Unit 4 AP Psych

D cochlea

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the A semicircular canal B ossicle C pinna D cochlea E oval window

B falls below the threshold for conscious detection

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that A can be detected 5 percent of the time B falls below the threshold for conscious detection C activates unconscious associations that affect perceptions, memories, and responses D has been transformed into neural impulses E triggers a diminished response due to constant activation

E opponent-process theory

After Sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by A retinal disparity B color constancy C selective attention D trichromatic theory E opponent-process theory

B Perceptual set

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating? A Functional fixedness B Perceptual set C Inattentional blindness D Bottom-up processing E Context-dependent memory

C sensory adaptation

After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates A anosmia B synesthesia C sensory adaptation D subliminal perception E the just-noticeable difference

B Opponent-process theory

After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? A Trichromatic theory B Opponent-process theory C Retinex theory D Color constancy E Convergence

A A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar

All summer Thomas hears the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following? A A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar B A greater difference threshold for hearing than Oscar C A deficit in a sensory system other than hearing D A greater amount of experience with approaching ice-cream trucks than Oscar E A tendency for confabulation

E semicircular canals

Balance is influenced by the A cochlea B basilar membrane C eardrum D auditory nerve E semicircular canals

B Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness? A Basilar membrane B Hammer, anvil, and stirrup C Auditory nerve D Temporal lobe E Central sulcus

B many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that A patterns are recognized exclusively by template matching B many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information C pattern recognition occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus D the retinal image must be upside down to be recognized E pattern recognition is better in normal-sighted individuals than in nearsighted or farsighted individuals

A Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals.

Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate? A Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals. B Perceptual constancy, because Luis still views the cat as a cat even though it appears as a moving picture. C Depth perception, because Luis needs both eyes to view the movement. D Color constancy, because the cat does not appear to change color. E Interposition, because the pictures are in a sequence that is logical.

B cones

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their A rods B cones C lens D optic nerve E occipital lobe

D people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives

People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that A a decrease in change blindness results from exposure to a carpentered world B a decrease in depth perception in illusions results from regular exposure to linear perspective C people in highly technological societies are generally less prone to visual illusions than are more primitive societies D people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives E people who are used to buildings with square corners are more likely to be affected by binocular depth cues

C visual cortex

Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the A lens B optic chiasm C visual cortex D fovea E cornea

A Retinal disparity

A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? A Retinal disparity B Linear perspective C Motion parallax D Relative size E Texture gradient

E the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that A the blind spot is very small, and no visual stimuli are likely to be so small that the blind spot completely obscures them B most visual stimuli affect only one visual hemisphere, and one hemisphere can cover for the other C visual stimuli usually affect the occipital cortex in both hemispheres D the blind spot habituates to a stimulus when the head is held still E the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

E location of the source

A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the A pitch of the sound wave B timbre of the sound wave C absolute threshold for sound perception D frequency of the sound wave E location of the source

E selective attention

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called A auditory localization B dichotic listening C deep processing D divided attention E selective attention

C Linear perspective

Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her? A Convergence B Binocular disparity C Linear perspective D Similarity E Closure

C size constancy

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of A motion parallax B retinal disparity C size constancy D continuity E common fate

E The eardrum

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal? A The cochlea B The auditory nerve C The anvil D The stirrup E The eardrum

A Depth perception

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used a visual cliff with a glass-covered drop-off to examine behavior in crawling infants. Even when coaxed by their mothers to crawl out onto the glass covering, most infants refused to do so, indicating that they had developed which of the following? A Depth perception B Selective attention C Perceptual constancy D Procedural memory E Sensory adaptation

B depth

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive A patterns B depth C size constancy D shape constancy E different hues

B Color constancy

Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example? A Shape constancy B Color constancy C Perceptual adaptation D Interposition E Absolute threshold

A Occipital cortex

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located? A Occipital cortex B Retina C Optic chiasm D Lens E Cornea

D spicy

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT A bitter B sweet C salty D spicy E sour

B It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? A It has a long wavelength and high frequency. B It has a short wavelength and high frequency. C It has a long wavelength and low frequency. D It has a large amplitude. E It has a small amplitude.

A more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea

In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are A more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea B less sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea C as sensitive in the dark as cones and are few in number in the fovea D more numerous than cones are in the fovea E as numerous as cones are all over the retina

C retina

In vision, transduction occurs within the A optic nerve B visual cortex C retina D lens E cornea

D perceived distance of the object becomes smaller

In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the A image on the retina becomes smaller B image on the retina remains constant in size C perceived distance of the object becomes greater D perceived distance of the object becomes smaller E perceived distance of the object remains constant

B Selective attention

Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone? A Sensory adaptation B Selective attention C Perceptual constancy D Weber's law E Functional fixedness

B Sensory adaptation

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following? A Accommodation B Sensory adaptation C Weber's law D Assimilation E Phi phenomenon

D top-down processing

Luz, a math major, sees the drawing above as a Venn diagram. Her brother, an art major, sees it as two circles. The difference in perception is an example of A synesthesia B stereotyping C stimulus variables D top-down processing E feature detection

A Gate-control theory

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following? A Gate-control theory B Opponent-process theory C Trichromatic theory D Expectancy theory E Phantom pain

C the opponent-process theory

Negative afterimages are explained by A the trichromatic theory B color detection by rods C the opponent-process theory D a lack of adaptation E dichromatic color perception

A an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment

One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely A an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment B an inherited familial characteristic C an example of imitation of behavior modeled by other family members D a classically conditioned taste aversion response E a common but temporary aversion to bitter tastes produced by cold viruses

E top-down processing

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates A parapsychology B complementary afterimages C perceptual constancy D perceptual adaptation E top-down processing

E Bipolar and ganglion

Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? A Trigeminal and vestibular B Ganglion and vestibular C Bipolar and vestibular D Bipolar and Schwann E Bipolar and ganglion

C in the nasal cavity

Receptors for olfaction are located A on the basilar membrane of the cochlea B in taste buds on the tongue C in the nasal cavity D in the esophagus E in the dermis

B inner ear

Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the A gyrus cinguli B inner ear C tendons D ossicles E ligaments

A switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention

Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people A switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention B confuse information in long-term memory associated with the various tasks they are trying to perform C have a heightened awareness of each task they are trying to perform, so it is difficult for them to ignore one task temporarily in order to complete another task D process information associated with the various tasks at a deep level, so they encode too much information to recall easily and therefore their performance deteriorates E encode information efficiently, but they have a difficult time retrieving it for use on a given task

C closure

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called A figure-ground B motion parallax C closure D proximity E shape constancy

A accommodation

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called A accommodation B adaptation C conduction D convergence E consonance

E made up of only cones

The fovea has the greatest visual acuity in bright light primarily because the fovea is A near the center of the visual field B close to the lens C not close to the blind spot D an extension of the frontal lobe E made up of only cones

D transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to A convert the incoming sound from pounds per square inch to decibels B protect the cochlea C regulate change in the air pressure of the inner ear D transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window E provide information to the vestibular system

B absolute threshold

The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's A contrast sensitivity B absolute threshold C response threshold D critical frequency E just noticeable difference

B red-green system

The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the A blue-yellow system B red-green system C process of visual summation D bipolar cells E secretion of rhodopsin

E frequency

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its A loudness B timbre C amplitude D complexity E frequency

D blind spot

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the A lens B sclera C fovea D blind spot E aqueous humor

A transduction

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called A transduction B sensory threshold C sensory adaptation D parallel processing E transferred excitation

A closure

The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as A closure B proximity C similarity D feature analysis E shape constancy

A smell

The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT A smell B hearing C taste D vision E touch

E selective attention

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires A perceptual constancy B feature detection C sensory adaptation D blindsight E selective attention

A Context effects

When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept? A Context effects B Binocular cues C Divided attention D Schemas E Bottom-up processing

B the phi phenomenon

When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as A stroboscopic movement B the phi phenomenon C autokinetic motion D binocular vision E induced displacement

B motion parallax

When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called A stroboscopic motion B motion parallax C motion constancy D linear perspective E the Müller-Lyer illusion

D Retinal disparity

Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception? A Linear perspective B Texture gradient C Interposition D Retinal disparity E Motion parallax

A Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy? A Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular. B Mariann still saw an apple as red even when the light in the room got darker. C Allison's hair was still perceived as bright pink even when the sky became overcast. D Sarah did not notice the sound of the air conditioner until it suddenly shut off. E Marcia is able to catch the basketball because of binocular cues.

E Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina? A Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones, optic nerve B Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, rods and cones, optic nerve C Optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones D Rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve E Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

A It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

Which of the following is true about the blind spot in the eye? A It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye. B It is caused by an excess of bipolar cells in the retina. C It is most apparent in low levels of illumination. D It is stimulated only by high levels of illumination. E It is caused by a bleaching of rhodopsin in the rods.

D Difference threshold

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli? A Absolute threshold B Sensation C Perception D Difference threshold E Subliminal stimulus

B Cones

Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision? A Rods B Cones C Optic nerves D Wavelengths E Hues

C Top-down processing

Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses? A Perception B Bottom-up processing C Top-down processing D Transduction E Psychophysics

E Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect? A Carol performs better in her recital when she practices in short sessions, several times a day. B Edgar solves his jigsaw puzzles faster when he completes the edges first. C Rosemarie shoots more accurately at her archery competition when other people are around. D Vernon is more social at parties when he has had caffeine. E Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

D Damage to the cerebellum

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in impairment of the kinesthetic sense? A Severing of the corpus callosum B Destruction of part of the hypothalamus C Removal of a portion of the olfactory bulb D Damage to the cerebellum E A tumor in the somatosensory cortex

C Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? A Developing a craving for a food after smelling it B Being able to navigate using directions C Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body D Being able to locate where a sound is coming from E Balancing oneself on a ladder

D Afterimages

Which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision? A Color constancy B Feature detection C Subtractive color mixing D Afterimages E Parallel processing

B Cerebellum

Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense? A Frontal lobes B Cerebellum C Medulla D Hypothalamus E Amygdala

B the cocktail party effect

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of A the Gestalt principle of closure B the cocktail party effect C sensory adaptation D bottom-up processing E the just-noticeable difference