Unit 5-6

The print above suggests that as nineteenth-century Japan industrialized, Japanese women did which of the following? A: Stayed at home, out of the workforce. B: Demonstrated against participation in the factory system. C: Became involved in the factory system and industrial production. D: Enjoyed leadership positions over their male counterparts in factories and industries. E: Chose to continue the domestic, or cottage, system of production.

C: Became involved in the factory system and industrial production.

During the nineteenth century, which of the following engaged in a territorial expansion most similar to the one depicted in Map 1 ? A: Qajar Iran B: The Ottoman Empire C: The United States D: The Holy Roman Empire

C: The United States

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict A: British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century B: major slave trading routes in the nineteenth century C: British trade routes that developed as a result of the disruption caused by the First World War D: illicit drug routes that developed in the second half of the twentieth century

A: British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century

The quotation above by an early-twentieth-century Chinese revolutionary illustrates the influence of A: Social Darwinism B: communism C: National Socialism D: anarchism

A: Social Darwinism

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750-1900 ? A: Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required. B: Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories. C: Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land. D: Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.

B: Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.

Which of the following scientific concepts had the greatest role in providing a justification for imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A: Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease B: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution C: Albert Einstein's theory of relativity D: Marie Curie's theory of radioactivity

B: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society? A: Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns. B: Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work. C: The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime. D: As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners' treatment of female workers improved.

B: Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.

Slavery and serfdom were abolished in the 1860s in A: Great Britain and Brazil B: the United States and Russia C: France and Algeria D: Austria-Hungary and India E: China and the Ottoman Empire

B: the United States and Russia

Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image? A: The spread of Marxist ideas B: The Taiping Rebellion in China C: The scramble for Africa D: The unification of Germany

C The scramble for Africa

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images? A: A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal B: The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries C: A decline in Asian countries' share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports D: The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification

C: A decline in Asian countries' share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports

The industrialization of Great Britain's economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following? A: Britain had large reserves of petroleum. B: British scientists were the first to discover electricity. C: Britain had large reserves of coal. D: British engineers developed new methods of producing cheaper steel.

C: Britain had large reserves of coal.

Social Darwinism was used to justify which of the following during the nineteenth century? A: Latin American independence movements B: Domestic reforms in Meiji Japan C: British colonization of India D: Russian utilization of coerced peasant labor

C: British colonization of India

A historian researching factors that contributed to the rise of industrial production in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would find which of the following types of sources most helpful? A: Records of labor and trade union meetings B: A tally of political speeches in favor of versus those opposed to colonial expansion C: Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas D: Data on prices of luxury goods

C: Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas

Based on the third paragraph, Stanley's vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments? A: Settler imperialism B: The view of imperialism as the "White Man's Burden" C: Economic imperialism D: The belief that imperialism should be spearheaded by religious missionaries

C: Economic imperialism

Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to humans? A: Draft animals B: Wind power C: Fossil fuels D: Nuclear power

C: Fossil fuels

Which of the following developments in the period 1878-1922 best explains the change in Japanese trade patterns shown in the graphs above? A: Japanese manufacturing output decreased because Japanese leaders restricted commercial ties. B: Export of manufactured goods declined because United States tariffs on Japanese goods increased. C: Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization. D: Japanese imports of raw materials increased as a consequence of extensive immigration to Japan.

C: Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization.

In the mid-twentieth century, the presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa is best explained by which of the following? A: Trade networks of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries B: European and United States imperial conquests of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries C: Labor migrations during the nineteenth century D: Refugees fleeing warfare and repressive regimes during the twentieth century

C: Labor migrations during the nineteenth century

Which of the following best explains all of the migration movements shown on the map above? A: Large labor surpluses in India and China, due to the success of British and Qing agricultural reforms B: The end of the slave trade in the Americas and the intensification of European colonial expansion in Africa C: Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects D: The end of revolutions in the Americas and the establishment of the American republics

C: Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following? A: Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses B: Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production C: Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers D: Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment

C: Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers

The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage A: neglects to mention that South Asian migrants were a key source of labor for Western transnational corporations B: disparages the development of contemporary Hinduism C: omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India D: attributes historical events to divine intervention

C: omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to A: place European expansion in the Congo in the context of earlier imperial ventures that had ended in disaster for the native population of the colonized country B: place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which inter-European rivalries had prevented the successful economic exploitation of colonial territories C: place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable D: place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which British imperial policies had been proven to be more successful than the policies of other European countries

C: place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable

After the abdication of the last Qing emperor in China in 1912, the new republican government adopted a new national flag (the so-called five-races-together-in-harmony flag) in which five stripes represented the five main ethnic groups: the Han Chinese, the Manchus, the Tibetans, the Uighurs, and the Mongols. The adoption of the new flag is an example of which of the following processes? A: Governmental efforts of new states to undo the tolerant ethnic and religious policies of their imperial predecessors in order to promote greater uniformity B: Governmental efforts of new states to reduce their political and economic dependence on former colonial powers C: Efforts by authoritarian governments to mobilize all segments of society for a conflict with foreign powers D: Governmental efforts of multinational states to promote a new nationalist identity that would help prevent the emergence of ethnic separatism

D: Governmental efforts of multinational states to promote a new nationalist identity that would help prevent the emergence of ethnic separatism

Pearson's argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies? A: Free-market capitalism B: Marxism C: Mercantilism D: Social Darwinism

D: Social Darwinism

In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in both Africa and China was characterized by A: widespread trade in opium B: the encouragement of slavery C: extensive conquest of territory D: small military enclaves along coastlines E: competition among imperialist powers

E: competition among imperialist powers

The Australian catalog page of 1929 shown above shows women primarily as A: mothers B: executives C: patriots D: participants in competitive sports E: consumers in a world economy

E: consumers in a world economy

Which of the following is a similarity between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century? A: Both were attracted by employment opportunities. B: Both rejected the cultural traditions of their homelands. C: Both were mostly from the upper and middle classes. D: Both were exclusively from minority communities in their home countries.

A: Both were attracted by employment opportunities.

A historian researching international migration patterns of the nineteenth century would find which of the following sources most useful? A: Census records from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals B: The diary of a German coal miner who emigrated to Canada C: Letters from an East Asian migrant to the Caribbean to his family back home D: A British factory's invoices and its shipping and tax records

A: Census records from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals

The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of A: Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production B: raw materials that could be used in African manufacturing centers C: crops that could be cultivated on plantations and industrial farms by European settlers D: products that would be most suited for export to the Mississippi region of North America

A: Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production

Japan's industrialization during the Meiji period and the Soviet Union's industrialization during the 1920s and 1930s had which of the following characteristics in common? A: Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative. B: Both governments aimed to maintain women's inferior status while continuing to work on making economic progress. C: Foreign investment capital financed both industrialization programs. D: The working classes of both countries began to rebel against poor working conditions and to join political parties.

A: Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative.

Which of the following best explains why spices, such as cloves, became a LESS important component of colonial trade during the nineteenth century? A: Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices. B: European states developed military and medical technologies that enabled them to establish direct colonial control over most interior regions of Africa. C: Some European states encouraged the migration of large numbers of their citizens overseas, leading to the establishment of settler colonies. D: The emergence of anticolonial movements that used civil disobedience to achieve their goals made many traditional colonial products virtually impossible to produce on a large scale.

A: Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices.

In the late nineteenth century, which of the following would most motivate the Dutch to continue to expand their presence in Indonesia? A: The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing B: The growing competition with Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires C: The example of Japanese modernization during the Meiji Restoration D: The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia

A: The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing

The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the A: low wages of workers in industrial societies B: resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers C: persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices D: decrease in family size associated with greater income

A: low wages of workers in industrial societies

Darwin's theories were interpreted by Social Darwinists to indicate that A: select human groups would dominate those less fit B: European countries were more nationalistic C: non-White groups were better adapted to tropical climates D: imperialism went against the theory of natural selection E: education would lead to equality

A: select human groups would dominate those less fit

The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why A: social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule B: syncretic religious movements frequently emerged from cultural differences in colonial societies C: nationalist movements against imperial rule often sought to bridge ethnic and religious differences by appealing to popular Enlightenment ideals D: settler colonies frequently exacerbated differences between religious groups in colonial societies

A: social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule

"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 Great Britain's development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to A: use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production B: use natural resources from colonies to create finished products C: use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods D: take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition

A: use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production

"Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding." Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815 The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author's motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America? A: Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America. B: Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America. C: Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire. D: Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the columbian exchange.

B: Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America.

Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century? A: China became isolated politically in part because of its suppression of pro-Western Chinese dissidents. B: China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces. C: China became a major exporter of manufactured goods to Europe. D: China and Europe were forced into an uneasy alliance to reverse Japanese imperial expansion in northern China.

B: China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces.

The image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration best exemplifies which of the following processes? A: Attempts by conservative members of society to maintain indigenous traditions B: Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States C: Greater freedom for women resulting from democratization D: Increased emphasis on international cooperation as a result of the lowering of trade barriers

B: Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States

Which of the following resulted from Europe's expansion overseas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A: Europe's population size and industrial productivity declined. B: European countries acquired colonies and dominated world trade. C: The number of workers needed for European factories declined. D: Mechanized agriculture spread worldwide.

B: European countries acquired colonies and dominated world trade.

Which of the following was among the first results of the European Industrial Revolution in other parts of the world? A: The beginning of the transatlantic slave trade B: Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil C: The search for oil in Africa, Asia, and Latin America D: Construction of textile factories in Africa and Asia E: The partition of Africa by European imperial powers

B: Increased demand for commodities such as cotton and palm oil

Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women's lives? A: By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university degrees. B: Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities. C: By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries. D: Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.

B: Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.

Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century? A: Most migrants rejected their culture in favor of total assimilation. B: Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities. C: Most migrants traveled seasonally as agricultural laborers. D: Migrants were primarily women seeking employment as factory workers.

B: Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century? A: The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States B: The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution C: The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories D: The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production

B: The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution

Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments? A: The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies B: The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation C: The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies D: The emergence of transnational businesses

B: The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain? A: Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing B: The emergence of social reform movements C: The development of better transportation infrastructure D: The increasing demand for consumer goods

B: The emergence of social reform movements

A historian interpreting the policies advocated for in the passage would most likely argue that they are best explained in the context of which of the following? A: The decreasing importance of mercantilist policies in the development of the global economy B: The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies C: The growing importance of Social Darwinist ideology in the development of imperial economies D: The importance of access to coerced labor in the development of industrial economies

B: The importance of raw materials to the development of industrial economies

The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was most influenced by which of the following factors? A: The amount and location of British petroleum reserves B: The location and large number of British coal deposits C: The aggressive promotion of industrialization by George III D: The spread of cotton cultivation in southern England

B: The location and large number of British coal deposits

On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A: Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children B: Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men C: A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor D: An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages

B: Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men

On a global scale, the implementation of the types of policies that Rivett-Carnac advocated for in the passage is most significant in that it directly led to the A: dramatic increase of migrants from colonial societies to imperial metropoles B: growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule C: increased influence of laissez-faire economic philosophies among nationalist leaders in colonial societies D: growth of labor union membership among colonial populations

B: growth of nationalist movements in colonial societies against imperial rule

In Poem 1, the sentiments regarding education and politics are best understood in the context of which of the following? A: The persistence of slavery in spite of the abolitionist movement in the British Empire B: The growth of women's movements pushing for greater education and domestic rights C: The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule D: The revival of traditional Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs in India

C: The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule

"On Monday news reached us that the French* had printed a proclamation in Arabic and had sent it around to be read in public, calling upon Egyptians to obey them. A copy of that document came into my possession and I will quote it here: 'In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. On behalf of the French Republic which is based upon the foundations of liberty and equality, General Bonaparte addresses all Egyptian people: O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie. The real purpose of our campaign is to restore your rights from your oppressors—the Mamluk** rulers of Egypt. Know that all people are equal and that only differences in the degree of reason, virtue, or knowledge may be used to elevate one person above another. But what reason, virtue, or knowledge do the Mamluks have that gives them the right to claim the most fertile land, the most desirable dwellings, and the highest government positions in Egypt? None whatsoever.' In that proclamation, their statement 'In the name of Allah, etc.' suggests that they agree with Islam. But in reality they are opposed to both Christianity and Islam and do not hold fast to any religion. They are materialists who deny the Hereafter and Resurrection, and who reject Prophethood and religious Messengership. In politics, too, they do not have a single ruler, like other countries, who can speak on their behalf." *In 1798 a French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt in an attempt to threaten Great Britain's access to its colonial empire in India. **the ruling class in Egypt at the time, mostly made up of non-Egyptians Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Egyptian religious scholar and resident of Cairo, eyewitness chronicle of the French occupation of Egypt, 1798-1801 Which of the following claims does Napoleon make about religion in the document al-Jabarti quotes in the second paragraph? A: The French had come to convert Egypt to Christianity. B: The French had come to abolish Islam. C: The French did not wish to change the religion of the people of Egypt. D: The French state was not based on the principles of the Enlightenment.

C: The French did not wish to change the religion of the people of Egypt.

Which of the following best accounts for the circumstances of Indian workers alluded to in Poem 1 ? A: The increasing migration of Indian laborers to industrialized urban areas B: The cultural divisions between Indian Muslim migrants and Indian Hindu migrants C: The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants D: The pattern of many Indian migrants returning to their homeland after their contracts ended

C: The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants

In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following? A: Laissez-faire liberalism B: The ideology of nationalism C: The concept of the civilizing mission D: The racial theory of Social Darwinism

C: The concept of the civilizing mission

Which of the following most likely influenced Fukuzawa's views in the passage? A: The Tokugawa Shogunate's policy of limiting contacts between Japan and the rest of the world B: The emphasis on peaceful resolution of conflicts in Shinto and Buddhist religious traditions C: The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration D: The suppression of the Taiping Rebellion in China, which resulted in significant loss of life

C: The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration

The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes? A: The modification of the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill in European universities B: The desire to retain preindustrial forms of economic production by many imperial governments C: The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism D: The expansion of the middle classes in newly industrialized societies

C: The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism

The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century A: used Enlightenment ideas to justify their attempts to convert conquered populations to Christianity B: attempted to consolidate their conquests by enrolling local populations into imperial service C: justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions D: facilitated cultural exchange between different religious groups to conquer neighboring states

C: justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions

Rivett-Carnac's point of view is directly relevant in understanding all of the following features of the report EXCEPT A: the fact that the report expresses hope that the railroad will allow more cotton to be exported out of Berar province B: the fact that the report claims that the railroad will have the effect of more labor being available for cotton cultivation C: the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle D: the fact that the report envisions that the railroad will be used to import British textiles that would undersell Indian-made cloth

C: the fact that the report states the railroad would lead to a reduction in the area of Berar covered by jungle

Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx's theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin? A: Only Marx stressed the importance of the "class struggle" in history. B: Only Marx stressed the primary role of the industrial proletariat. C: Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamentary reform. D: Only Lenin argued that the workers' revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries. E: Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.

D: Only Lenin argued that the workers' revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries.

Zeng Guofan's analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by which of the following? A: The Daoist notion of being in harmony with nature B: The absolutist notion of the divine right of kings C: The Buddhist notion of avoiding violence against any living thing D: The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle

D: The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle

The economic success of businesses such as the British South Africa Company was in part dependent on which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century? A: The migrations of indentured workers from Asia B: The increasing availability and variety of consumer goods C: The development of new technologies such as the telegraph D: The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance

D: The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance

Which of the following was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the 1800s? A: A decline in the social status of women B: An increase in the power and prestige of the landowning aristocracy C: The general leveling of social hierarchies based on wealth D: The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas

D: The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas

The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A: The higher degree of educational achievement among workers B: A decline in the diversity of consumer goods C: Large increases in the prices of most consumer goods D: The greater degree of labor specialization

D: The greater degree of labor specialization

The conditions described in the passage are best seen as a continuation of which of the following nineteenth-century developments? A: Attempts to regulate immigration in developing countries B: Increases in agricultural productivity contributing to population growth C: Nationalist rebellions against monarchical rule D: The practice of economic imperialism by industrialized states

D: The practice of economic imperialism by industrialized states

As described in the passage, the economic model of the British South Africa Company most directly differed from which of the following economic trends in the late nineteenth century? A: The shift in Asian and African economies from manufacturing of finished goods to resource extraction B: The shift from nation-based businesses and enterprises to transnational businesses and enterprises C: The shift from heavy industry to industries centered on the production of consumer goods D: The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

D: The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by A: military conquests of large territories administered as military states B: intense colonization and settlement of large areas C: active international interaction through trade and diplomacy D: coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements E: frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples

D: coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements

In the late nineteenth century, European involvement in both Africa and China was characterized primarily by A: the encouragement of slavery B: extensive intermarriage with local peoples C: small military enclaves along coastlines D: competition among imperialist power

D: competition among imperialist powers