Unit 4 Quiz 2 APUSH (UPDATED 11/15)

Tariff of 1828

A protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.

Suffrage

The right to vote

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status" because of treaties created with the US Government. Said the Cherokee were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. First Whig president. Nickname: Old Tippecanoe

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense. 10th President. William Henry Harrison's Vice President. President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk

Trail of Tears

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. Resulted from Jackson ignoring the ruling of Worcester V. Georgia.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

1819, New hamp. tried to take over a college by revising a charter)charters are protected under the contract clause of the U.S. constitution charter protected under contract clause; upholds sanctity of contracts

Force Bill

1833 - authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The _______________ was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the _____________.

Compromise Tariff of 1832

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the Tariff of 1832 to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years. A result of Henry Clay's efforts to soothe South Carolina's qualms about the Tariff of Abominations. It caused South Carolina to withdraw the ordinance nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Both protectionists and anti-protectionists accepted this compromise. (Compromise Tariff of 1833) Every source has said this is of 1833, but the term said 1832... Here is the definition for the Tariff of 1832, in case this is what was intended. was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered down to 35 percent, a reduction of 10 percent, to pacify these objections.

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Allows federal control of interstate commerce under commerce clause of the Constitution. - Situation: NY wanted to issue a steamboat license to allow Ogden to go between NY and NJ (giving NY a monopoly on the area), and Gibbons had been doing so without a license. - Constitutional Issue: Does navigation count as "commerce," and can Congress therefore regulate it? Do both the federal and state government have power? - Finding of the Court: The "commerce" encompasses 'navigation;' Only Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce - Impact of the Decision: Broadened the meaning of "commerce;" Officially asserted/gave Congress the power to regulate commerce; reasserted federal power over state power Suit over whether New York could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. Gibbons won.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist (an idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living.) who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. Wrote "The American Scholar." Gave lectures through the lyceum lecture associations.

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820). Also wrote Knickerbocker's History of New York. Interpreted (explained?) America to Europe and vice versa using Spanish settings and biography. Member of the Knickerboxer Group.

George Caleb Bingham

An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier. an American artist whose paintings of American life in the frontier lands along the Missouri River exemplify the Luminist style. Genre painter.

Ordinance of Nullification

Beginning of the Nullification Crisis. South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and forbade the collection of those duties. Jackson organized troops, causing South Carolina to withdraw this law. In February, 1833, they threatened secession if federal bureaucrats tried to collect them. This was SC's message to the nation that it would refuse to pay the tariff because of its unfair burden. Succession does not appear to be part of the actual ___________________.

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system. Whigs were united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system

Jefferson Day Dinner

Dinner held to organize Jefferson's birthday. Jackson presented a toast proclaiming his opposition to nullification. Calhoun presented another toast, opposing Jackson's idea.

Davy Crockett

Famous frontiersman, left Tennessee to help Texas fight Mexico for independence. Died at the Alamo.

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. ----------- opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Webster-Hayne Debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable" Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

In 1832, when the court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee counrty. Marshall claimed only the federal govt. could do that. He explained that the tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. In defending the power of the federal government, he was also affirming and explaining the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority Marshall infuriated Jackson by insisting that Georgia laws that purported to seize Cherokee lands on which gold had been found violated federal treaties . Ruling ignored by Jackson, resulting in Indian Removal Act and later Trail of Tears.

2nd Bank of the United States

It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.

Asher Durand

Painted Kindred Spirits, The Study of Nature: Rocks and Trees. He was an engraver and payed attention to detail. artist, Hudson River School He was a friend of cole. They were engravers. He really liked the trees. he wanted to suck you in. sensed that everything was part of God. (artists, nature) an American painter of the Hudson River School.

Democrats

Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism. Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS Against all forms of privileged. Backed by workers who demanded a 10 hour work day, higher wages, tolerable working conditions, education for their children, and the abolition of the practice of debtor's prison.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-33 over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. The resolution of the __________________________ in favor of the federal government helped to undermine the nullification doctrine, the constitutional theory that upheld the right of states to nullify federal acts within their boundaries. Included Force Bill, its nullification, and Ordinance of Nullification. Ended with Compromise Tariff of 1833 (Called Compromise Tariff of 1832 in this Quizlet). Started with Ordinance of Nullification.

Bank War

Started when Webster presented bill with Henry Clay to renew Bank of U.S. Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong

James Fennimore Cooper

The Leatherstocking novels (including The Last of the Mohicans) written by _____, established westward expansion as a serious and distinctive American literary theme. Made U.S. themes respectable. Aided by association with Irving. Wrote The Spy. Many of his books sold to Europe, making them think Americans were born with tomahawks in their hands. Deepest theme was of destiny and viability of the U.S. republican experiment; comtrasted purity of people from wilderness with corruption and artificiality of society. Offered literary comparisons to Hudson River School's landscapes. Member of the Knickerboxer Group.

Log Cabin and hard cider campaign

The election of 1840 in which William Henry Harrison and his party campaigned by the rolling log cabin parades and free cider during huge campaign events to convince everyone to vote for him.

Black Hawk War

Uprising led by a warrior named black hawk in which native Americans tried to reclaim their land in the Illinois territory. Rebellions of this sort led to Indians' movement to reservations because they caused people to look the other way when the topic of Indian relocation was brought up.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

George Catlin

Who was credited for the idea of National Parks?

Second America Party System

a period in American political history between 1828 and 1854 and saw rising levels in votes and the major parties were the Democratic led by Jackson and the Whigs led by Clay.

Roger Taney

chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional. In Boston Charles River Company V. Warren Bridge, said that the community's rights outweighed any exclusive corporate rights. His ruling resulted in opening new channels for entrepreneurship and greater competition being encouraged. Helped Jackson as Secretary of the Treasury to transfer the Second Bank of the U.S.' federal funds to pet banks.

Charles River Company v Warren Bridge

dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract, decided that public convenience takes precedence. Also concluded states can't grant a monopoly. 1837 - Supreme Court ruled that a charter granted by a state to a company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. The Charles River Bridge Company protested when the Warren Bridge Company was authorized in 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. The court ruled that the Charles River Company was not granted a monopoly right in their charter, and the Warren Company could build its bridge. Chief Justice Taney said that the community's rights outweighed any exclusive corporate rights. Resulted in opening new channels for entrepreneurship and greater competition being encouraged.

Whigs

first emerged when Clay, Calhoun, and Webster released motion censuring Jackson for removal of federal deposits from Bank of U.S. conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution because they were opposing "King Jackson." Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Thomas Cole

in his Voyage of Life an angel guards the only human figure who journeying down a river, Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings produced companion pieces showing melancholy and mirth in L'Allegro and Il Penseroso, painted a canvas in which a decapitated statue with a shield can be seen in the upper right while pillaging occurs below, From Textbook: Also painted The Oxbow -showed human threat to the environment; five-part series: The Course of Empire - showed rise and fall of civilization

Samuel F. B. Morse

invented the telegraph

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.