Unit 4 AP Psych

Samuel became ill after eating pepperoni pizza and refuses to eat it now. However, he still enjoys plain pizza. Samuel's eating behavior illustrates

discrimination

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following? An operant response A discriminative stimulus An unconditioned response An unconditioned stimulus A classically conditioned response

An operant response

The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called

shaping

In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class? "Spanish is a difficult subject that I am very poor at." "I sure hope that my Spanish professor is better than my high school Spanish teacher." "Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills." "If I spend more time studying, I'm sure I will do better than in high school." "I need to find a good tutor to help me learn Spanish; I can't learn it on my own."

"Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills."

Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur? Partial reinforcement A behavioral consequence A stimulus substitution Spontaneous recovery Delayed conditioning

A behavioral consequence

Which of the following would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for a fear of flying? A person has maladaptive thoughts about the safety of planes. A person observed someone else's fear of flying. A person had been negatively reinforced for flying on a plane. The fear was passed on from parents genetically. The fear is related to childhood trauma.

A person observed someone else's fear of flying.

Which of the following is the best example of shaping? A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room. An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months. A child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times. A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday. A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage.

A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.

Which of the following is a response acquired through classical conditioning? woman's stomach growls when she looks at the clock and sees it is almost lunchtime. A dog salivates at the taste of food. A man pulls his hand away from a hot burner on the stove. A child cleans his room more often when he is rewarded for doing so. A driver stops speeding after receiving a ticket.

A woman's stomach growls when she looks at the clock and sees it is almost lunchtime.

Andi's best friend always screamed when she was in high places, and now Andi also screams when she is in high places. Which of the following theorists would say that Andi screams because she saw her friend scream? William James Albert Bandura Charles Spearman Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud

Albert Bandura

The idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children's modeling of their parents' prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of which of the following? Lev Vygotsky John B. Watson Jean Piaget B. F. Skinner Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura

Maria was never afraid of spiders until a spider bit her when she was eight. Today, even the sight of a plastic spider upsets her. Which of the following learning processes best explains Maria's fear of spiders? Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Discrimination Observational learning Scaffolding

Classical conditioning

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between classical and operant conditioning? Classical conditioning involves the acquisition of voluntary responses, whereas operant conditioning involves reflexes. Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences. Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Edward Thorndike's studies with cats, whereas operant conditioning was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's studies with dogs. Classical conditioning involves a learner's active response in order to obtain reinforcement, whereas in operant conditioning the learner is passive. Classical conditioning relies mostly on negative reinforcement, whereas operant conditioning relies mostly on positive reinforcement.

Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences.

Diego's new puppy Agatha has developed the annoying habit of begging for food when people are eating. Using operant conditioning, which of the following would be the most effective technique for Diego to use to get Agatha to stop begging for food? Diego should feed Agatha a large, filling meal when she first starts begging. Diego should only feed Agatha on rare occasions when she begs. Diego should never feed Agatha when she begs, but instead should pet her. Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs. Diego should provide a distinctive signal, such as ringing a bell, whenever dinner is ready to be put on the table.

Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs.

The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was

Edward Tolman

The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios? Malia teaches her cat to jump through a hoop by first teaching the cat to jump over her arm, then through a circle Malia forms with her arms, then through an actual hoop. Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled. Whenever Gizele masters a piano piece, her teacher puts a sticker on the page of music. When Grizilla's dog tries to steal her food, she taps him on the nose and says "NO!" sharply. After Ben stays out after curfew, his parents tell him he is not allowed to spend time with his friends for one month.

Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled.

For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules? Fixed ratio Fixed interval Variable ratio Variable interval Continuous

Fixed Ratio

In order to get more audience participation, a radio show offers a prize to the first person to call the show at the beginning of every hour. The show is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? Continuous Fixed ratio Fixed interval Variable ratio Variable interval

Fixed interval

A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules? Fixed-interval Fixed-ratio Variable-ratio Variable-interval Continuous

Fixed-ratio

Which of the following is an example of using positive reinforcement to get a toddler to repeat the response of washing his hands after eating? Explaining that washing his hands promotes cleanliness Taking away toys when he forgets to wash his hands Spanking him for not washing his hands Giving him a treat for washing his hands Allowing him to have dessert if he finishes his meal

Giving him a treat for washing his hands

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?

Grandmother's house; falling

Steve's cat used to run away from loud music. Over time the cat stopped running away from the sound. Which of the following processes has occurred? Classical conditioning Habituation Generalization Operant conditioning Sensitization

Habituation

Emiko's cat often meows for food. Emiko decides to eliminate the behavior by feeding the cat only when it does not meow. Over the next few weeks, she sometimes ignores the cat when it meows. Other times, she feeds the cat when it meows. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction to make about the cat's meowing for food? It will disappear due to extinction. It will decrease overall but not extinguish. It will remain unchanged due to a continuous schedule of reinforcement. It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement. It will increase due to positive punishment.

It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement.

The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following? Classical conditioning Gestalt theory Hypothesis testing Operant conditioning Social learning theory

Social learning theory

Which scenario below best depicts insight learning?

Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry.

In a study, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, group A or group B. Group A received no food reward for completing a maze initially, but was allowed to explore the maze. Group B was given food rewards for completing the maze during the exploration phase. Later, when given food rewards for completing the maze, the rats from group A completed the maze as quickly as the rats from group B. Which of the following terms best explains the performance of the rats in group A? Latent learning Insight learning Discrimination Observational learning Spontaneous recovery

Latent learning

Kelly, a first-year student at a local university, is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports Kelly's belief? Modeling Spontaneous recovery Classical conditioning Stimulus generalization Latent learning

Latent learning

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates social learning theory? After getting sick from eating a spoiled oyster, Ethel never eats another oyster again. Mavis learns a line dance by watching her friends perform it. Neville becomes dependent on alcohol because he finds that after drinking it he temporarily forgets his problems. After writing his paper at the last minute, Raul gets a bad grade and never procrastinates again. Xanthe deletes his social media accounts after experiencing harsh bullying from others online.

Mavis learns a line dance by watching her friends perform it.

Romina was at the park with her daughter and noticed several of the other mothers successfully redirecting their children's attention away from an ice-cream truck. Romina's daughter, who noticed the ice-cream truck, threw a tantrum when she did not get to buy some ice cream. The next time she took her daughter to the park, Romina made sure to notice the truck before her daughter did and redirected her behavior using the same techniques the other mothers used. Which learning principle does Romina's behavior demonstrate?

Modeling

To stop his uncle's constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy's behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement? Intermittent Positive Negative Vicarious Delayed

Negative

Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes? Shaping Punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Omission training

Negative reinforcement

Which of the following kinds of learning is involved when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else perform it? Generalization Latent learning Insight learning State-dependent learning Observational learning

Observational learning

Which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above?

Observational learning

Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing?

Operant conditioning

Patients with schizophrenia treated in a hospital receive plastic coins when they perform desirable behaviors, such as cleaning their rooms. They can then trade the coins for rewards, such as snacks. This type of treatment program is based on which of the following? Counterconditioning Observational learning Cognitive restructuring Learned helplessness Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning? After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences anxiety any time she sees a hospital. Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away. Marta always associated her mother's fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association, but when a colleague brought a fruitcake to work she felt the happiness return. When Clara smells a certain cologne it makes her smile because it reminds her of her first boyfriend, but other colognes do not have that effect on her.

Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.

A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze? Shaping Generalization Negative reinforcement A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement Spontaneous recovery

Shaping

Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. Raul's actions are an example of which of the following techniques? Modeling Shaping Rehearsal Classical conditioning Negative reinforcement

Shaping

Being able to perform a complex action after watching another person perform it is an example of which of the following types of learning? Insight Social Latent Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

Social

Which of the following is NOT a product of learning? Slowing down to avoid getting a ticket Squinting in bright light Doing chores in order to receive money Getting acclimated to the frequent sound of trains going past one's house Becoming afraid of dogs after being bitten by a dog

Squinting in bright light

Researchers paired rats' drinking of saccharin-sweetened water with injections of a drug that weakened the immune system. After repeated pairings, sweetened water triggered the rats' immune systems to break down. What was the conditioned stimulus in the study?

Sweetened water

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ? The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli. The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS. The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength. The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength. When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR.

The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario?

The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, which of the following is true? The praise functions as a positive reinforcer. The praise functions as a generalized stimulus. The grades function as the stimulus that elicits a response. The grades function as a discriminant stimulus. The school functions as a negative reinforcer.

The praise functions as a positive reinforcer.

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl's fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

The slamming of the door

In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies which of the following was the conditioned stimulus? Touch to the body Vinegar on the tongue Salivation to the vinegar Salivation to the touch Time interval between the touch and the vinegar

Touch to the body

Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction? Noncontingent Shaping Variable ratio Fixed ratio Fixed interval

Variable ratio

People who play slot machines in gambling casinos usually exhibit steady, rapid rates of responding. This is because most games of chance use what schedule of reinforcement?

Variable-ratio

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment? Honeybees will automatically stick out their tongue when sugar water is placed on their antennae. If a neutral odor is paired with the sugar water, the bees will eventually stick out their tongue. Finally, if a second neutral odor is paired with the first odor, the bees will learn to stick out their tongue in response to this odor. As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant. While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi. Caroline was caught stealing money from her brother's room. As punishment, her parents said she could not use social media for three weeks.

While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

A mental image of a spatial layout is called

a cognitive map

Firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they serve as part of their training. The most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop

a cognitive map

When the fire alarm sounded in the middle of the night, Ada woke up and made her way from her bedroom, down the stairs, and out the front door in the dark. Ada's ability to navigate her way through the dark house is an example of using

a cognitive map

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become

a conditioned stimulus

A person eats a hamburger at a restaurant and develops a very bad stomachache after finishing eating. As a result of the sudden illness, the person cannot eat hamburgers anymore. Just thinking about them makes the person feel sick to the stomach. In this scenario, the thought of a hamburger is

a conditioned stimulus

When a child behaves well for an entire day, the child earns a star. After acquiring fifteen stars, the child is allowed to pick a prize from a toy chest. The star is best described as

a secondary reinforcer

The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by

a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors

In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was

an unconditioned stimulus

In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was

both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

Seven-year-old Raj never wants to clean his room, but his parents know how much he loves watching television. They tell him if he cleans his room, he'll get to watch his favorite television shows. According to operant conditioning theory, Raj is most likely to

clean his room

As Susie left for work, she said "goodbye" to her husband and slammed the door. The loud sound of the door made her husband flinch. After many mornings of hearing "goodbye" followed by a door slam, her husband flinches when he hears her say "goodbye." In this scenario, hearing the word "goodbye" is the

conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus lead to

extinction

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, a resulting decrease in the conditioned response is called

extinction

An individual's fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been

extinguished

The "Little Albert" study demonstrated that

fear can be conditioned in humans

Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of

generalization

Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of

insight learning

In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food. Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of

latent learning

In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called

latent learning

Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called

latent learning

When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of

latent learning

In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs. The study most directly explores the concept of

learned helplessness

Individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting

learned helplessness

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells

mirror neurons

A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog's tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog's tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates

negative punishment

If any student in a second-grade class misbehaves during the day, the whole class will not have a free period at the end of the day. Over time, the number of students who misbehave goes down significantly. Taking away the free-time period serves as

negative punishment

When Bram exhibits inappropriate behavior, his parents use time‑outs, during which he has to sit at a plain desk without toys. This approach to decreasing inappropriate behavior utilizes the concept of

negative punishment

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

negative reinforcement

Because he is afraid of public speaking, Scott withdraws from a class that requires an oral presentation and enrolls in another class without a presentation requirement. He continues the pattern, switching classes each semester to avoid giving presentations. Scott's behavior has been

negatively reinforced

Four-year-old Moesha screams and cries because she wants a candy bar. When her father, Bill, finally gives in and buys her the candy, she stops screaming. Bill tells the grocery clerk it will always be worth paying for candy to get Moesha to stop screaming. Bill's act of buying the candy is

negatively reinforced

Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, "We do not yell in this house!" Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie's behavior is best explained by

observational learning

After each bar press, a laboratory rat receives electric stimulation to its brain. The rate of bar pressing increases. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as

positive reinforcement

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the

punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

Learned helplessness is most likely to result when

responses have no effect on the environment

Carlos wants to lose weight but is having a hard time motivating himself to go to the gym after work because he enjoys watching movies after work instead. To increase his likelihood of going to the gym, Carlos should

reward himself immediately after going to the gym

In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will

salivate when the light is flashed

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as

shaping

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating

stimulus generalization

A child whose family owns a dog may refer to any four-legged animal as "dog." In learning theory, such behavior is known as

stimulus generalization

Tyler ate a cheeseburger from a fast food restaurant for dinner, and he was awake all night feeling sick. Now, just thinking about eating any fast food makes him feel nauseous, and he is certain that he will never want to eat it again. Tyler's aversion to fast food can best be explained by

stimulus generalization

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when

the tone only is presented