Unit 5 Agriculture - AP human geography
Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Sub-Saharan regions were all A) leaders of the Columbian Exchange B) aress noted for widespread terracing C) hearths of plant domestication
C
As result of the Columbian Exchange, which crop was transferred to Europe from the Americas and later spread through the world?
Maize(corn)
Wheat is the world's __________________
leading export crop
Deforestation has resulted in ________________but _____________________
more farmland in some places; but more desertification in others
What are two factors that cause subsistence farmers to lose their farms?
not enough available land, agribusiness enterprises
What are the three main results of the 2nd agricultural revolution?
rural to urban migration, mechanization, and transportation
In arid climates, like southern California and the Middle East, _____ can cause the soil to become salty and infertile.
salinization
What can irrigation lead to?
salinization, the concentration of salts in soil as water evaporates
What is the concept of the enclosure movement?
taking common land and selling it to private companies
True or False: GMO's were developed to increase yield, resist diseases, chemicals to kill weeds and pests
true
True or False: large-scale commercial agriculture operations are replacing small family farms
true
True or false: Carl Sauer argued that the first hearths were located in areas with high biodiversity on the edges of forests
true
True or false: fair trade is assuring that farmers get a fair price for crops
true
What were the earliest crops in Africa?
yams and sorghum
What is Von Thunen's Model based on?
appropriate access to markets
________ is the practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water
aquaculture
Pastoral Nomadism is practiced in ____________
dry areas
Conservation efforts are efforts to ________,__________,and _____________
environmental challenges, become more sustainable, fair trade
What is the bid-rent theory?
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on food changes as the distance towards the CBD increases.
Why did the Green Revolution fail in Africa?
- environment - lack of money to help facilitate - culture
What three ways has the environment been damaged?
1. Soil pollution 2. Water pollution 3. Air pollution
Where is the long-lot system most common? A) Colorado B) Quebec C)Texas
B
What were the earliest crops in Southwest Asia?
Barley and Wheat
What are three cons of monocropping?
- soil degradation - high risk of harvest loss - high use of fertilizers
What three ways did the Green Revolution negatively impact the developing world?
- increase expense to the natural environment - not sustainable - fossils fuels
What three things did the increased food supply during the green revolution impact?
- reduced hunger - lowered death rates - population increased
About _____% of the current U.S population is working directly to produce the food eaten by everyone else in this country
2
The percentage of farmers in MDC's is _________ while in LDC"S it's about _________
2-5%; 50%
What part of the U.S uses metes and seaboard patterns? A) eastern seaboard B) midwest C) northwest
A
Rice is generally grown in China because..... A) culture B) Environmental conditions
B
In which group of countries are GMO's most widely used in agriculture? A) United States, Brazil, and Argentina B) France, Germany, and the Netherlands C) India and Bangladesh
A
What is irrigation? A) the process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops B) travel from place to place with herds of domesticated animals
A
Which describes a change in agriculture that shows the clearest impact of development of agribusiness? A) The networks for production and distribution have become more efficient B) The small-scale farming sector has grown stronger C) The emphasis on local trade has increased significantly
A
_________ is a common cause of decreasing farmland in rapidly growing urban areas. A) urban sprawl B) topsoil loss C) agribusiness
A
What was the Green Revolution?
A 20th-century attempt to increase food resources worldwide, involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the development of disease-resistant crops.
_____________ is a large commercial farm that specializes in one crop, usually found in low latitudes
A plantation
subsistence agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
What is an important concern in both aquaculture and feed lots?
Animal waste
Slash and burn agriculture is A) not sustainable B) typical for tropical forests C) a new invention
B
What agricultural practice is employed by people who move from place to place with their cattle? A) ranching B) pastoral nomadism C) dairying D) shifting cultivation
B
Which of the following is a good example of subsistence farming? A) A family growing its own vegetables B) Large corporate farms C) Exportation of agricultural practices and technologies to less developed areas
B
Which statement best explains why a large number of agricultural products are imported into the U.S from Chile? A) inexpensive labor in Chile reduces the cost of production B) The growing season in Chile allows U.S consumers to have fresh fruits and vegetables in the winter C) Subsidies in the U.S make agricultural products cheaper
B
According to Von Thunens mode, why is wheat farmed further from the market than diary is? A) people like milk more than bread B) The climate is different near the market C) dairy generates more revenue per acre D) land rent is more expensive further from the market
C
Agribusiness has had all of the following effects on agriculture, EXCEPT... A) the farm is no longer the center of agricultural activity B) TNC's often control agricultural activity abroad C) family farmers, through increasing technology, are producing goods, processing, marketing, and consumption D) agriculture has become a multilevel process of production, processing, marketing, and consumption E) Some corporations essentially dictate agricultural production in other countries beside their own.
C
How did the industrial revolution transformed western agriculture? A) with biotechnology B) by eliminating plant hybridization C) through mechanization and the creation of new markets
C
____________ is a process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods then transport them to consumers
Commodity Chains
What is a CAFO?
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
All of the following were part of the Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s EXCEPT A) use of chemicals fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides B) new hybrid seeds C) dissemination of technology from the core to the periphery D) GIS-based "smart agriculture"
D
Marcus owns a piece of land in the southwest United States that he irrigated heavily in order to grow tomatoes. Marcus's land is now infertile. What process most likely caused Marcus's soil to become underproductive? A) Gentrification B) Deforestation C) Desertification D) Salinization
D
The effects of biotechnology A) are positive bc it allows much greater agricultural yields B) are unknown bc very little research has been conducted on them C) are negative bc its expense limits its availability to all farmers across the globe D) All of the above
D
Which lists products in the order in which they will be produced, starting closest to the market, according to Von Thunen's Model? A) grain, forest, beef cattle, dairy cattle B) tomatoes, grain, beef cattle, forest C)dairy cattle, beef cattle, forest D) dairy cattle, forest, grain, beef cattle
D
______________ the farming and sale/distribution of milk and milk products
Dairying
Harvesting twice a year is known as _______
Double cropping
What is mixed crop and livestock farming?
Farming that grows crops and raises animals
Empowering and investing in rural women in agriculture has led to....
Increase productivity, reduced hunger and malnutrition, improved rural livelihoods
_______________ farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock practices
Intensive
What three costs affect farmers?
Land, Labor, Capital
Why do people buy organic products?
Lots of people think GMO's are bad
__________________ need hot-dry summers, lid winters, narrow valleys, and often some type of irrigation system
Mediterranean agriculture
______________ damage the grasslands to the extent that vegetation will not refresh itself even after the animals leave
Overgrazing
What is intercropping?
Planting two or more crops with different harvest times in the same plot of land.
_____________ is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
Ranching
A _________ is a flooded field for growing rice
Sawah
____________ is a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Shifting cultivation
____________ is when the soil gets so degraded that it can't be used because the nutrients have been feasted on
Soil degration
Why did the Green Revolution not work in some parts of india?
Some places didn't have access to the resources given to the government and caused uneven development
What is the blue revolution?
The name for the global expansion of aquaculture in the last 40 years
_____________ is the loss of top fertile layer of sol lost through erosion
Topsoil loss
During the green revolution what four pieces of technology were introduced?
Tractors, tillers, broadcast seeds, grain carts
______________ is commercial gardening and fruit farming for exchange of commodities
Truck farming
True or False: Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching
True
________________ is a form of corporate organization in which one firm controls multiple aspects or phases of a commodity chain
Vertical Integration
___________ is clearing water from wetlands and swamps to make land accessible for farming which can lead to the destruction of an ecosystem if not done correctly
Wetland draining
What is a suitcase farm?
When no one lives on a farm and harvesting and planting is performed by farmers who live nearby the farm or by migratory labor.
What five products can only be grown in a tropical environment?
coffee, tea, pineapples, cocoa, bananas
slash and burn, terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands, shifting cultivation, and pastoral nomadism all ______________________
alter the landscape
Cons of Green Revolution
chemical toxins lower employment intense water use
_________ and __________ migration led to new goods, practices, and services introduced across the world
forced; voluntary
Pros of Green Revolution
higher crop yields, lower food costs
_____________ is the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, and tree crops form the commercial base
horticulture
The first agriculturalists were also________
hunters and gatherers
How did machinery damage the developing world?
increased air, water, and sound pollution
A farmer who converts forested land and marshland into cropland has __________
increased the land's carrying capacity
Rural settlements patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or _______
linear
___________ settlement is a pattern of homes/buildings that follow taken by roads
linear
The economies scale led to __________ costs and more __________ produced
lower; goods
The middle of Von Thunen's model represents the _______
market
Nomadic Herding is associated with......
pastoral nomadism
What were the earliest crops in Latin America?
potatoes, maize, beans, cotton
What do the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides all increase(pro)?
production
According to Von Thunen, the regional geography of agriculture is determined by ______
rent
What were the earliest crops in East Asia?
rice
Long lot pattern give access to ____________ and __________
roads and waterways
Slash and burn agriculture is often used by farmers who live in areas that have _________
soil that lacks sufficient amounts of nitrogen to grow food crops quickly
Crop Rotation is _________
the practice of rotating use of different fields from one crop to crop each year exhausting the soil
What is desertification?
the process by which an area becomes a desert
Mediterranean agriculture depends on ______________ winters and ____________ summers
warm wet; dry
