Unit 4: Plant Biology
If a cross section of a eudicot herbaceous stem were compared with the cross section of its root, how would they differ?
Location of vascular tissue.
The transfer of pollen from the male to the female reproductive structure is known as __________.
Pollination
what is leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves
Pteridophytes
Which of the following plant organs are primarily involved in the uptake of water and minerals?
Roots
While on an expedition to Borneo, you have discovered a plant that appears to have two free-living multicellular generations, water transporting cells, and motile sperm. It is probably most closely related to what group of plants?
ferns
The fusion of gametes is called _____.
fertilization
Although conifers bear their seeds in cones, they are considered the "naked seed" because their seeds are not enclosed in a ______________.
conifer
The waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the _________.
cuticle
The waxy polymer on the leaves of vascular plants that protects them from pathogens is called
cutin.
A billion years ago, photosynthetic life on land was likely composed of _____
cyanobacteria
Plants that shed their leaves at the end of a growing season are _________.
deciduous
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the gametophyte stage of the flowering plant?
diploid
Heterospory represents evolutionary progress because it
forces cross-fertilization
Which of the following innovations gives bryophytes a reproductive advantage over streptophyte algae?
gametes are produced in antheridia or archegonia
Which of the following features are present in both streptophyte algae and land plants?
gametes, sporangia and sporophytes
in dandelians, female gametophytes and their eggs are_________ because during megaspore generations, homologous chromosoes do not pair and ________does not occur
diploid; meiosis I
What is occurring when: The first sperm moves down the pollen tube to the female gametophyte and fertilizes an egg to form a diploid embryo. The second sperm fuses with two other nuclei in the female gametophyte to form triploid endosperm, which will provide food to the developing embryo.
double fertilization
The dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle is the
gametophyte
One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the_____
embryo
The female gametophyte in flowering plants is also called the _________ _________.
embryo sac
One the first critical innovations in land plants was the development of multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote that are called
embryos
One the first critical innovations in land plants was the development of multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote that are called______
embryos
Seeds are beneficial to plants because they
enable embryos to get food from sporophytes
The transcription factor called SHORT ROOT is involved in the specialization of root cells into what type of tissue.
endodermis
Which cells in the root have a suberin layer called the Casparian strip?
endodermis
Double fertilization results in the production of a zygote, which develops into an embryo, and another fertilization product, which develops into nutritive tissue called
endosperm
The nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants is known as
endosperm
The nutritive tissue in flowering plant seeds which is formed as a result of double fertilization is called _______.
endosperm
The primary role of the two sperm in the pollen is to
ensure fertilization of the egg and the central cell.
The nutritive tissue in the pine seed is the ______________ seed.
gametophyte
In what stage of the alternation of generations in flowering plants is a process that is analogous to the production of eggs by frogs carried out?
gametophyte stage
T/F Active transport in plants works against a concentration gradient and this allows for substances to pass through plant cells without an energy input.
false
T/F Roots have axillary buds that allow for the development of lateral or branch roots.
false
t/f a plant what is dioecious could also have perfect flower
false
The leafy green plant in the life cycle of lower plants is the _________ generation.
gametophytes
After papaya seeds germinate, the hypocotyl elongates and forms a hook. This hook straightens and pulls the cotyledon and the shoot tip of the seedling into the air, leaving the seed coat in the soil. This method of embryonic shoot emergence is most similar to shoot emergence in which plant?
garden bean
Liang and Mahadevan concluded that flowers bloom as a result of
greater growth on petal edges than in the petal center.
Plants probably evolved from ancient _________.
green algae
Because seed plants produce female spores and male spores, they are said to be ______
heterosporous
Certain lower vascular plants are __________ and produced two kinds of spores.
heterosporous
Plants that produce two types of spores (megaspores and microspores) are called______
heterosporous
Have hollow, jointed stems that are impregnated with silica. After fertilization, the ________ develops into a fruit.
horsetails
A flower that lacks stamen is said to be ___________________.
imperfecl
A flower that lacks any one of its floral parts might be called
incomplete.
The outermost layer of an ovule is the
integument
Ovules are enclosed by leaflike structures called_______
integuments
The mesophyll of the leaf:
is made up of palisade and spongy parenchyma cells
Heterospory in seed plants describes the production of:
large female spores and small male spores
Plant structures specialized for photosynthesis are called
leaves
The major plant organs include
leaves, stems, roots
The tiny leaves of modern lycophytes are called
lycophylls
The oldest vascular plants are ______.
lycophytes
The tracheophytes consist of _______,_________, and seed-producing vascular plants.
lycophytes pteridophytes
A __________ is a leaf that evolved from a branch system.
megaphyll
Female gametophytes produce egg cells while in the protective walls of the female spore, called the
megaspore
Seed plants are characterized by heterospory, in which smaller spores are produced, along with larger spores called__________
megaspores
The type of leaf found in club mosses (Lycophyta) is called a _______.
microphyll
In seed plants, small spores called ___ develop into pollen.
microspores
A flower could best be described as which of the following ?
modified leaves
This class of flowering plants, the _________, includes the palms, grasses, and orchids.
monocot
Most conifers are ______ and have male and female reproductive parts at different locations on the same plant.
monoecious
What are members of the informal group called bryophytes.
mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
as observed in animals stem cells, plant stem are able to
remain undifferntied but can divide to producecells that generate new tissues
Where is the primary meristem located?
root and stem tips
Which of the following is the proper order of cells for water and minerals to travel from the soil into the xylem?
root hair, cortex, endodermis, xylem
which of the following is the proper oder of cells of water and minerals to travel from soil into xylem?
root hairs, cortex, endodermis, xylem
Whisk ferns have vascularized stems but lack true ________ and _________.
roots and stems
one application of modified flower parts has been the development of cultivated flowers from wild one such as with
roses
Heterospory describes the spores of different sizes and functions that are produced by which plant group?
seed
Plants with mutant ABA receptors are likely to have problems with
seed dormancy
Lycophytes and pteridophytes are known as
seedless vascular plants
Contain an embryo and food tissue and thus are better than spores for reproduction.
seeds
Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are calle
seeds
The embryos of spermatophytes are produced within protective and nourishing structures known as ______
seeds
What is produced by both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
seeds
The correct arrangement of flower parts from the outside to the inside is
sepals; petals; stamens; carpels.
Which cells are likely to have a higher cellular water potential?
sieve-tube elements near sink tissue
In phloem, bulk flow occurs from regions of high to low ____ concentration
solute
Cluster of sporangia termed _________ are often found on fern fronds.
sori
The flattened leaf-like body form of many liverworts is called a ____________.
thallus
Chara zeylanica is a complex streptophyte alga. What traits would this species need to gain in order to be classified as a land plant?
the ability to reproduce sexually apical meristems that produce three-dimensional tissues cellulose-bearing cell walls spores surrounded by walls composed of sporopollenin
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants?
Bryophytes
what is dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
Bryophytes
What is a feature of woody stems (in temperate regions) but not of herbaceous stems?
Bud scale scars.
Fossils show that lycophytes, pteridophytes, early lignophytes, and other primitive vascular Correctplants formed extensive forests during the _______period.
Coal Age
what are all features of plant embryos.
Diploid Multicellular
This process, which is unique to angiosperms, results in the production of both a zygote and an endosperm
Double fertilization
In bryophytes, ______ hold sperm, and ______ hold eggs
antheridia; archegonia
The male gametangium, or ____________, produces spores.
antheridium
In plants, cell division is concentrated in regions called
apical meristems
Localized regions of cell division occurring at the growing tips of plants are called
apical meristems
The female gametangium or ___________ produces an egg.
archegonium
Plants with blue petals, nectar, and a strong scent are most likely pollinated by ___.
bee
Where would one find the leaf axillary bud in most eudicots?
between the leaf petiole and the stem
where would one find the leafs axillary bud in most eudicots
between the leaf petiole on compound leaf
The simplest and most ancient phylum of modern plants is the
bryophytes
The water potential of a flaccid cell you are studying is −1.5. What is its solute potential?
1.5
if given plant lose 200 L of water in a day, how much of this do you expect will be lost through the cuticle?
10L
Seeds appeared in the fossil record by
365 million years ago
what is lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte
Gymnosperms
Charales is an order of freshwater organisms that are sometimes called stoneworts. Stoneworts have branching multicellular bodies and use chlorophyll to photosynthesize. Which of the following events in the life cycle of stoneworts would indicate that they should be classified as streptophyte algae instead of bryophytes?
Haploid spores are formed by meiosis of the zygote.
Where in the eudicot plant root would you expect to find vascular tissue?
In the center.
In Petunias, immature styles express a high level of RNase (a nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA). What type of SI (Self Incompatibility) would this affect, and how?
It will enhance gametophytic SI.
Ancient nonvascular plants likely influenced climate by sequestering ______ from the atmosphere
carbon
Bryophytes continue this process by storing _________in decay resistant tissues.
carbon
The ________ is composed of a stigma, style, and ovary.
carpel
Plants and streptophyte algae share a number of derived traits, except:
chlorophyll a and b.
The important fossil fuel _______is derived from the remains of these ancient plants.
coal
The fact that deep tubular flowers are pollinated by insects with long mouthparts, whereas short flowers are pollinated by insects with short mouthparts, is an example of __________.
coevolution
Flowering plants thrived after the meteorite event of 65 mya because:
competitors became extinct
Flowers that have four floral parts are said to be
complete
Apical meristems give rise to ______.
plant tissues
One feature that phloem cells have that xylem cells lack is
plasmodesmata.
Mutant plants that wilt easily under strong sunlight and high temperatures have been isolated. The stomata in these plants are functional, but do not respond to ABA. What protein may be missing from these plants?
ABA receptor
What hormone plays a role in the closing of stomata in response to water stress?
Abscisic acid
what is possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue
Angiosperms
Which of the following characteristics separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?
Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.
Which phlyum contains the flowering plants?
Anthophyta
What is the nutritive tissue in the seeds of angiosperms?
Endosperm
what is a triploid structure in a seed that provides nutrition for the developing embryo
Endosperm
What are all products of double fertilization?
Endosperm Zygote
What are all the advantages of heterospory.
Evolutionary flexibility is enhanced. New genetic combinations are created. Cross-fertilization is mandatory.
Which of the following characteristics is common to both the alternation of generations and haploid-dominant life cycles?
Fertilization produces a zygote.
Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of fruits and seeds?
Fruits are structures that contain seeds and foster seed dispersal.
What is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle?
Gametophyte
Assuming the plant survives, predict what would occur if you removed the shoot apical meristem of a plant embryo.
Growth would only occur at the roots.
what is leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems
Lycophytes
What groups belong in the kingdom Plantae?
Lycophytes Mosses
What are all seedless vascular plants:
Lycophytes Pteridophytes
What are considered tracheophytes:
Lycophytes Pteridophytes Angiosperms
Egg cells of seed plants develop from within the walls of which of the following?
Megaspores
what are used to describe the tiny leaves found in modern lycophytes
Microphylls Lycophylls
The microspores of pines develop inside which structure?
Microsporangia
what is a haploid cell that will form the pollen grain in gymnosperms and angiosperms
Microspore
Classifying a flower as imperfect depends on what?
Missing sexual parts
Which of the following statements best compares the two dominant lineages of modern angiosperms?
Monocots have only one cotyledon whereas eudicots have two.
The Wawona Tree was a sequoia tree in Yosemite National Park that was 2100 years old, 324 feet high, and 26 feet in diameter at its base. In 1881, a tunnel (7 feet wide, 26 feet long, 9 feet tall) was cut through the base of the tree, yet the Wawona Tree lived on for another 88 years until 1969. How was the tree able to survive with the tunnel through its trunk?
Most of the tissue that was removed was nonconducting xylem
Which of the following occurs in an alternation of generation life cycle but not in a haploid-dominant life cycle?
Multicellular sporophyte
Apple trees have matrotrophic embryos. How does this benefit the apple tree?
Nutrients are transferred to the developing embryos by the female gametophyte.
Alternation of generations means
One phase of the life cycle is diploid and the other is haploid.
During a plant biology lab, you observe cells of a banana under a microscope and notice that they have thin cell walls and large central vacuoles. After lab, you decide to have a banana for lunch, noticing the sweetness and softness as you bite into the fruit. Based on your experience in lab and lunch, what kind of plant tissue is found in a banana?
Parenchyma
What rely on protection and resources supplied from the maternal plant?
Plant embryos
The kingdom composed of land plants is____
Plantae
Wild cherry (Prunus avium) is a tree that is native to Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. It has been widely cultivated by humans for its fruit, which are also attractive to birds. Based on this information, wild cherry is most closely related to which of the following plants?
Roses
Scientists discovered that the primary reason leaves either develop as simple or compound is related to _____.
Scientists discovered that the primary reason leaves either develop as simple or compound is related to _____.
If a plant mutated such that the number of fibers and sclereids increased and spread through the entire organism, what do you predict would happen to the plant?
Seed production would increase proportionally. The root system would be impaired by inflexibility.
what is vascular plant innovations that evolved multiple times
Seeds Leaves
T/F Although land plants, mosses are still tied to water because of their flagellated sperm.
TRUE
T/F the plant cell can move substance into cells using proton pumps that work against a gradient
TRUE
Ulva is a genus of algae in the phylum Chlorophyta. What characteristic does Ulva share with ferns?
The ability to synthesize organic nutrients using light
Which of the following statements best describes the life cycles of streptophyte algae and plants?
The diploid generation of streptophyte algae is unicellular whereas the diploid generation of plants is multicellular.
How can one distinguish between annuals, biennials, and perennials?
The time from seed germination to seed production.
Which of the following statements characterize euphylls?
They are believed to have evolved from a branch that flattened and developed photosynthetic tissue between the branches.
Mosses and flowering plants differ in their dominant life cycle stages. Coleochaete is a multicellular algae that is considered to be the closest living relative of land plants. Coleochaetespend their entire life as a haploid organism. In what major way do these algae differ from mosses and flowering plants?
They do not undergo alternation of generations.
A prolonged period without rain is causing a major drought in the American Midwestern states. How would you expect crops to respond initially to the stress caused by the drought?
They will take in less carbon dioxide.
T/F Flowers develop as a result of determinate shoot growth.
True
T/F Meiosis does not occur in gametophytes.
True
T/F Placental transfer tissues are necessary because plant embryos are incapable of photosynthesis.
True
What materials pass through stomata?
Water, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide
the ancient cataclysm that led to the rise of the angiosperms was ______.
a meteor
The development of decay resistant tissues in early vascular plants likely led to:
a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
What is the most likely consequence of a mutation that causes sporopollenin to degrade quickly after it is synthesized?
a reduction in the ability of the integument of an ovule to develop into a seed coat
The pistil of a flower is best described as
a single carpel or a group of fused carpels
Sporopollenin is
a tough protective covering on spores
Measurement of relative water content (rwc) can be used to predict a plant's
ability to recover from wilted conditions
in grass seeds, the ___________ secretes digestive enzyme into central endosperm to release sugar from stored starch
aleurone
Spermatophytes are
all living and fossil seed plants
Plants have an _______ of __________ in which they spend part of their life cycle in the gametophyte and part in the sporophyte stage.
alternation of generations.
The two types of seed plants are _______and______
angiosperms and gymnosperms
A sporic life cycle is characteristic of which groups?
angiosperms, ginkgos, conifers moss
what do eudicots have that is not present in monocots
netted venation
How many cell types would we expect to find in the simple primary tissues of plants?
one or two simple cell types
Researchers have shown that an important contribution of seedless plants was the addition of _______ material to the soil.
organic
After fertilization, the ___________ develops into a seed.
ovule
In seed plants, the sporangium containing one spore that develops into an egg-producing gametophyte is called a _________
ovule
In seed plants, this structure matures into a seed
ovule
Which of the following is NOT part of the male reproductive parts of a flower?
ovule
in _______ the cotyledon remains underground as seedling grows
peas
The main function of plant leaves is to carry out
photosynthesis
Jo was a botanist from a young age. Her mother loves telling the story about the summer when Jo got a mask and snorkel. Instead of swimming around the pond looking at fish, Jo sat submerged in the shallow water breathing through the snorkel. When her mother asked her if she was pretending to be some sort of a sea creature, Jo held up the snorkel and said, "No, Mom. I'm a cypress tree and this is my _________."
pneumatophore
In pines, microspores are small spores that develop into____
pollen
The immature male gametophyte of pine is called the ___________.
pollen
the process involving microspore division and tough walls to protect the gametophytes leads to production of what end product?
pollen
What is a pollen grain to the site of a female gametophyte
pollination
The following sequence represents events in the development of a fruit
pollination; fertilization; embryo; ovary matures.
the productions of roots hairs is mostly dependent on
position of an epidermal cell
The production of root hairs is mostly dependent on
position of an epidermal cell.
You are a botanist who immersed in you r attempt to increase a certain property in you plant. To that end, you induce a mutation that doubles the amount of vascular cambium, what exactly was the property that you sought to increase ?
production of secondary xylem and phloem
Plants originated from a photosynthetic ______ ancestor.
protist
Seed plants retain megasporangia on the parental sporophyte in order to:
provide nutritional support
Horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns are members of the group of plants called
pteridophytes
As observed in animal stem cells, plant stem cells are able to ______.
remain undifferentiated but can divide to produce cells that generate new tissues
Which groups of plants have at least some members that possess tissues capable of transporting water and nutrients?
spermatophytes lycophytes tracheophytes embryophytes
Meiosis in plants results in the formation of _____________.
spores
Plants store their carbohydrate as ____________.
starch
Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called
stomata
The openings in plants that allow a gas exchange for photosynthesis are called ________.
stomata
What adaptations allowed vascular plants to thrive in terrestrial environments that cannot be colonized by bryophytes?
stomata, tracheids and a waxy cuticle
The land plants evolved from a
streptophyte alga
Which of the following clades does not exhibit alternation of generations?
streptophytes
_________ is the main sugar transport in phloem; plant biologist think it is less vulnerable to____ that menosacchardides
sucrose: metabolic breakdown
The main effect of burning peat, wood, coal, and petroleum on the Earth's climate is
the fires release back into the atmosphere carbon dioxide that was once taken from the atmosphere by plants and stored in their own tissues; the increased carbon dioxide holds in solar heat and causes a rise in temperature.
The apprentice in your horticulture lab accidentally trims all of the axillary buds from a particularly prized specimen. After realizing his mistake, he rather glumly asks you, as lead horticulturalist, about the effects on the plant. You predict that
the plant will continue its vertical growth and will be a tall and skinny variety
the apprentice in your horticulture lab accidentally trims all of the axillary buds from a particular prized specimen. after realizing his mistake, he rather glumly asks you as lead horticularlist, about the effects on the plant. you predict
the plant will continue its vertical growth and will be tall and skinny
If a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a plant of a different species
the pollen grain may not be able to germinate.
You have learned that flowering plants have a dominant sporophyte and mosses have a dominant gametophyte. Having two unequal life cycle stages is called heteromorphy. Certain algae have a homomorphous relationship between their two life cycle stages. Homomorphy likely means
the two life cycle stages are equal.
The embryo was a critical innovations in land plants because :
the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues
All of the following are considered evolutionary advantages of seeds except
they provide an additional site of nutrient synthesis for the parent plant.
Endosperm is
tissue stored in seeds that provides nutrition for embryos.
Endosperm is:
tissue stored in seeds that provides nutrition for embryos.
The bodies of land plants are made of several types of______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.
tissues
The functions of vascular tissue in plants include :
transport the water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis through the plant.
T/F It is possible for a plant to have flowers that are both incomplete and perfect.
true
T/F plants that are pollinated by insects probably do NOT produce allergy reactions in humans
true
True or False: Angiosperms are also called flowering plants.
true
t/f liquids move faster in plant bell by bulk flow that by diffusion
true
The bryophytes lack a _______ system and are therefore restricted in size.
vascular
The three major plant organs contain ______ tissue.
vascular
you are working with a scientist to classify new plants . you find a new plant that has a flower. You conclude what about the reprodction
we do not have sufficient information about this plant to indicate how it reproduces
A basic difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination is
where the pollen came from
Plants with reduced or absent petals, no nectar, no scent, and copious amounts of pollen are most likely pollinated by _______.
wind
The fusion of gametes results in a diploid fertilized cell, or __________.
zygote