Unit 4 Exam

What process is responsible for bacterial reproduction?

Binary fission

Fruits contain seeds. Many seeds are dispersed by animals who benefit from energy provided by the plant. What must be true for this mechanism of seed dispersal to be successful?

Fruits must contain nutrients.

While on a nature walk, a student finds fungal fruiting bodies growing along the trail. He decides to bring them home so he can consume them with dinner. Why is this unwise?

Fungal fruiting bodies may be toxic—only an expert can identify these toxic types.

After an ocean fishing trip, you return with a species that you have not encountered before. Your curiosity will not allow you to dismiss your catch without proper identification. Your fishing buddy argues that this is just another species of bony fish. Upon dissection, you conclude that it belongs with a taxonomic grouping that includes the sharks. What observed feature of your catch would lead you to such a conclusion?

Large oil-filled liver

Plant embryos

rely on protection and resources supplied from the maternal plant.

What evolutionary trait do frogs and other amphibians lack (but reptiles have) that continues their association with water?

Amniotic egg

You are setting up your own lab, where you plan to study proteobacteria. You have narrowed your research focus and decided that you are most interested in the role of proteobacteria in the global nitrogen cycle. Which species of proteobacteria should your researchers study? Check all that apply.

-Alphaproteobacteria -Betaproteobacteria

What characteristics are shared by animals and fungi? Check all that apply.

-Derived from protists -Absorptive nutrition -Secrete digestive enzymes

What is true of sexual reproductive processes in fungi? Check all that apply.

-Dfferent, but compatible, hyphal branches fuse -Fruiting bodies produce haploid spores

The vertebrate chordates have several features that set them apart from their invertebrate chordate relatives and have allowed them to move into novel environments on land and in the air. Complete the following sentences discussing the features of the vertebrates.

-For the majority of vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column during embryonic development. -The cranium and vertebral column are parts of the endoskeleton. -This structure is composed of either bone or cartilage. -Vertebrates possess a great diversity of internal organs. -These include a heart with at least two chambers.

Select all of the potential changes in current bird anatomy that would prevent flight from occurring. (Check all that apply)

-Increase in reproductive output -Changes in bone structure -Reduction in the number of feathers

Dragonflies, like all arthropods, have an exoskeleton. What are the possible advantages to this characteristic that has helped groups like the insects become so successful? (Check all that apply)

-Inhibits water loss -Muscle attachment -Protection

Which of the possible adaptations listed did the amphibian ancestor acquire in order to live on land? (Check all that apply)

-Legs -Thinner skin to aid in respiration

Place the correct terms into the sentences about fungal growth.

-Many fungi form a distinctive body called a mycelium. -Individual filaments of cells called hyphae form the fungal body. -Nuclear division in septate fungi produce individual cells separated by septa. -In aseptate fungi, nuclear division results in a multinucleate condition.

All animal species have general characteristics in common. Check all of the characteristics that would apply to members of the animal kingdom. (Check all that apply)

-Most animals have a muscle system that allows for active movement -Most animals undergo sexual reproduction where a small motile sperm cell unites with a larger cell unites with a larger egg to produce a zygote -All animals are heterotrophs

What are the key distinguishing features between the bony fish (osteichthyans) and the cartilagenous fish (chondrichthyans)? (Check all that apply)

-Osteichthyans have bony skeletons, chondrichthyans have skeletons made of cartilage. -Osteichthyans have a covering over the gills, called an operculum, chondrichthyans have open gill slits. -Osteichthyans regulate their buoyancy through the use of a gas or swim bladder, chondrichthyans regulate buoyancy through motion and large, oily livers.

You and your lab partner have been given an unknown animal to identify. Your lab partner is attempting to convince you that the animal is a chordate by pointing out the features that the unknown animal shares with the chordate phyla. Which of the following would your partner correctly assign to a chordate? (Check all that apply)

-Postanal tail -Pharyngeal slits -Notochord -Dorsal hollow nerve cord

One of the students in your study group is struggling with the idea that mammals and vertebrates are separate designations. To illustrate the two terms, you describe an animal that has the expected mammalian characteristics. What should you include in your description of this animal that would make it clear that the animal is specifically a mammal and not just a vertebrate? (Check all that apply)

-Specialized teeth -Enlarged skull -Hair -Three middle ear bones

What adaptations allowed vascular plants to thrive in terrestrial environments that cannot be colonized by bryophytes? (Check all that apply.)

-Stomata -Tracheids -A waxy cuticle

As a final exam question in your biology course, you are asked to identify an animal that you immediately recognize as a chordate. Your instructor applauds you for your quick recognition of the phylum, but then she asks you to be more specific. You reply that the animal that you are observing is a vertebrate. To get an A, you must also tell your instructor how you came up with your answer. What features would you use to formulate your answer? (Check all that apply)

-The anterior end of the nerve cord is elaborated to form a brain in vertebrates. -The brain is encased in a protective bony or cartilaginous housing in vertebrates. -Multiple clusters of Hox genes are present in vertebrates.

Place the item into the correct sentence about prokaryote classification.

-The domain Eukarya shares a most recent common ancestor with the domain Archaea. -Archaea and Bacteria are often grouped together because they have a prokaryotic structure, even though this group is not monophyletic. -The maintenance of plastids within eukaryotic cells was facilitated by horizontal gene transfer following endosymbiosis. -One characteristic shared by Bacteria and Eukarya is the presence of ester bonds in their membrane lipids. -Cyanobacteria differ from other prokaryotes because they carry out photosynthesis and generate oxygen.

Examine the significance of the evolution of the amniotic egg by completing the following sentences.

-The evolution of the watertight amniotic egg with its series of membranes allowed reptiles to replace amphibians and become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate. -Starting with the outermost membrane, the chorion lies just beneath the porous shell of the egg. -The amnion encases the developing embryo within a fluid filled cavity. -The yolk sac provides food for the embryo via blood vessels connecting to the embryo's gut. -The allantois surrounds a cavity into which waste products from the embryo are excreted.

There are advantages and disadvantages to having an exoskeleton. Complete the following sentences selecting from the terms provided.

-The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of chitin, which is both strong and flexible. -The exoskeleton provides points of attachment for muscle action. -The exoskeleton protects against water loss. -To grow the arthropod must undergo ecdysis, during which time they are extremely vulnerable to predators.

Place the correct terms into the sentences about protist movement.

-Tiny hairlike structures called cilia are characteristic of certain protists. -Certain protists use a long whip-like structures called flagella to swim. -Amoeboid movement is carried out using structures called pseudopodia.

Animals are often classified as aymmetrical, radially symmetrical, or bilaterally symmetrical. Analyze the following statements and indicate whether each is true or false.

1. Animals displaying bilateral symmetry can be divided into no more than one vertical plane at midline, where each half creates a mirror image of the other. True 2. A jellyfish displaying radial symmetry can be divided into no more than three lines of symmetry. False 3. The Radiata include the phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora. True 4. All non-radiate animals, including the sponges, display bilateral symmetry. False

Animals in the phylum Nematoda and Arthropoda grow through the process of ecdysis. Evaluate the following statements about ecdysis and the cuticle and determine if they are true or false.

1. The cuticle is a non-living cover that serves to both support and protect the animal. True 2. The cuticle limits growth and must be periodically shed to allow a new larger cuticle to be formed. True 3. Nematodes and arthropods utilize similar hormones in the molting process, suggesting that these two phyla are closely related within the Ecdysozoa. True

Cnidarians belong to a phylum with an extensive fossil record. They possess several unifying characteristics. Evaluate the following statements about cnidarian structure and determine if they are true or false.

1. The epidermis, mesoglea, and gastrodermis represent the triploblastic condition found in all cnidarians. False 2. Cnidarians can exhibit one of two body forms: a sessile polyp and/or a free-swimming medusa form. True 3. Cnidarians consume food brought inside the gastrovascular cavity using extracellular digestion. True 4. Cnidarians are able to capture prey by stinging them with microscopic nematocyst projectiles released by special cells called cnidocytes. True 5. Cnidarians can detect and react to prey using a centralized nervous system. False

Indicate whether cyanobacteria, proteobacteria, or archaea correspond to the statements below.

1. While investigating mouse cell structure, you are particularly interested in the origin of the organelles. Which prokaryote type should you study? proteobacteria 2. At Yellowstone National Park, you admire the hot water pools for their bright colors. What prokaryote type is likely responsible for this coloration? archaea 3. While investigating the cellular structure of corn, you are particularly interested in the evolution of the plastids. Which prokaryote type should you study? cyanobacteria 4. You are interested in designing a self-sustaining human colony on the moon. What type of prokaryote should you introduce to provide the most services for the colony inhabitants? cyanobacteria 5. Your friend becomes ill with food poisoning. What type of prokaryote is most likely at fault? proteobacteria 6. Hypersaline water characterizes the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana. What type of prokaryote is most likely to be found in a sample taken from this location? archaea

Match the following characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms with the associated advantages they supply to both plant groups.

A. Pollen Transport male gamete to receptive female tissues B. Seeds Contain dormant embryo and nutrition for the embryo Correct C. Leaves Provide a large flattened area for photosynthesis D. Wood Strengthen stem, allow for greater height and branching of stem E. Ovules Enclose and protect female gametophyte and embryo

An organism in your lab has issues with a malformed central nervous system that can be traced all the way back to the embryonic stage. To further investigate this issue, which germ layer would you want to examine closely to get an idea of exactly how the malformation occurred?

Ectoderm

Which of the following traits are possessed by amphibians but are not present in fish?

Limbs

You are exploring in the desert and you discover a new unicellular organism. It is small and eukaryotic. Even so, you suspect it is not a protist. Why?

Most protists live in moist habitats

While on an expedition to South America, you discover a new plant species. Although you are certain it is a gymnosperm, you are interested in determining its phylum. The identification of what attributes would cause you to classify this new species to the phylum Coniferophyta over other gymnosperm phyla?

Needle-like or scalelike leaves with a waxy cuticle.

For a lab assignment, you are presented with a fungus and are asked to observe and draw conclusions about its reproductive cycle. During the first hour you notice about 10% of your sample has produced dust-like spores at the tips of its hyphae. After 8 hours, 90% of the sample is producing the spores. You conclude that

The fungus is reproducing asexually

Over 40% of amphibians are threatened with extinction. Considering an amphibian's lifestyle, which of the following explains why amphibians are called "indicator species" of environmental quality?

Their permeable skin and life cycle depends on both water and land.

A number of critical evolutionary innovations allowed reptiles to dominate terrestrial environments. Match the following descriptions with the correct evolutionary innovation.

a. Concentrating wastes prior to elimination Water-conserving kidneys b. Using copulatory organ to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract Internal fertilization c. Coordinated muscle contractions expand the rib cage creating negative pressure in the lungs, and relaxation of the muscles forces air out Thoracic breathing d. Keratin aids in water retention Desiccation-resistant skin

Rhodobacter spheroides has the ability to swim quickly through water toward light, which is necessary for photosynthesis. Such quick swimming is characteristic of __________.

flagella

Animals play important roles in angiosperm reproduction either by visiting flowers for the process of _________ or eating fruits which aids in _______.

pollination; seed dispersal

Adult echinoderms display __________ symmetry; however, their larvae display ____________ symmetry.

radial; bilateral

In addition to the frog, what other organisms are classified as modern amphibians?

toads, salamanders