Unit 4: Evolution of Nursing

Early civilization-- Rome

* (27 BC to 476 AD) -adapted medical practices from the countries they conquered and the physicians they enslaved. -When the crusades took place, the 1st military hospital was established for the injured.

Early Civilization-- Greece

Aesculapius: model for medical caduceus, god of medicine -Hippocrates: "father of medicine", first to attribute disease to natural causes -Hippocrates' teachings also emphasized the patient-centered approach and use of the scientific method for solving problems. -From 1500-100 BC

Prehistoric period-- health beliefs?

All natural phenomena, including illnesses were the work of the gods.

Nursing in the 1960s (Federal legislation)

- Community Mental Health Centers Act -Medicaid-federal insurance for families in poverty -Medicare: medical insurance to those over 65, or disabled or renal failure.

Florence Nightingale

-"Lady with the Lamp" (carried a lamp to help serve wounded soldiers) -"Angel of the Crimea" (saved soldiers who were in bad condition) -Deplorable conditions: 3,000-4,000 sick and wounded in a facility designed to accommodate 1,700 -no bed, blankets, food, or medicine -soldiers placed on the floor where lice, maggots, vermin, rodents, and blood covered their bodies -physicians didn't want her help -came up with sanitary conditions

Colonial American Period

-American colonies: individuals with infectious disease were isolated in almshouses or "pesthouses" -Benjamin Franklin advocated for hospitals & care of the sick -FIRST HOSPITAL in North America -FIRST HOSPITAL in United States.

Nursing in the 1990s

-Creative shifts ex- 12hour/3day work week -Concern about health of the nation -Healthy People 2000 Initiative -AIDS -Universal Precautions were mandated -Managed care movement -Focus on prevention & primary care -Emphasis on outpatient, ambulatory, & home services -Massive downsizing of hospital nursing staff & increased use of non-licensed personnel

Nurses during the civil war period (1861-1865)

-Dorothea Dix (school teacher who organized military hospital) -Susie King Taylor (once a child slave, she volunteered as a nurse without pay, teaching and caring with reading and writing). -Sojourner Truth (advocated for clean and sanitary conditions) Clara Barton (founded American Red Cross) -Louisa May Alcott (detailed accounts of Nursing experience) -Harriet Tubman

Nursing in the 1970s

-Healthcare costs soared -Master's preparation needed for nurse practitioners -Numbers of men increased -ANA elected its first African American President Barbara Nichols.

Nursing in the 1980s

-Increase indigent populations -AIDS -Runaway health care costs Diagnosis-Related Group [DRG] system -Outpatient surgery services grew -Serious national shortage of nurses -1985 - National Center for Nursing Research at the National Institutes of Health

Mary Seacole

-Jamaican nurse -DURING CRIMEAN WAR -Purchased her own supplies and traveled 3,000 miles to Crimea -Built and opened a lodging house to nurse sick soldiers -worked in panama and cuba

The Renaissance & The Reformation Period (14th-16th Centuries AD)

-Major advancements in medicine: pharmacology, chemistry, & medical knowledge -Nursing education practically non-existent. -"Dark ages" of nursing: dissension between Roman Catholic Christians and Protestant sects (religious facilities that provided healthcare closed) -Hospital nursing no longer appealed to women of high economic status (hospital nursed were often female prisoners, prostitutes, and drunks) -Famine, plague, filth, and horrible crimes ravaged Europe in the 16th & 17th centuries -Several nursing groups/order formed out of great concern.

Social Security Act of 1935 (The Great Depression 1930-1940)

-National old-age insurance program -federal grants to states for maternal and child welfare services -vocational rehabilitation for handicapped -medical care for crippled children and blind people -plan to strengthen public health services -federal-state unemployment system

Post WII (1945-1950)

-Nurse Training act of 1943 -State board test pool -Hill-Burton Act

Nursing in the 21st century

-Nurses are faced with many challenges -Health care access & cost -Quality, safety & accountability -Aging population -Serious nursing shortage -Generational differences in the aging workforce -High acuity & short staffing -Conflict in the workplace, complex consumer health values -Nurses areas of concern -Insufficient staffing -Inadequate salaries -Effects of stress and overwork -Lack of participation in decision making -Dissatisfaction with the quality of their own nursing care Core competencies required by professional nurses: Critical thinking Communication Inter-professional collaboration Assessment Leadership Technical skills

WWII (1940-1945)

-Nurses recognized as integral part of the military -Attained ranks of officers in navy & army, Colonel Julie O. Flikke

Nursing :WW1 & the 1920s

-Penicillin -Insulin -Nurse Anesthetists -Sheppard-Towner Act -Frontier Nursing Service: Mary Breckenridge

Florence Nightingale Achievements

-Principles of asepsis and infection control -System of transcribing doctors orders -patient records -public health principles & statistical methods to advocate for improved health condition -documented a decrease in soldiers death rates from 42% to 2% as a result of health reforms that emphasized sanitary conditions.

The Middle Ages (476 BC- 1450 AD)

-Roman Catholic Church became central figure -central figure in health care -Men used purging, leeching, and mercury -Women used herbs & new methods of healing -Wives of emperors & other noble women became nurses -During the Crusades military nursing orders known as Templars & Hospitalers were founded -Monks & Christian knights provided nursing care & defended the hospitals during battle

1900-WW1 Nursing

-State legislation required nurses to become registered before entering practice. -precursors to the American Nurses Association (ANA) and the National League for Nursing (NLN) were formed. -Lillian Wald

Early Civilization-- India

-Vedas were used to guide health care practices -the Vedas were considered by some to be the oldest written material, emphasized by hygiene and prevention of sickness and described major and minor surgical procedure. -Public hospitals were constructed from 274-236 BC and were staffed by male nurses with qualifications and duties similar to hose of the the twentieth-century practical nurse. -Dating from 3000-1500 BC

Early civilization (China)

-the teachings of the scholar Confucius (551 to 479 BC) had a power effect on the customs practices of the people -their belief about illness and health was based on the ying and yang philosophy. -the ying represents the feminine forces which were considered negative and passive. -the yang represents the masculine forces, which were positive and active -they believed that an imbalance of this would result in illness, whereas balance represented good health. -acupuncture was used to promote health and harmony (helps to manage or cure conditions like pain, stroke or difficulty breathing)

Florence Nightingale (Nursing Building)

1860: first nursing school (diploma) in England established by Florence Nightingale 1873: graduates from Nightingale's nurse training program migrated to the US (they became supervisors in the first hospital-based (diploma) nursing schools

Prehistoric Period-- health practices?

Guided by beliefs of magic, religion, and superstition

Early Civilization-- Palestine

Moses developed the Mosaic Code, public hygiene -Code contained public health laws that dictated personal, family, and public hygiene - From 1400-1200 BC

Early Civilizations-- Egypt

suture, pharmacopoeia with more than 700 drugs, nurses used by kings, first group to do this action, advanced, developed calendar, writing and recording history.