Unit 4: Industrial Revolution (part 2)

Who were the major candidates in the election of 1912 and what did they believe in?

(Taft does not campaign) NEW NATIONALISM (TR) -Continue with powerful regulatory agencies -Woman suffrage -Broad program of social welfare. Introduces: -Minimum wage -Social insurance NEW FREEDOM (WILSON) -Favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and free functioning or unregulated and un-monopolized markets. -Banking reform (Private banks running banking industry was too dangerous - could make baseless decisions). -Tariff reductions -SHUNNED SOCIAL PROGRAMS (focuses on competition and protecting consumer)

What was the position of "Social Darwinism"?

-"Survival of the fittest" applied to humanity. -Basic Belief = those that deserve it and are strongest become wealthy. -Those that are porr and unfit -As the economy expanded, this superior vs inferior mindset is applied to rich vs poor. -Harsh 19th century reality = Either you are fit, or you are not... (easy out for the priviledged) -Actual reality - Social Darwinism is false - what other factors determine wealth or lack thereof? -You can inherit money, discrimination can limit, where you are born affects how wealthy you are, etc.

What is horizantal consolidation?

-Buying out competition to control entire industry. Combine producers in similar industry to control -Monopolies and Trusts

What is the War of 1912?

-Old Guard GOP supports Taft -Progressive GOP suport TR (Bull Moose Party) - SPLIT VOTE! -Woodrow Wilson (D) wincs with less than 50% of popular vote. LOOK AT READING!!!!!!!!!!!!

What was the Homestead Strike in 1892?

-One of the most serious labor disputes in US history. -Steel plant manager Henry Frick reduced wages and sought to break the union. -Strike lasted 4 months, but workers lost. Strikebreakers (scabs - someone who crosses line and gives in to working) kept the plant running. -Deunionization efforts followed. Eventually government rbings in national gurard to protect strikebreakers. An example of GOVERMENT PROTECTING BUSINESS.

When was the greatest period of immigration?

1890-1924: Period of greatest immigration Happened mostly in Ellis Island: 1892-1924 -5000 enter daily, maybe 1 in 50 rejected. -12 million had entered by 1954 when closed. (However rejection very arbitrary)

What happened as industrialists grew in power?

As trusts frew more powerful and wealth became concentrated in fewer hands, animosity towards the new busnessmen and the new methods of doing business increased tremendously.

What was the CONSERVATION VS PRESERVATION of the "Square Deal"?

Conservation: Still use resources but not all at once. Preservation: Don't touch the resources. -This was TR's most original and lasting contribution. -He set aside 150 milllion acres of federal land as a national reserve (US Forest Service). He recognized that if you use all the land, there will be nothing left for future generations. Other TR Conservation Accomplishments: -150 National Forests -51 Federal Bird Reservations -4 National Game Preserves -5 National Parks -18 National Monuments -24 Reclamation Projects

What happened during Wilson's Presidency?

He attacks the "TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEGE" (focuses on commoner): 1. Tariffs 2. Banking 3. Trusts -He seeks to restore COMPETITION -He favors rights of unions and working man -States Rights: Believed gov't should be on smalller level - put competition on smaller level No welfare by federal government.

Why were unions considered unamerican?

In the 1800s, the idea of Karl Marx, called MArxism, became very powerful in Europe. Marx argued that capitalist society was shaped by the class struggle between workers and owners. He believed that workers would eventually revolt, take control of the factories, and overthrow the government. Marx though the state would disappear and leave a communist society where classes did not exist. Many labor supporters agreed with Marx. Some also supported anarchism. Anarchists believe that society does not need any government. Anarchists killed governmeny officials and set off bombs across Europe in the late 1800s. They hoped to start a revolution. Tens of thousands of European immigrants headed to the US during this time. Anti-immigrant feelings were already strong in the US. People began to tie immigrant workers with radical ideas. They became suspicious of unions. These fears and concerns for law and order often led to use the courts, the police, and even the army to end strikes and break up unions.

What usually accompanies limits on immigration?

Limits usually accompanied by anti immigrant, xenophobic campaign. For example, anti Chinese movement in the midst of 1870 US depression led to the Chinese Exclusion Act. The Chinese were blamed for the depression. Up to 1850s - 85% of immigrants were English, Scotish, Irish, and German; all other groups suspect because "Not like us."

Who were the most famous muckrakers?

Riis: "Jacob August Riis was a Danish-American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer. He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City; those impoverished New Yorkers were the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography. Additionally, as one of the most famous proponents of the newly practicable casual photography, he is considered one of the fathers of photography due to his very early adoption of flash in photography. While living in New York, Riis experienced poverty and became a police reporter writing about the quality of life in the slums. He attempted to alleviate the bad living conditions of poor people by exposing their living conditions to the middle and upper classes." Sinclair: "In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muckraking novel The Jungle, which exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meatpacking industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. Many of his novels can be read as historical works. Writing during the Progressive Era, Sinclair describes the world of industrialized America from both the working man's and the industrialist's points of view." Tarbell: Ida Tarbell was an American teacher, author and journalist. She was one of the leading "muckrakers" of the progressive era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is thought to have pioneered investigative journalism.She is best known for her 1904 book, The History of the Standard Oil Company, which was listed as No. 5 in a 1999 list by New York University of the top 100 works of 20th-century American journalism. It was first serialized in McClure's Magazine from 1902 to 1904. She depicted John D. Rockefeller as crabbed, miserly, money-grubbing, and viciously effective at monopolizing the oil trade." Addams: "Jane Addams (September 8, 1860 - May 21, 1935), known as the "mother" of social work, was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, public administrator, protestor, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She co-founded, with Ellen Gates Starr, an early settlement house in the United States, Chicago's Hull House that would later become known as one of the most famous settlement houses in America. In an era when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers of the Progressive Era. She helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace."

How did Taft act once he was elected?

Taft was T.R.'s handpicked sucessor. He was a close friend of TR, and TR hoped he would continue with the same ideas. Taft does continue with some of his ideas, but also does pro-business things.

What happened with the 1924 Immigration Act?

The 1924 Immigration Act severely limits bc: -Racial superiority of Anglo Saxons -Immigrants cause lowering of wages -Do not assimilate -Threat to national identity and unity -Limits immigrants to 2% of their national group in 1890 (if 100 entered in 1890, only 2 would enter now) -Thus against South and east europeans

Who were the "fittest"?

The industrialists. They were geniuses at the time for their ability to accumulate wealth. They changed the idea of business and wealth forever. But there is also negative views of them bc they did it at the expense of others. The most famous industrialists were Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J.P. Morgan. All of these ppl have businesses around an economy that needed industrialization. They were able to amass their wealth bc industry expanded at a rapid pace. Two distinct views emerged about industrialists: Robber Baron vs Captains of Industry.

What wa the coal strike of 1902?

There is a shift: -United Mine Workers of America -- higher wages, shorter workdays, and union recognition -Reduction in coal supply threatened many households' source of heat. -Federal gov't (T. Roosevelt) stepped in as neutral arbitrator for the FIRST TIME!! -Won higher wages, shorter hours -No union recognition, but T.R. sends strong message. Its a victory bc gov't seen welfare of workers while also preserving business.

What happened before the progressiver era with state labor reform?

This applied to reform in the work place: -Safety -Workers' accident insurance and compenation -Banned child labor (under age 14) -Set minimum wage laws This was only at the state level (not federal) and only in the work place.

What is the time of great change known as? Whe shed light on problems to allow these changes?

This time of great change in the early 1900s was known as the PROGRESSIVE ERA. Labor unions were only just beginning. Muckraker Upton Sinclair's famous book THE JUNGLE shed light on the poor working conditions in the meat packing industry. JANE ADDAMS opened the Hull House, one of the first settlement houses to open, and help immigrants in tenements. Labor Unions were providing support for workers, and John Muir was helping to protect the environemtn and crating Yosemite National Park.

Who is Mark Twain and what did he think about the Gilded Age?

Twain wrote the quote "...no country can be well governed unless its citizens as a body keep religiously before their minds that they are the guardians of the law and that the law officers are only the machinery for its execution. Nothing more." This quote brings to light the corruption of the government. It basically says that people have forgotten that the government is made for the people. Politicians are meant to do things by the will of the people, not what they want.

What is true when groups are discriminated against?

When groups are discriminated against, there must be something to cast them as the other. For the chinese, it was race. For the Irish it was religion. Most Americans were white and protestant so they didn't believe in the pope. But the Irish were Catholic and they did believe in the pope. Many Americans said that their allegience would not be to the US but to the pope.

What was Wilson's social program for the US?

Wilson's New Freedom: 1. FEDERAL RESERVE ACT OF 1914 (National Bank is back) -National banking system of 12 district banks -Supervised by Federal Reserve Board - gov agency -Oversees currency - controls interest rates and money supply 2. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 1914 - Investigate and take action against "unfair trade practices" and trusts

What happened to women's suffrage during the progressive era?

Women were fighting for SUFFRAGE- the right to vote led by SUSAN B. ANTHONY and ELIZABETH CADY STANTON these women fought for equal voting rights all the way until 1920, when the 19TH AMENDMENT guarenteed equal voting rights for women. In the national election of 1920, women across the country voted for the first time.

closed shop

an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members

arbitration

settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider.

boycott

to protest by refusing to buy a good or product.

Who was Jacob Riis and what did he write?

"How the Other Half Lives." "How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (1890) is an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s. It served as a basis for future "muckraking" journalism by exposing the slums to New York City's upper and middle classes. This work inspired many reforms of working-class housing, both immediately after publication as well as making a lasting impact in today's society."

What was the Homestead Strike?

Another labor dispute led to bloodshed in the summer of 1892. Anti-unionist Henry Clay Frick was manager of a PA steel mill owned by Andrew Carnegie. Frick wanted to cut wages by 20%. He then locked union emploees outs and had the Pinkerton Detective Agency bring in replacements. The strikers resisted when the Pinkertons adn strikebreakers came to the plant. Pinkertons and strikers were killed and injured over the next 14 hours. The governor of PA sent in the militia to protect the strikebreakers. Four months later the strike collapsed.

What NATIONAL reforms were made DURING the progressive era? What four things were put in place?

At the national level, the progressive era is marked by 4 new amendments: 1. 16TH AMENDMENT: clarification of the income tax 2. 17TH AMENDMENT: direct election of Senators 3. 18TH AMENDMENT: national prohibition of alcohol (ppl thought social effects were too great) 4. 19TH AMENDMENT: universal suffrage (womens rights) The Progressive era had four constitutional amendments within 7 years. There were 43 years between the passage of the 15th and 16th amendments, and another 12 between the 19th and 20th amendments. (Shows comparison)

What was the "Square Deal"?

For labor (review): -TR was an arbitrator for coal miners in 1902 -He threatened to take control over mines (never done before) For business: -Elkins and Hepburn Acts end rebates and unfair shipping rates ('03, '06) -Antitrust prosecution of the Northern Securities Company and 42 others. (1st time Sherman Antitrust Act was used in effective way.)

What was the Haymarket Riot?

In 1886, supporters of the 8 hour workday called for a nationwide strike on May 1. On May 3, Chicago police got involved in a fight on a picket line and opened fire on the strikers. Four strikers were killed. About 3,000 ppl gathered the enxt day to protest the shootings in Chicago's Haymarket Square. Someone thre a bomb. Police opened fire, and workers shot back. About 170 ppl were hurt, and 10 policemen were killed. Eight men were arrested for the bombing. All eight were convicted even though the evidence against them was weak, and four were executed. Union critics used the Haymarket Riot to claim that dangerous ppl were in charge of the unions. One of the men arrested was a member of the Knights of Labor. So the knights got a bad reputations. This abd reputation, as well as failed strikes, led to a decline in their membership and influence.

What is the "Captains of Industry" view of the industrialists?

-Describes these men as ingenious and undustrious leaders. They took risks that allowed the economy to grow. -Their work and business skills transformed American economy. -Praised for their adept decision making, leadership, and foresight.

What does "gilded" mean?

-Gilded: covered thinly with gold leaf or gold paint; gliterring on the surface but corrupt underneath. -Twain's book, "The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today" (1873), criticizes gree, materialism, and political corruption. -For all the success in industry many were being left out. In 1890 - the richest 2% of Americans owned 1/3 of the nation's wealth. Disparity of wealth limits freedom, in a democratic country based on freedom.

Hoe did America achieve rapid economic expansion?

1. Rapid industrialiation - Throughout the 19th century. -ppl moved from hand made to machine made goods. -human power turned to other power sources. 2. Rise of capitalism - A search for the attainment of money, wealth and power. -"The American dream" -Success no longer a small plot of land to farm. 3. Government (i.e. Supreme Court, patent laws) created favorable conditions for industrialism. -The gov't was involved but not regulating (allowed businesses to thrive).

What were conditions for workers like?

Average work week: 60 hours. (no time for liesure, no cap on how much you could work) -12 hr days/6 days per week not unusual (72 hrs) -Rxr Industry - $35/month and 1 in 300 died -Carnegie - $23 mil vs $300/year. No recourse for those injured or killed at work. -Harsh working conditions led to worker collectives.

What was the Pullman Strike?

In 1894, the Pullman Palace Car Company cut workers' wages without lowering rents and prices in the company town. American Railway Union (ARU) workers said they would not handle Pullman cars. This caused railroads to almost stop completely. Railroad maangers linked mail cars to Pullman cars, and President Cleveland sent in federal troops to keep the mail running. A federal court than issued an injunction, or formal order, to stop the boycott. Both the strike and the ARU collapsed. The Supreme Court later upheld the right to issue injunctions. This gave business a tool against labor unrest.

Who was Vanderbilt?

"Cornelius Vanderbilt was an American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. Born poor and having only a mediocre education, Vanderbilt used perseverance, intelligence and luck to work his way into leadership positions in the inland water trade and invest in the rapidly growing railroad industry. Nicknamed "Commodore Vanderbilt", he is known for owning the New York Central Railroad. As one of the richest Americans in history and wealthiest figures overall, Vanderbilt was the patriarch of a wealthy, influential family. He provided the initial gift to found Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. According to historian H. Roger Grant: "Contemporaries, too, often hated or feared Vanderbilt or at least considered him an unmannered brute. While Vanderbilt could be a rascal, combative and cunning, he was much more a builder than a wrecker [...] being honorable, shrewd, and hard-working."

What was the CONSUMER PROTECTION of the "Square Deal"?

-TR influence by The Jungle (1906) -Pure Foods and Drug Act forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs. -Meat Inspection Act provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure they meet minimum standard of sanitation.

What were the different types of reformers during the Progressive Era?

1. Grassroots Reformers: A grassroots movement is one which uses the people in a given district, region, or community as the basis for a political or economic movement. Grassroots movements and organizations use collective action from the local level to affect change at the local, regional, national, or international level. Grassroots movements are associated with bottom-up, rather than top-down decision making, and are sometimes considered more natural or spontaneous than more traditional power structures. Grassroots movements, using self-organization, encourage community members to contribute by taking responsibility and action for their community. Goals of specific movements vary, but the movements are consistent in their focus on increasing mass participation in politics. These political movements may begin as small and at the local level, but grassroots politics as Cornel West contends are necessary in shaping progressive politics as they bring public attention to regional political concerns." National Reformers: Wanted change at national level opposed to more local levels.

What are the three philosophical positions of industrialists that shape our economy and society?

1. Laissez Faire Capitalism 2. Rugged Individualism 3. Social Darwinism

Once the door was slammed shut after WWI, what other limits were placed on immigrantion?

1918-1921: RED SCARE aggravates fear and anti-immigrant reaction (this was post WWI) There is a fear of rising communism. 1921-1924: QUOTA LAW - 1st time numerical limits; uses 1910 proportion, favoring north Europeans (racial superiority of anglosaxans)

What happens to immigration after WWI?

After WWI: Door slammed shut: -1900-1915: 15 million enter US -1915-1930: 5.5 miilion enter Us This shows the dramatic change. The US adopts ISOLATION as the foreign policy.

What was a result of the economic competition that happened from immigration? What laws were put in place?

Economic competition leads to rise of Nativism (drives legislation): -1882: Chinese Exclusion Act: denies more entriesm no return if leave, sponsoring relatives and citizenship denied. -1920's: Anti-Immigration Laws - Cut off immigration from Asia, Southern Europe, and Eastern Europe (favor anglosaxan immigrants).

When did workers start to unite?

Labor Unions -Organization of workers seeking mutual protection (hours, pay, safety, etc) -Advocated 8 hour workday; many advocated arbitration (not strikes) -Union would negotiate with employers -1890-1915: Met with some success -Averge wages rose from $17 to 24 per week; workweek fell from 54 to 49 hours BUT perceived to be threatening by government and industry. Why? -violence -workers uniting sounds like communism (happening at the time).

What are the effects of the Progressive Movement?

Political: -Party primaries -Decline of political machines -Votes for women Social: -Laws protecting workers -Settlement houses and social work -Birth control for women -Beginning of rights for African Americans -Prohibition of alcohol -Regulation of unsafe food and drugs Economic: -Conservation of land, water, and other resources -Regulation of business -Lower tariffs -Federal income tax -Some victories for workers

What were the Knights of Labor?

The Knights of Labor was founded in 1869. It took a different approach to labor issues. Its leader Terence Powderly, used boycotts and arbitration instead of strikes. Arbitration happens when a third party helps workers and employers reach an agreement. The Knights welcomed women and African Americans. Many unions did not welcome women and African Americans. The Knights wanted an 8 hour workday, equal pay for women, no child labor, and worker-owned factories.

What were early unions like?

The US had two types of industrial workers in the 1800s. These types were craft workers and common laborers. Craft workers had special skills and training. Machinists, iron molders, stonecutters, shoemakers, and printers are examples of craft workers. They got higher wages and had more control over their time. Common laborers had few skills and got lower wages. Craft workers began to form trade unions in the 1830s as industrialization began to spread. By 1873 there were 30 national trade unions in the US.

What are the goods things and bad things that happened in the 1920s?

World War I may not have made the world safe for democracy, but it did help to lay the groundwork for a decade of American economic expansion. The 1920s saw the growth of the culture of consumerism--many Americans began to work fewer hours, earn higher salaries, invest in the stock market, and buy everything from washing machines to Model T Fords. The culture of consumerism of the 1920s changed the politics of American society and set the tone for American attitudes about money in coming decades. Along with the progress of the 1920s that many are accustomed to hearing about, of course, there were problems as well. The transition from a war-time to a peace-time economy caused economic dislocation for industrial workers, loss of income for farmers, and renewed racism and nativism against African-Americans and foreign immigrants. Many Americans, however, reveled in the new culture of consumerism.

lockout

a company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter its facilities.

blacklist

a list of "troublemakers" circulated among companies so that they would not hire people on that list.

What were the annual immigration and quota laws from 1890-1930?

A nation of immigrants since its founding, the US experienced its heaviest period of immigration in the early 1900s. Previosuly, newcomers has largely come from Northwestern European countries, but the vast majority of the more than 15 million who arrived from 1890 and 1914 were from eastern and southern Europe. Some years saw 1 million immigrants annually. These numers dropped dramatically with WWI. In 1921, however, more than 800,000 immigrants were admitted - and strict quotas wer introduced as a consequence of national anti-immigrant sentiment. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was the first legislation to place quotas on the number of immigrants from China (later all of Asia), due to fears that Chinese workers, who then made up only 0.002 percent of the population, were adversely affecting the economy. Such fears soon extended to other ethnic groups, and over time restrictions were placed on those deemed to be "undesirable." Nativist thinkers cited not only economic reasons for such laws but also the need to guard against the importation of potential anarchists. Ceilings were therefore placed on immigration numbers and preferential treatment given to those from white, northwestern European countries - a practice that would continue for decades. The changes in immigration laws contributed to a substancial dwindling of the flow of immigrants in the late 1920s and the 1930s.

Who was Henry Clay Frick?

"Henry Clary Frick began his business career building steel coke ovens in 1870. The following year he created Frick and Company and bought massive coal deposits to supply Pittsburgh's steel and iron industries. In 1889 Frick became chairmen of Carnegie Brothers and Company, where he planned a buyout of chief competitor Duquesne Steel Works and built the company into the world's largest steel manufacturer. In his wil, Frick left $15 million and his mansion to NYC to establish a home for paintings and sculptures he had collected. he also provided a 150-acre park for the city of Pittsburgh, among other gifts."

What was the Fair Labor Standards Act?

"The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 is a United States labor law that creates the right to a minimum wage, and "time-and-a-half" overtime pay when people work over forty hours a week. It also prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". It applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverage."

What was the triangle shirtwaist factory fire?

"The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City on March 25, 1911 was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in US history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers - 123 women and 23 men - who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, or falling or jumping to their deaths. Because the owners had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits - a then-common practice to prevent workers from taking unauthorized breaks and to reduce theft - many of the workers who could not escape from the burning building jumped from the high windows. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers."

Why were unions formed?

Life for workers in the industiral US was hard. They performed boring tasks in dangerous working conditions. Workers breathed in lint, dust, and toxic fumes. Heavy machines did not have safety devices and so caused manu injuries. Industrialism led to a rise in the standard of living even with these poor working conditions. The average worker's wages rose by 50 percent between 1860 and 1890. But the uneven division of income between the wealthy and the working class cuased workers to become angry. In 1900 the average industrial worker made 22 cents per hour and worked 59 hours per week.

What were the US immigration push factors?

Many different things led to immigrants being pushed from their native country: -1840-50: Irish Potato Famine - mostly Catholics come. Irish faced fierce discrimination due to their Catholicism - The Other -Chinese rush to US in 1840-1870 - War, Rebellion, Agricultural crisis -WWI generates Italian, Slav, Greek, Polish, Jewish immigrants (Southern Europe) Important to note: Political figures make decisions to allow groups that help them in, but make laws against those who don't.

What was the position of "Rugged Individualism"?

-Idea: A person's responsiility to help themselves. You have to freedom to be sucessful, so you must make it happen. -Experiencing struggle = "pick yourself up by the bootstraps" -If you can't succeed that's your fault. -No gov't safety net. (social security/welfare) -Focus - hard work... discounts external factors.

What was the TRUSTBUSTING in the "Square Deal"?

-In 1902, Roosevelt instituted an antitrust suit against a railroad holding company - NORTHERN SECURITIES COMPANY. TR was the first president to push enforcement of Sherman Antitrust Act. -In 1904 - NORTHERN SECURITIES CO V UNITED STATES -5-4 decision by court against trust -Northern securities had to disband, and each RR had to be run independently -Opens forrs for further anti-trust cases -TR and the Attorney General took on about 40 trusts. -He stated that bad trusts harmed public and stifled competition, but he only regulated good trusts. -TR was only "trust regulator" - Believed there were good and bad trusts. Good trusts didn't hurt consumers but bad trusts hurt consumers.

What was the position of "Laisses Faire Capitalism"?

-Capitalism in its purest form. -"Hands free" meant no government interference with business. -No regulations, no laws restricting business activity -can expand and take whatever actions it deems necessary for profit -Impact? -With the focus on profit, workers are exploted, quality can suffer, and monopolies are formed. Monopolies remove competition and it no longer rlly capitalistic.

What is vertical integration?

-Goods in a supply chain united by a common owner. -Each part of supply chain produces a different product. They make a profit bc they don't have to charge a third party. They own all parts of production.

What are the advances in labor reform?

-National Child Labor Committee formed in 1904 to promote federal restrictions in child labor. -Some states passed laws to protect workers. -New York after Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: fire codes, maximum workweek for women and children, no child laor until 14, etc. -WWI - National War Labor Board resolved disputes between management and labor to war efficiency BUT strikers lose draft exemption. (Did not want reduction in war time supplies). In conclusion: Sweeping federal laws (minimum wage, work week, child labor) not passed until 1938 (Fair Labor Standards Act)

What was the Pullman strike in 1894?

-National strike - organized by Debs - 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak (ARU). They refuse to handle Pullman cars. -Movement against lower wages, rents that had no decreased in Pullman (Chicago), undemocratic policies. Grover Cleveland ordered US Marshals and 12,000 US troops break the strike - Justification? (national gov't sides w biz) -$80 million in property damages; protect "safety"; threatened commerce and mail transport. -Cleveland ordered an injunction - Ronald Reagan also did this is 1981.

What is the AFL?

American Federation of Labor. "The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a national federation of labor unions in the United States founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association. Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers' International Union was elected president at its founding convention and reelected every year, except one, until his death in 1924. The AFL was the largest union grouping in the United States for the first half of the 20th century, even after the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) by unions which were expelled by the AFL in 1935 over its opposition to industrial unionism. The Federation was founded and dominated by craft unions throughout its first fifty years, after which many craft union affiliates turned to organizing on an industrial union basis to meet the challenge from the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in the 1940s. In 1955, the AFL merged with the CIO to create the AFL-CIO, which has comprised the longest lasting and most influential labor federation in the United States to this day"

What was "The American Way" and what did it do to Big Business?

Businessmen had two major propaganda mills: the Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers. Both groups preached a return to laissez-faire economics, less government regulation of business, and less government support for labor unions. The National Association of Manufacturers labeled this program, "The American Way." President Harding spoke for himself and for his successors, Coolidge and Hoover, when he asked for "less government in business and more business in government." There were four major ways in which the federal government supported big business. -High tariff policies. The Fordney-McCumber Act (1922) and the Hawley-Smoot Act (1930) created the highest-ever schedule of tariffs for foreign-made goods. -Andrew Mellon. Secretary of the Treasury from 1921 to 1932. In response to his demands, Congress repealed the excess profits tax and reduced the rates for corporate and personal income taxes. Mellon provided business leaders with a list of tax loopholes which the IRS had drawn up at Mellon's request. -Cutbacks in the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The federal government had created the FTC to regulate big business and to look into unfair trade practices, but the commission did less and less of this in the 1920s. -Herbert Hoover. As Secretary of Commerce and as President, Hoover encouraged price-fixing and believed that the government was responsible for helping businesses profit.

What happened with the changing face of American cities?

By 1900 the landscape of American cities was very different from what it had been a century earlier. THe completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 helped LA, San Fran, and other western cities grow rapidly. New cities sprouted and by 1900 all the major cities had populations of more than 350,000. The country's growth spurt was largely due to a flood of immigrants who had heard America was the land of opportunity. Between 1900 and 1915 alone, more than 13 million people came to the United States. The immigrants were used to hard work, but many knew only their home country's language. Fortunately, there was an ever-growing number of jobs in the urban centers, wehre products and building projects were required to meet the demands of a blossoming country with more ppl than ever before. As a result, the 1920 census figures showed that, for the first time in history, the urban areas of the US had a greater population than the rural regions. These urban cities varied in their populations, ethnic mix, and local characteristics, but all stood out as growing center od social and economic power. (Look at sheet with cities and their distinctive features!!!!)

What problems evolved in America in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Cities had grown in the late 1800s and early 1900s. As specialized industries like steel in Pittsburgh and meat packing in Chicago, grew so did cities. America workers moved into cities for jobs, and immigrants came as well, but life in these cities could be difficult. Many factory workers and immigrants lived in TENEMENTS AND GHETTOS and were unable to earn a real living, AND there was overcrowding. Reformers sought to fix these problems by creating SETTLEMENT HOUSES - as JANE ADDAMS did with the HULL HOUSE - and political machines, what (while incredibly corrupt) offered solutions for many immigrant problems as well. The early 20th century (early 1900s) saw Americans find solutions to so many of the problems created by industrialization. There were many problems. Factories were using children to do hard work, and very small wages. In addition to these, many factories had unsafe working condition, forcing many men and women into crowded rooms with few exits and sometimes no fire escapes.

What was the diplomacy of isolation in the 1920s?

Despite its lack of participation in the League of Nations, the United States was at the forefront of extensive efforts at disarmament during the 1920s and 1930s to restrict the growth of naval tonnage, considered to be an approximate measure of military strength. The Kellogg-Briand Pact: This Treaty between the United States and other Powers provided for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. Signed at Paris, August 27, 1928; it was ratified in the US in 1929. Washington Conference of 1921: This international conference was called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific area. Held in Washington, D.C., the conference resulted in the drafting and signing of several major and minor treaty agreements: the Four Power Pact and the Five Power Naval Limitation Treaty. Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930 The Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930 was the subject of enormous controversy at the time of its passage and remains one of the most notorious pieces of legislation in the history of the United States. In the popular press and in political discussions the usual assumption is that the Smoot-Hawley Tariff was a policy disaster that significantly worsened the Great Depression.

What was the opposition to unions?

Employers often had to negotiate with trade unions because they needed the worker's skills. But employers though unions got in the way of propery rights. Business leaders were against industrial unions. These unions united all the workers in a particular industry. Companies tried to stop workers from forming unions. They required workers to take oaths or sign contract promising not to join a union. They hired detectives to find union organizers. Workers who tried to organize a union or strike were fired and placed on a blacklist so that no company would hire them. Companies used "lockouts" to break up existing unions. they locked workers out of the property and did not pay them. Employers would hire other employees, or strikebreakers, if the union called a strike. Breaking unions often worked bc there were no laws giving workers the right to form unions or making owners negotiate with them. Courts frequently ruled that strikes were conspiracies or schemes in restraint of business. Labor leaders might be fined or jailed for organizing strikes.

Who was J.P. Morgan?

Financier. Being a financier allowed him to have a hand in all parts of industry/economy. He was born into wealth as an investment banker. He then started U.S. STEEL which was the first billion dollar corporation. He was born into wealth and he turned it into even more wealth. "After graduating from college, JP Morgan became a member of his father's banking firm, JP Morgan and Company. In 1913 his father died, leavin ghim to lead the firm and making him heir to an estate of at least $50 million. during the first 3 years of WWI, Morgan became the sole US purchaser for the British and French governments, buying about $3 billion worth of American military and other supplies for those countries. To finance their need for US credit, Morgain organized more than 2,000 banks creating more than $1.5 billion in bonds. During the stock markter crash of Oct. 1929, Morgan and other wealthy bankers put their money together in the hopes of stopping the decline of stock prices, with no luck. Upon his death, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was given most of his exensive art collection."

Who was Upton Sinclair and what did he write?

He was a muckraker who wrote "The Jungle." This book was based on the investigative work done by Upton Sinclair for his publication in a Socialist newspaper. Sinclair published this political fiction novel to illuminate the harsh working conditions of immigrant workers in the meatpacking town of Chicago. Little did he know this book would have an impact on food production regulation and health codes. Character list (could identify that it is his work): Jurgis, Marija, Jonas, Durham "The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by the American journalist and novelist Upton Sinclair (1878-1968). Sinclair wrote the novel to portray the harsh conditions and exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities. His primary purpose in describing the meat industry and its working conditions was to advance socialism in the United States. However, most readers were more concerned with his exposure of health violations and unsanitary practices in the American meatpacking industry during the early 20th century, greatly contributing to a public outcry which led to reforms including the Meat Inspection Act. Sinclair famously said of the public reaction, "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach." The book depicts working-class poverty, the lack of social supports, harsh and unpleasant living and working conditions, and a hopelessness among many workers. These elements are contrasted with the deeply rooted corruption of people in power. A review by the writer Jack London called it "the Uncle Tom's Cabin of wage slavery." Sinclair was considered a muckraker, or journalist who exposed corruption in government and business. In 1904, Sinclair had spent seven weeks gathering information while working incognito in the meatpacking plants of the Chicago stockyards for the newspaper. He first published the novel in serial form in 1905 in the Socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason and it was published as a book by Doubleday in 1906."

What was the historic "pull" of immigrants?

Immigrants satisfy US economic needs: -Cheap source of labor. This makes big business and the Republican part pro-immigration. This is also happening during unionization when US workers are standing up for themselves. But immigrants are willing to take jobs for less. So, unions were anti-immigration bc they were competition for jobs.

Who were the 3 republican presidents during the 1920s and what did they do?

In search of prosperity, Americans elected three Republican Presidents during this decade. Each of these men promised to promote the politics of prosperity: Warren G. Harding (1865-1923). Elected to the Presidency in the 1920s, Harding urged a "return to normalcy." The policies of his administration were generally conservative, especially regarding taxes, tariffs, immigration restriction, labor rights, and business regulation. Harding's administration was marked by corruption and scandal, although most of the scandals did not become public knowledge until after he died of a stroke in office in August 1923. Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933). Coolidge did little as Warren G. Harding's vice president (1921-23), but when he assumed the presidency after Harding's death, he acted quickly to repair the damage of the Harding administrations scandals and to secure the 1924 presidential nomination. He was easily elected over Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive Robert M. La Follette. Near the end of his second term, Coolidge decided not to run for president again and retired from politics. Many of Coolidge's policies, including federal tax cuts and high tariffs, were very popular during his tenure as president, but lost favor during the Great Depression. Herbert Hoover (1874-1964). Having served as secretary of commerce under both Harding and Coolidge, Hoover was elected to the presidency in 1928, helped by the prevailing prosperity in the country. Hoover had been in office just a few months when the Great Depression began. In 1932, he lost the presidential election to Franklin D. Roosevelt.

What was the opposition against unions?

Industrialists opposed unions. -Often used violence and black listing to supress union activity. -Ex: Haymarket Affair: union activity gets a bad wrap. Pinkertons - private security company hired to infiltrate unions and to break strikes through violence. (moles)

What is the criticism of rugged individualism?

It discounts external factors. These are things like education, access, where you live. Nothing happens in isolation. The connections you have shape your future. For example, if you didn't have the IV league friend, you may never would have gotten than opportunity. This criticism is expressed in Thurgood Marshall's quote when he says "None of us got where we are solely by pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps. We got here because somebody - a parent, a teacher, an Ivy League crony or a few nuns - bent down and helped us pick up out boots.

What is the Roosevelt Era?

McKinley was assassinated and TR takes over in 1901. He wins the election of 1904 in a landslide victory. The main idea with TR is the "Square Deal." This was a domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: 1. conservation of natural resources 2. control of the corporations (help competition) 3. consumer protection "Roosevelt reflected three basic goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the "three C's" of Roosevelt's Square Deal. Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor. A progressive Republican, Roosevelt believed in government action to mitigate social evils, and as president he in 1908 denounced "the representatives of predatory wealth" as guilty of "all forms of iniquity from the oppression of wage workers to unfair and unwholesome methods of crushing competition, and to defrauding the public by stock-jobbing and the manipulation of securities."

What are monopolies and trusts?

Monopolies: a single individual or business has sufficient control over an industry. -Gains control of how goods are accessed (example: price) -Limits other ppl from entering market. Trusts: Multiple companies operating as if they were one. -Still remain separate entities (ex: OPEC).

What was the ideology against immigrants?

Nativism - Anti-Immigrant and pro "native." They formed the Know Nothing Party. They had Xenophobia (fear of the outsider). They believed immigrants were a threat to their prosperity/opportunity.

What was the frustration in politics in the 1920s?

Not all Americans benefited from the "politics of prosperity" in the 1920s. Many servicemen had trouble finding jobs when they returned home from World War I. Furthermore, the nation experienced an upswing in racism and xenophobia. Moreover, by the 1920s, many Americans had grown weary of two decades of crusades for reform, seemingly endless attempts to pass moral legislation, and involvement in a brutal war. Many longed for a time when life was simpler, even if these "good old days" existed only in the popular imagination. A suspicion and fear of anything foreign was the driving force behind some notorious events and trends in the United States during the 1920s. The following trends/events exemplify this mentality: -The Red Scare -Sacco and Vanzetti trial -The rise of a new Ku Klux Klan -The Scopes Trial

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

Oil industry. STANDARD OIL COMPANY - destroyed his competition. By 1879 Standard oil controllled 90-95% of US oil refineries. "John D. Rockefeller's 1st business was selling hay, grain, and meats in Cleveland, OH. Sensing the expanding need for oil, he built his 1st refinery in 1863. In 1870 Rockefeller and associates created Standard Oil Company, which bought out all of its local competitors by 1872, making it wasy to negotiate with railroads for good rates on oil shipments. In 1881 Standard's stock was placed under the control of a board of 9 trustees, establishing the first major US trust. In 1882, the Ohio Supreme Court held that the trust was an illegal monopoly. To get around the law, Rockefeller transferred the trust's properties to his companies in other states, keeping some common directors sot that the same men controlled all of the companies' operations. Eleven years later Standard was found to be in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. By the time of his death, Rockefeller had founded the University of Chicago and put more than $80 million into its creation. Rockefeller's philanthropy launched several major institutions, inclusing Rockefeller University (for medical research) in NYC."

What changes were made in the political world during the progressive era?

President Teddy Roosevelt approved reguations so that monop. and trusts would have to break up into smaller companies (bc they were bad for consumers and businesses). Robert LaFollette, fought for political reforms that broke up political machiens, so that power in cities shifted from the political bosses, back to the ppl. WEB DuBois started the NAACP during this time period, and Mother Jones helped to end child labor. Elsewhere, the TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT was fighting to make the sale and consumption of alcohol illegal in the US. There were eventually successful as the 18TH AMENDMENT prohibited alcohol in the country

What problems evolved from Industry, the Gilded Age, and Immigration? Why was there a call against these problems?

Problems included: child labor, working conditions, living conditions, pay, wealth disparity, hours, political corruption, monopolies, trusts, violence/division, gender issues, immigrant discrimination, consumer production, healthcare, insurance, and more. These issues were brought to light by MUCKRAKERS who were a call to consience. They used the growing technology and communication to reach the audience with photos, magazines, and the advertising industry. They brought the problems to THE GROWING MIDDLE CLASS. This class was a key element of change. There was a growing middle class bc there were more job opportunities as businesses grew (not just business owner and worker but more higher level jobs above worker and below owner). The growing middle class has the right to vote which allowed them to make change.

What were the Elkin and Hepburn Acts?

Rebates: "Rebate, retroactive refund or credit given to a buyer after he has paid the full list price for a product or for a service such as transportation. Rebating was a common pricing tactic during the 19th century and was often used by large industrialists to preserve or extend their power by undercutting competition. Important customers were granted refunds in secret so that less influential buyers would know nothing of them. Rebates were often used by the 19th-century railroad industry as a means of price discrimination. The motive for rebating among railroad firms lay in their chronically underutilized capacity; secret rebates seemed a small price to pay for the capture of large freight orders. Rebating was so universally practiced by American and European railroad firms that published tariffs were applied only to shippers who were unsophisticated enough to pay them without bargaining for a refund. In U.S. history the rebates received by the Standard Oil Company were a major factor in that company's attainment of a monopolistic position in the oil industry." Elkins Act: "The Elkins Act is a 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates. The railroad companies were not permitted to offer rebates. Railroad corporations, their officers, and their employees, were all made liable for discriminatory practices." Hepburn Act: "The Hepburn Act is a 1906 United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. In addition, the ICC could view the railroads' financial records, a task simplified by standardized bookkeeping systems. The final version was close to what President Theodore Roosevelt had asked for, and it easily passed Congress, with only three dissenting votes. The Act, along with the Elkins Act of 1903, was a component of one of Roosevelt's major policy goals: railroad regulation. Anti-rebate provisions were toughened, free passes were outlawed, and the penalties for violation were increased. Scholars consider the Hepburn Act the most important piece of legislation affecting railroads in the first half of the 20th century. Economists and historians debate whether it crippled the railroads, giving so much advantage to the shippers that a giant unregulated trucking industry—undreamed of in 1906—eventually took away their business"

Who was Ida Tarbell and what did she write?

She was a muckraker who wrote History of Standard Oil. Tarbell's devastating work provides a vivid account of the rough-and-tumble nature of business around the turn of the century. This excerpt highlights struggles involving John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, independent oil men, and railroads. Note in particular that during the late 19th century, government at all levels, rther than being an instrument to control big business, was instead used by big business as a tool with which to bludgeon their opponents. it is worth noting that Standar Oil, not feeling they were doing anything wrong, opened their records to Tarbell's investigation, a decision they no doubt came to regret. The company was broken up in 1911, though its descendants are alive and well today as the Exxon corporation. "The History of the Standard Oil Company is a 1904 book by journalist Ida Tarbell. It is an exposé about the Standard Oil Company, run at the time by oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, the richest figure in American history. Originally serialized in nineteen parts in McClure's magazine, the book is a seminal example of muckraking, and inspired many other journalists to write about trusts, large businesses that (in the absence of strong antitrust laws in the 19th century) attempted to gain monopolies in various industries. The History of the Standard Oil Company is credited with hastening the breakup of Standard Oil, which came about in 1911, when the Supreme Court of the United States found the company to be violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. The subsequent decision splintered the company into 34 "baby Standards." The value of Rockefeller's shares rose after the breakup as the new companies had a positive development on the stock exchange"

What STATE reform happened DURING the progressive era? What 4 things were put in place?

State Reform was with political reform. This stopped corruption and gave power to the voters. State reforms focused on giving MORE POWER TO VOTERS: 1. DIRECT PRIMARY: citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming elections 2. INITIATIVE: citizens can put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting voters' signatures on a petition. 3. REFERENDUM: citizens can approve or reject a law passed by a legislature. 4. RECALL: allows voters to remove public officials from office before next election.

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

Steel industry. He gave away much of his wealth at the end of his life -- PHILANTHROPY. Carnegie was a rugged individualist bc he was able to do it. However, he did not believe the one who dies with the most is the best. So he helped others, but not through handouts. He wantd to help educate others, so he donated to things like the BY library to further education. "The son of a poor weaver, Andrew Carnegie emigrated with his family from Scotland to Pittsburgh, PA, in 1848. 11 years later he became superintendent of a railroad and invested the money he earned in a sleeping car company, selling the then-new idea to US railroads. From the 1870s through the 1890s, Carnegie made a fortune in steel manufacturing. He kept costs lw by buying the ladn that contained the raw materials as well as the ships and railroads that transported supplies. While Carnegie publically supported unions, he and his partner, Henry Clay Frick, worked hard to destroy the steel union that was slowing his business. Carnegie sold his company to JP Morgan in 1901 for $250 million and turned his attention to philanthropy, giving money to music halls, education, the grant-giving Carnegie corporation, and at least 3,000 public libraries. His views on the duty of the wealthy to use their fortunes to benefit society were expressed in his article "Wealth" in North American Reivew, June 1889."

What are the 2 sides of Taft's presidency?

Taft the Progressive Republican: (seen as progressive bc of how he viewed competition and trusts) 1. TRUST BUSTING - Twice as many -US v Standard Oil of NJ (1911) - Supreme Court adopts TR's view: Bad trusts hurt the common good. 2. 16TH AMENDMENT - Progressive income tax (originally applied to very wealthy) (Gave income to Federal gov't not from tariffs) Taft the Pro Business Republican: 1. Taft aligned himself with the Old Guard GOPers, gutting many of Roosevelt's square deal policies. 2. Fired Forestry DIRECTOR PINCHOT and weakened National Forest Service and Conservation (Biggest thing that set off TR - took as personal insult, made him rejoin).

What was the Great Railroad Strike?

The Panic of 1873 was a severe recession that struck the US economy. It forced many companies to cut wages. They economy had still not recovered when the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad announced it was cutting wages for the third time in July 1877. In Martinsburg, West Virginia, workers walked off the job and blocked the tracks. Railroad workers across the country walked off the job as news spread. the strike eventually involved about 80,000 railroad workers and affected two-thirds of the nation's railways. Angry strikers smashed equipment, tore up tracks, and blocked rail service in NY, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Chicago. The governors of several stats called out their militias. Gun battles happened between the militia and the strikers in many places. President Hayes declared a state of "insurrection." He sent federal troops to Martinsburg, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, and elsewhere. It took 12 days for police, state militias, and federal troops to restore order. More than 100 ppl were dead by the time the strike ended. More than $10 million in railroad property had been destroyed. The violence of this strike scared many Americans and showed that there was a need for peaceful ways to settle labor disputes.

What is the "Robber Barons" view of the industrialists?

Workers suffered bc their focus was solely on profit. -Nickname highlights the negative elements of their status. -Vanderbilt, Carnegie, and Rockefeller portrayed as cruel ruthless businessmen who would do anything to achieve great wealth. -Accused of exploting workers and forcing horrible working conditions and unfair labor practices.

injunction

a court order whereby one is required to do or to refrain from doing a specific act

industrial union

an organization of common laborers and craft workers in a particular industry.