unit 4- LEQ's

Compare the experiences of TWO of the following groups of immigrants during the period 1830 to 1860. (Comparison) English Irish German

- english= English immigrants came to the United States to escape growing urbanization, the industrialization, and economic fluctuations that undercut crafts workers. English immigration to the United States wasn't as urgent as it was in Ireland or Germany in that they were not escaping religious persecution or famine as they were simply looking to better their lives and gain more opportunities. In the years 1830-1860 America had a growing industry and economy. With these factors added to a relatively small working force, the appeal to move to America for a new life was high. Because of the prospect of a safe and secure financial future, those wishing to leave the UK had great incentive to make the journey to America. The English would immigrant to find jobs in order to escape poverty and support their families. With so many people in the English population, it was much easier to find work in America. - irish= treated the worst, catholic but most in america were protestant so they were persecuted because of that, many entered politics and were in the Democratic Party- they had anti-British feelings and support for workers Throughout the 300 years of Irish immigration, several things have recurred through that history: Poverty, lack of raw materials, lack of investment capital, and lack of a skilled labor force. This forced the Irish people to depend on agriculture. As a result, the potato famine of the 1840s caused great hardship in the country. When you add British policies, which sought to sweep Irish peasants off of their land, you get the great migrations to America. America was the land of opportunity. America was upgrading the nations infrastructure, and were in need of laborers. Industries actively recruited laborers in Ireland to fill these needs. Letters from immigrants encouraging family and friends to join them were another big factor to the large amounts of immigration. - nativist movement=feared that immigrants would take their jobs and weaken american culture, nativist supporters were protestants who distrusted the catholicism practiced by the irish and germans - german= From the 1830s to the 1860s, more than one and one half million Germans immigrated to United States of America. German immigrants to America were typically struggling farmers, political refugees, religious refugees, ormen avoiding conscription in the German military. These German immigrants settled throughout the US, in both urban and rural communities; however, the majority settled in the mid- western states. German immigrants mostly became hard working, law-abiding people. Germans made many contributions to American culture (inventions, traditions, sports and food). The flooding of German immigrants to America was the result of long-term social, religious, and economic changes occurring throughout the German states. Transportation improvements also played a significant role in the rise of German immigrants. The spread of steamboats in the 1830's and of railroads in the 1850's simplified international travel, as well as made it quicker. Frequent transatlantic sailing and the lowering of fares both made the journey more appealing.

In what ways did the early nineteenth -century reform movements for abolition and women's rights illustrate both the strengths and weaknesses of democracy in the early American republic? (Comparison)

Context: Jacksonian Era (Common man's era), Universal Male suffrage, 2nd Great Awakening( Transcendentalists/ emerging utopian societies which questioned social norms) Women's rights movement showed the strength of democracy because women were becoming more involved in the government public life. Ex. Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments. Women were able to work in factories for the Lowell Mills which showed an increase in democracy. had more power within the homes too women's rights weaknesses: still didn't have any legal rights- they had no suffrage, education, property rights, custody rights; women's rights movement put on hold because of abolition movement Abolition- showed weakness of democracy because there continued to be racism in the north and south even though many northern colonists did not have slaves. Northerners still benefited from the slaves in the south. there were pro-slavery arguments and the slave codes were an example of how african americans had no rights in the democracy. ** abolitionist writings(newspapers like the "Liberator" or the North Star) were silenced and weren't allowed to be spread NEED TO ADD MORE

Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the nineteenth century used legal, religious, and economic arguments to defend the institution of slavery. (Comparison)

Context: Missouri compromise, increasing fear of slave power, second great awakening(and the reforms that stemmed from it) Legal- gag rule- all anti-slavery petitions in the House would be tabled and not discussed. This shows how gov defended slavery by not making amends or steps towards emancipating slaves, constitutional debate- stated in there that people had the inalienable right to property and slaves were regarded as property Religious- Calhoun's "positive good" argument, Jesus did not condemn slavery, Christians used the bible to to defend slavery, white man's burden, Moral duty to take "barbarian africans" under wing (they would be lost if they weren't enslaved)-- better than leaving them in africa(vs the belief of the American Colonization Society where they wanted to send African Americans back to Africa even though they had no connections to it)-- Economic- the cotton boom led to an increase in slavery and the backbone of the economy was slavery, billions of cotton was being produced in the Cotton south because of the work of slaves. (King Cotton) , slavery was better than factory labor in the north, would cripple southern economy Synthesis: The treatment of Native Americans.

Account for the emergence of Utopian communities from the mid-1820's through the 1840's and evaluate their success and/ or failure. (Causation)

Context: Second Great Awakening, Slavery, Jacksonian Era (Common Man's Era/ Universal Male Suffrage, Henry Clay's American System- national bank, protective tariffs, transportation system Thesis: Utopian societies emerged because of people's reactions and opposition toward the economic changes occurring in the nation and their views toward social changes in society. Reason #1: People's opposition toward the economic changes occurring throughout the nation Ex. Market Revolution and Industrialization. Colonists influenced by The 2nd Great Awakening and individualism were opposed to the increase of industrialization Ex. 2- Transcendentalist made Utopian societies in order to go back to their roots of being close to nature. Ex. Utopian societies emerged because colonists believed in an economy where everything was shared similar to communism. Reason #2- The need to make social changes in society led to Utopian societies emerging. Ex. Shakers led by Mother Ann questioned gender division, gave women more rights, and made a change in sexual norms when women were given the ability to have a say in the government. Shakers rejected sexual norms of marriage and sexual pleasure. Their society failed because they were no longer able to reproduce. Ex. 2 Mormons allowed the practice of polygamy. Unlike, shakers the Mormon society was a success because they embraced the new market society and industrialization. Synthesis: Similar to the emergence of Utopian societies because of their resistance to the changes occurring in the nation, slave owners resisted the changes of emancipating slavery such as the formation of abolitionist movements. - maybe similar to reasons why people formed (religious) monasteries and convents in order to seclude selves from material life, just like the purpose of utopian societies?

Compare and contrast the Jacksonian Democratic Party and the Whig Party of the 1830s and 1840s. Focus on TWO of the following. (Comparison) - The role of the federal government in the economy - Social reform - Westward Expansion

Context: emergence of political parties. Increased voters due to relaxed restrictions based on property ownership. The corrupt bargain? Thesis (how specific does this need to be again?): The Jacksonian Democratic Party and the Whig Party in the 1830s and 40s were mostly different in that Whigs were more for the federal government playing a stronger role in the economy and the Democrats were more for westward expansion than the Whigs. x: Whigs were more pro federal govt in economy ex: Disagreements on the national bank; whigs were for a central national bank a la Clay's American System, whereas jacksonian party obviously disagreed bc Jackson didn't renew the bank charter in 1836 ex: counterpoint, Jackson supported federal government's power to establish tariffs during the crisis after the Ordinance of Nullification 1832 y: Democrats were more for westward expansion ex: trail of tears and indian removal act 1830 ex: because of the 3/5th compromise way back, whigs had to worry about losing power due to expansion of plantations and cotton boom

Analyze how western expansion contributed to growing sectional tensions between the North and the South. Confine your answer to the period from 1800 to 1850. (Causation)

Louisiana Purchase in 1803 • American System of Henry Clay (1816) supported a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government; continuation of the Bank of the United States; development of a system of internal improvements to tie the nation together, which would be financed by profits from the tariff, the bank, and the sale of western lands. • Erie Canal: meant to connect East and West - no improvements made to connect north and south • Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820 (11 slave and 11 free states when Missouri asked to be admitted to the Union as a slave state) was authored by Henry Clay, "the Great Compromiser." - Maine was admitted as a free state; Missouri, as a slave state; all future states north of 36 '30 with the exception of Missouri, would come into the Union as free states. • Tariff of Abominations favored the north, but south was very upset - This lead to Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and southern states threatened to secede - money from tariff could have been used to expand west • Railroads begin to replace canals as the heart of the American transportation system (1830s and forward); most railroads ran east to west, helping to cement the North/West alliance. • New parties popping up everywhere against slavery in westward expansion (ex. Liberty Party) • James K.Polk (Democrat) favored westward expansion. Thesis: As America started to gain more western land, new parties popped up that wanted to stop the expansion of slavery, while southerners were not in favor of treaties that made new land free because they wanted to get wealth, while south threatened to secede the nation because of their pro slavery views.

How did Two of the following contribute to the reemergence of a two party system in the period 1820 to 1840? (Causation) - Major political personalities - States' rights - Economic

Major Political personalities- Ex. Jackson's opposition towards the national bank and Clay's American System created the reemergence of a two party political system of Whigs and democratic-republicans. States' Rights- Nullification Crisis, Slavery. The North was opposed to slavery while the south wanted slavery. South Carolina wanted to secede because of the Tariff of Abominations. They did not believe the federal government had the right to tax so they threatened to secede. Jackson's force bill and Clay's compromise resolved the issue. South Carolina believed it was a states' right to decide on a tariff. Economic- The debate over the national bank. Whigs wanted a national bank but Democratic- Republicans including Jackson believed the bank was unconstitutional and only benefited the wealthy. NEED TO ADD MORE

To what extent did political parties contribute to the development of national unity in the United States between 1790 and 1840? (Causation)

Political parties contributed to the development of national division in terms of creating opposition to economic policies. ?? (can we take the other side of the argument because it says to what extent? ) Unhappiness with American System led to the formation of political parties. NEED TO ADD MORE

Analyze the extent to which Two of the following influenced the development of democracy between 1820 and 1840. (Causation) - Jacksonian economic policy - Changes in electoral politics - Second Great Awakening - Westward movement

Reason #1- Second Great Awakening caused the emergence of utopian societies like the Shakers who gave more rights to women and allowed them to be apart of the government. Second Great Awakening led to the formation of social reform movements like abolitionism which wanted to give more rights to enslaved African Americans. The women's right movement also developed and this led to the development of democracy Jacksonian Economic Policy led to universal male suffrage, Common Man's era Western Movement- the western expansion of America led to the expansion of slavery and the increase of opposition in the North to slavery. The size of the United States doubles because of the Louisiana Purchase. changes in electoral politics: Seneca Falls Convention NEED TO ADD MORE

Analyze the continuities and changes over time in how industrial development from 1800 to 1860 impacted the relationship between the northern and the southern states? (CCOT)

Social Changes: more social divisions occurred, the planter elite who owned slaves were very wealthy and owned mansion. Prior to the revolutions social classes regularly interacted Social Continuities: slaves remained without rights Economic Changes: the North and south were connected now because of industrialization. the cotton boom/ cotton gin affected the production of cotton in the south. The southern cotton provided raw material for manufacturing in the Northeast. Both the north and south relied on each other for their economies. The North turned to manufacturing because of Market Revolution and Transportation rather than relying on agriculture like the South. Market Revolution and Transportation Revolution connected the north and south through Canals specifically the Erie Canal= forges regional ties. Economic Continuities: the south continued to rely on slaves and agriculture. Political Changes: Political Continuities: Thesis: The Industrial Revolution impacted the relationship between the North and the South by having more changes in terms of social and economic aspects of the nation. NEED TO ADD MORE

Analyze the impact of the market revolution (1815-1860) on the economies of TWO of the following regions. (Causation) The Northeast The Midwest The South

The Market Revolution—General Impact • Decline of subsistence agriculture • The "transportation revolution": spreading networks of turnpikes, roads, canals, and railroads •National Road (1811, completed in 1852) • Erie Canal (1825, 364 miles--Albany to Buffalo) • The steamboat• Impact of the War of 1812 • Henry Clay's American System (Second National, Bank, 1817, Internal improvements) • Tariff of 1816• American system of manufacturing: low-cost, standardized mass production, built around interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney) produced by machines • Increased economic instability: Panics of 1819, 1833, 1837, and 1857 • Rise of new working class: trade unions • Conflicts between sections: capitalist forms of labor and market agriculture in North, slave-based order in South • "Bank War," 1832 o Specie Circular, 1836 • Population: 5.3 million in 1800 increases to more than 23 million in 1850; urban population quadruples from 1800 to 1840 • Immigration: 1840 to 1860, 4.2 million immigrants (mostly Irish 1845-46 [potato blight], 1.5 million); four out of five settled in the Northeast The Northeast • Eastern urban capitalists dramatically accelerated pace of economic change: growth of regional and interregional markets; expanded credit and financing resources; some order imposed on currency and banking; and rise of new manufacturing enterprises. • Industrial growth, particularly rise of textile mills in New England • Newly created wealth controlled by tiny proportion of population • Decline of household production• Growing impersonality of economic relationships • New classes of independent and dependent Americans (artisans and journeymen) • Samuel Slater • Eli Whitney (interchangeable parts—guns, clocks)• Waltham system: "Lowell Girls" • Lowell, Massachusetts: the United States' first large-scale planned manufacturing city (strikes in 1834 and 1836) • National Trade Union •Spreading canal and railroad networks • Erie Canal (completed 1825) • Increased German and Irish immigration (rise in nativism) The Midwest • Increase in westward migration • Spreading canal and railroad networks linked to the Northeast • Increase in cash-crop production • New classes of independent and dependent Americans • Commercialization of agriculture in the Midwest contributes to the growth of eastern manufacturing • Pittsburgh first to develop a manufacturing sector to complement its exchange function• The National or Cumberland Road • Baltimore and Ohio Railroad • John Deere (steel plow) • McCormick Reaper (patented in 1834; plant produced 80,000 reapers by 1860) The South • Lagged behind in industrialization and urbanization, although from 1840 to 1860 South's economy grew slightly faster than the North's economy • Rise of Cotton Kingdom • Eli Whitney (cotton gin) • Corn was a large crop, but "King Cotton" was the largest cash crop (short staple cotton) • New Cotton Kingdom (world cotton production grows from 9 percent in 1800 to 68 percent in 1850; in 1800, 73,000 bales; in 1850, 2 million bales) • Westward expansion of plantation slavery; "Alabama Fever" • Rise of southern yeomanry • "Tariff of Abominations," 1828 • Nullification Crisis, 1832-33 • Rise of New Orleans and Charleston • Steamboats on the Mississippi

In what ways did the Second Great Awakening in the North influence TWO of the following? (Causation) Abolitionism Temperance The cult of domesticity Utopian communities

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap07_us_history_q3.pdf