluid.

Which is incorrect regarding smooth muscle in the digestive tract? Which is incorrect regarding smooth muscle in the digestive tract? Hormonal factors can alter the degree of tension. Smooth muscle can contract over a range of lengths due to plasticity. Wherever smooth muscle tissue forms layers, the cells are aligned parallel to one another. A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules.

A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules.

Neural responses triggered by angiotensin II stimulate the release of ______. renin urea aldosterone ADH

ADH

Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct? Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels. Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule. Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption.

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.

_______ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs) Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Which response is coordinated by the heat-gain center? Shivering decreases body temperature. In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases. Parasympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medullae releases epinephrine. The vasomotor center increases blood flow to the dermis.

In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.

Which statement accurately describes the pharyngeal phase of swallowing? It is strictly voluntary. It begins with the compression of the bolus against the hard palate. It begins as the contraction of pharyngeal muscles forces the bolus through the entrance to the esophagus. It begins when tactile receptors on the palatal arches and uvula are stimulated.

It begins when tactile receptors on the palatal arches and uvula are stimulated.

Why is glucose the primary energy source for cells? Glycogenolysis occurs very quickly, even though it is a very complex pathway. Glycolysis provides a large amount of ATP. Glucose is a large, insoluble molecule. It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules.

It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules.

Choose the correct statement regarding the liver. The round ligament extends along the edges of the bare area. It temporarily stores the bile it produces. The porta hepatis carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum. It functions in the maintenance of normal concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream.

It functions in the maintenance of normal concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream.

Which of the following is characteristic of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion? It involves the enterogastric reflex. It is stimulated by the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. During this phase, gastrin stimulates contractions in the muscularis externa of the stomach and intestinal tract. It involves postganglionic parasympathetic innervation of mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells, and G cells of the stomach.

It involves the enterogastric reflex.

Which is true regarding the defecation reflex? The short reflex stimulates mass movements that push feces toward the rectum from the descending colon and sigmoid colon. Stimulation of the myenteric plexus in the sigmoid colon and rectum results in decreased local peristalsis. It involves two positive feedback loops. Stimulation of sympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord results in stimulation of somatic motor neurons.

It involves two positive feedback loops.

Why might the positive feedback loop described above potentially cause damage to digestive organs? Why might the positive feedback loop described above potentially cause damage to digestive organs? It will cause the stomach pH to get lower and lower It will diminish the activity of parietal cells It will result in very high gastrin concentrations, which are toxic to the body It will lead to indigestion and constipation

It will cause the stomach pH to get lower and lower

Which statement regarding the citric acid cycle is true? The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm. Its function is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. An acetyl group, CH3CO, from acetyl-CoA is attached to a six-carbon molecule. Cytochromes are the coenzymes that play a key role in the citric acid cycle.

Its function is to remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Which characteristic of H. pylori is most likely an adaptation to deal with the stomach's powerful muscle contractions that churn its contents? Its surface adhesins Its ability to sense chemical gradients Its preference for the pyloric antrum Its stimulation of G cells

Its surface adhesins

Which component, of those listed below, has the lowest concentration (mEq/L or mg/dL) in both plasma and dialysis fluid? Cl- K+ glucose Na+

K+

Which liver cells are phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens, cell debris, and damaged blood cells? acinar cells enteroendocrine cells Kupffer cells (stellate macrophages) hepatocytes

Kupffer cells (stellate macrophages)

Which statement regarding long-term regulation of appetite is true? Neuropeptide Y, a hypothalamic neurotransmitter, stimulates the feeding center. Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center. Ghrelin, which is secreted by the gastric mucosa, stimulates appetite. Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state

Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center.

Which characteristic correctly applies to lipid metabolism? Stored lipids provide large amounts of ATP very quickly. Most lipids can be synthesized on demand. Triglyceride reserves are water-soluble droplets. Excess lipids can be stored as pyruvate.

Most lipids can be synthesized on demand.

Which event does not occur in the distal convoluted tubule? A combination of secretion and reabsorption further alters the solute composition of the tubular fluid. Sodium ions are reabsorbed in exchange for potassium ions. Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption occurs. Osmosis pulls water out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid.

Osmosis pulls water out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid.

Which characteristic of saliva is correct? Parasympathetic stimulation accelerates secretion by all the salivary glands. About 70 percent of the saliva originates in the sublingual salivary glands. Buffers in the saliva keep the pH of the mouth near 4.0. Collectively, the salivary glands produce 200 mL of saliva each day.

Parasympathetic stimulation accelerates secretion by all the salivary glands.

Both secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulate secretion from the liver and pancreas. Which of the following statements correctly describes their related functions? CCK stimulates production of digestive juices, while secretin relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter so the juices can be released. Secretin increases production of bile by the liver, while CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract, releasing the bile that was already made. CCK stimulates secretions that increase the pH of chyme, while secretin stimulates secretions that decrease its pH. Both hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic enzymes.

Secretin increases production of bile by the liver, while CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract, releasing the bile that was already made.

Choose the correct characteristic regarding the short-term mechanism of control of the hypothalamic satiety and feeding centers. Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate appetite. Inhibition of stretch receptors along the digestive tract, especially in the stomach, causes a sense of satiation. The hormone leptin, secreted by the gastric mucosa, stimulates appetite. Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state.

Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state.

Which nervous system structure(s) inhibits micturition by relaxing the detrusor and contracting the internal urethral sphincter? parasympathetic afferent impulses Stretch receptor impulses activate sympathetic outflow. Baroreceptors stimulate the pontine reflexes. efferent fibers in the pelvic nerves

Stretch receptor impulses activate sympathetic outflow.

Which event correctly occurs under maximum ADH stimulation? Facultative water reabsorption occurs in the PCT. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the DCT. The DCT and collecting system become impermeable to water. The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.

The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.

Which is true regarding lipoproteins and lipid transport and distribution? The liver absorbs triglycerides and removes the chylomicrons. Capillary walls contain the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which breaks down the triglycerides. The HDLs return the unused cholesterol to the liver, where it is extracted and packaged in new LDLs or excreted with bile salts in bile. The liver releases high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) into the circulation, which deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues.

The HDLs return the unused cholesterol to the liver, where it is extracted and packaged in new LDLs or excreted with bile salts in bile.

Which is correct regarding the heat-gain center's conservation of body heat? The vasomotor center increases blood flow to the dermis. Vasodilation and shunting of blood to the skin surface occurs. The respiratory centers are stimulated. The countercurrent exchange of heat from the periphery traps heat near the body core.

The countercurrent exchange of heat from the periphery traps heat near the body core.

H. pylori probably prefers the pyloric antrum, because The environment is slightly less acidic Gastrin is produced in the antrum Fewer immune system cells that could kill the bacteria reside there More pepsinogen can be found in that region

The environment is slightly less acidic

Which statement regarding amino acid metabolism is true? Liver cells must break down amino acids into urea, a toxic compound. When broken down in the mitochondrion, the energy yield of an amino acid is negligible. The body synthesizes all 10 essential amino acids. The removal of the amino group is the first step in amino acid catabolism.

The removal of the amino group is the first step in amino acid catabolism.

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center? The respiratory centers are stimulated. A gradual increase in muscle tone occurs. The vasomotor center is stimulated. Hormones are released to increase the metabolic activity of all tissues.

The respiratory centers are stimulated.

Which statement regarding the kidneys is false? The right kidney lies slightly superior to the left kidney. The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs. Each kidney is stabilized and protected by three concentric layers of connective tissue. The kidneys lie between vertebrae T12 and L3.

The right kidney lies slightly superior to the left kidney.

Which is a characteristic of oxidative phosphorylation? The stepwise passage of electrons by coenzymes embedded in the cristae of the mitochondrion releases energy. It results in the production of pyruvate. The diffusion of potassium ions powers the production of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm using a series of enzymatic reactions.

The stepwise passage of electrons by coenzymes embedded in the cristae of the mitochondrion releases energy.

What is the definition of metabolism? The synthesis of more complex molecules from simple molecules or atoms. The rate of a chemical reaction is equal in the forward and reverse directions. The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions. The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules.

The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions.

Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis. There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule. NAD accepts carbon atoms that can be transferred to mitochondria. It is an aerobic process that breaks down a six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. It occurs in the mitochondrion.

There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule.

Which is the function of parietal cells? They secrete an inactive proenzyme called pepsinogen. They produce a variety of hormones. They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining. They produce enzymes important for the digestion of milk.

They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.

What is the function of countercurrent multiplication? To increase the flow of fluids and solutes through the nephron to increase urine volume. To reduce the reabsorption of solutes in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). To create a concentration gradient in the renal medulla that permits the production of concentrated urine. To decrease the blood flow to the juxtamedullary nephrons.

To create a concentration gradient in the renal medulla that permits the production of concentrated urine.

Which of the following is not a general characteristic of normal urine? osmolarity of 855 to 1335 mOsm/L zero bacterial content a volume of 100 to 250 mL/day an average pH of 6.0

a volume of 100 to 250 mL/day

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to hematuric oliguria. excessive ADH secretion. dilation of the afferent arterioles. absence of ADH. overproduction of aldosterone.

absence of ADH.

Which is the common substrate for mitochondria in the citric acid cycle? acetate NAD FAD cytochromes

acetate

What mechanism is used to adjust the osmotic concentration of tubular fluid in the DCT and collecting system? filtration active transport continuous osmotic flow of water simple diffusion

active transport

What is a nutrient pool? the region in the mitochondria where hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules a general term for vitamins and minerals together an alternative term for a bolus of food in the digestive system an accessible source of substrates for a cell the metabolic reserves of the body as a whole

an accessible source of substrates for a cell

Which of the following is a stimulus that initiates the gastric phase of gastric secretion? chyme first enters the small intestine an increase in the pH of the gastric contents when one sees, smells, tastes, or thinks of food shrinkage of the stomach

an increase in the pH of the gastric contents

In the absorptive state of metabolic activity: insulin inhibits glucose uptake and glycogenesis. androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis. glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves. epinephrine is important in stimulating glycogenolysis in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis.

Chylomicrons: enter the bloodstream at the inferior vena cava. diffuse into blood capillaries. are lipoproteins-lipid-protein complexes that contain insoluble lipids. diffuse into the hepatic portal vein, after they are released from the intestinal cells by exocytosis.

are lipoproteins-lipid-protein complexes that contain insoluble lipids.

As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream? bicarbonate ions potassium ions phosphate ions sulfate ions

bicarbonate ions

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? water and small solutes nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea ions, such as sodium and potassium blood cells and large particles

blood cells and large particles

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, more urine is produced. the osmolarity of the urine decreases. less urine is produced. both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases. both less urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances? filtration pressure capsular colloid osmotic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure

capsular colloid osmotic pressure

Cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion __________. stimulates gastric motility stimulates insulin release at the pancreatic islets results in dilation of intestinal capillaries causes a relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder

causes a relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the chylomicrons. very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). None of the answers is correct.

chylomicrons

In the postabsorptive state of metabolic activity, __________. glucagon inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, primarily in the liver insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone also stimulate protein synthesis

glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves

Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources? glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis glycolysis glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

Which condition results when body fluids become saturated with uric acid? ketoacidosis gout kwashiorkor phenylketonuria

gout

Which mesentery is comprised of adipose tissue and conforms to the shapes of the surrounding organs, providing padding and protection? Which mesentery is comprised of adipose tissue and conforms to the shapes of the surrounding organs, providing padding and protection? mesocolon lesser omentum mesentery proper greater omentum

greater omentum

When the pH of body fluids decreases, which of the following are secreted in exchange for sodium ions reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule? potassium ions glucose hydrogen ions toxins and drugs

hydrogen ions

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) gravity colloid osmotic pressure of blood

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Regions of the stomach include all of the following except cardia. fundus. ileum. pylorus. body.

ileum

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. decrease secretion of aldosterone. increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. decrease urinary albumin concentration. increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except increase cardiac output. produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs. increase systemic blood pressure. increase the glomerular filtration rate. stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction.

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

Enteritis is: Enteritis is: a general term referring to inflammation of the colon. inflammation of the gallbladder. inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach. inflammation of the intestine.

inflammation of the intestine.

Which component of the mucosa consists of a layer of areolar tissue that also contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, and many other structures? submucosal plexus muscularis mucosae lamina propria villi

lamina propria

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are proteins. nucleic acids. lipids. carbohydrates. vitamins.

lipids.

The movement of materials along the digestive tract, as well as many secretory functions, is primarily controlled by which of the following? The movement of materials along the digestive tract, as well as many secretory functions, is primarily controlled by which of the following? parasympathetic motor fibers in the glossopharyngeal, vagus, or pelvic nerves enteroendocrine cells villi local factors

local factors

Movements unique to the large intestine are ________ movemnt pendular mass segmentation peristaltic writhing

mass

The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow. mesangial cells collecting duct cells podocytes dense layer

mesangial cells

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe. renal papilla major calyx renal pelvis minor calyx

minor calyx

Which type of teeth function in crushing and grinding and typically have three roots when found in the upper jaw? Which type of teeth function in crushing and grinding and typically have three roots when found in the upper jaw? bicuspids molars cuspids incisors

molars

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose. movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. splitting of oxygen molecules. combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water.

movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Which structure reabsorbs 25 percent of the water in the nephron? distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop collecting system

nephron loop

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? net filtration would increase net filtration would decrease net filtration would not be altered

net filtration would decrease

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? carbon dioxide (CO2) water (H2O) ATP oxygen (O2)

oxygen (O2)

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, cholecystokinin (CCK) release triggers the secretion of which enzyme? salivary amylase maltase gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) pancreatic alpha-amylase

pancreatic alpha-amylase

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called peristalsis. churning movements. pendular movements. mastication. segmentations.

peristalsis

The haustra of the large intestine: permit the expansion and elongation of the colon. consist of three separate longitudinal bands of smooth muscle. contain numerous teardrop-shaped sacs of fat. mark the end of the ascending colon.

permit the expansion and elongation of the colon.

The parotid salivary glands: produce a secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase. contain a mixture of secretory cells, some specialized for mucous secretion and others specialized for enzyme production. transport antibodies (IgA) into the saliva. produce a mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant.

produce a secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase.

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? chloride protein glucose creatinine

protein

Which metabolite(s) or nutrient(s) is/are not present in normal urine? nitrogenous wastes glucose lipids proteins

proteins

Chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase are examples of which type of major pancreatic enzymes that break down proteins? proteolytic enzymes pancreatic alpha-amylase nucleases pancreatic lipase

proteolytic enzymes

Glucose reabsorption occurs in the _______. descending limb of the loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule glomerular capsule collecting duct

proximal convoluted tubule

In which portion of the nephron and collecting system does the most reabsorption occur? nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule

proximal convoluted tubule

In which region of the nephron is tubular fluid first formed? nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

In the process of digestion, most nutrient absorption takes place in the liver. small intestine. stomach. large intestine. duodenum.

small intestine.

In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways. circular muscles the muscular layer muscularis mucosae longitudinal muscles sphincters

sphincters

Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin? causes gall bladder to contract stimulates gastric secretion stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid carries absorbed sugars and amino acids where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum

stimulates gastric secretion

The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium. Selected Answer: Correct stratified squamous Answers: transitional simple squamous pseudostratified stratified squamous stratified columnar

stratified squamous

The urethral lining consists of: stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice. stratified columnar epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder. transitional epithelium at the midpoint of the urethra. stratified squamous epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder.

stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice.

Which major layer of the digestive tract is a dense layer of irregular connective tissue that has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels? Which major layer of the digestive tract is a dense layer of irregular connective tissue that has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels? serosa mucosa submucosa muscularis externa

submucosa

Glucose is transported _______. through the basolateral membrane by secondary active transport through the basolateral membrane by cotransport with sodium through the apical membrane by facilitated diffusion through the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion

through the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion

What is the function of the vasa recta? to collect water and solutes reabsorbed by the nephron and deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron to collect blood from the capillaries of nephrons to return blood to the inferior vena cava

to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces nitrate. ketone bodies. acetyl-CoA. urea. water.

urea

The most abundant waste solute in urine is urea. protein. potassium. uric acid. creatinine.

urea

Which nitrogenous waste has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine? creatinine uric acid ammonia urea

uric acid

Which process, supported by the posterior margin of the soft palate, helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely? Which process, supported by the posterior margin of the soft palate, helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely? fauces vestibule uvula gingiva

uvula

While multiple hormones have a role in regulating digestion, only one of them affects absorption. Which hormone acts to increase the absorption of nutrients? cholecystokinin (CCK) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gastrin

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Beriberi is an effect of deficiency of which water-soluble vitamin? vitamin C (ascorbic acid) vitamin B1 (thiamine) vitamin B3 (niacin) vitamin B7 (biotin)

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Mary had most of her stomach surgically removed in an effort to overcome obesity. As a result, Mary can expect to be at risk for diarrhea. vitamin B12 deficiency. protein malnutrition. an ulcer. dehydration.

vitamin B12 deficiency.