Unit 5 AP Psych
what are the effects of alcohol?
- Impaired judgement - Poor coordination and unconsciousness - Disrupts REM sleep. - Enhances GABA response in the brain.
what drug is opiates and what are its effects?
- depressant - endorphin antagonist - euphoria, memory loss - physical addiction - intense withdrawals
what are the effects of cocaine?
- dopamine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor - activates reward circuit in limbic system - extremely heightened arousal, euphoria
what are the effects of amphetamines?
- enhances dopamine reception - enhances cognitive performance - increased energy and confidence - neuroendocrine suppressant
what drug is cannabis and what are its effects?
- hallucinogen - THC= agonist CBD= antagonist - neuroendocrine function - decreased inhibition - lower motor coordination and inhibited perception
what type of drug is LSD and what are its effects?
- hallucinogen - amplifies dopamine and serotonin transmission - altered perception - hallucinations (injury risk)
what drug is mushrooms and what are its effects?
- hallucinogen - psylocybin -> serotonin agonist and reuptake inhibitor - theorized to block some neural pathways and create others - alters limbic function - altered perception
what type of drug is MDMA and what are its effects?
- hallucinogen - amplifies serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine - overuse can damage neurons - body overworks to destroy excess of serotonin severe chemical hangover
what drug is caffeine and what are its effects?
- stimulant - adenosine antagonist - enhances dopamine and glutamine - increased heartbeat and arousal
what are the effects of nicotine?
1. Increased alertness and concentration 2. increased norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine 3. stimulant then mood stabilizer
18. A student participates in a month long sleep study designed to examine free running circadian rhythms. If all time cues are removed, the student's total sleep wake cycle is likely to A. Average about 25 hours B. Average about 12 hours C. Average whatever it had averaged when the student began to study D. Become extremely variable E. Become even more dependent than usual on the student's activity level
A. Average about 25 hours
21. Which of the following statements best describes the effect of alcohol on human functioning? A. It depresses the central nervous system. B. It increases alertness and enhances perception. C. It facilitates the release of norepinephrine. D. It depresses the thyroid system. E. It distorts auditory perception.
A. It depresses the central nervous system.
16. In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep? A. It is correlated with dreaming. B. It leads to a marked increase in muscle tone. C. It alternates with NREM sleep in 30-minutes cycles. D. It occurs during the first half of an individual's sleep cycle. E. It involves decreased blood pressure and heart rate.
A. It is correlated with dreaming.
17. Which of the following characteristics is generally associated with the use of hallucinogens? A. The experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input B. Improved memory function C. Decreased pain sensation and decreased anxiety D. Slower bodily functions E. THe experiences of brief euphoria followed by a depressive state
A. The experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input
10.Which of these statements is most accurate about REM sleep? A. These periods are the longest at the beginning of the sleep period, then get shorter through the night. B. These periods are the shortest at the beginning of the beginning of the sleep period, then get longer through the night. C. During these periods, brain activity is as reduced as muscle activity. D. The brainstem continues to pass on motor activity signals to the rest of the body during REM sleep. E. The dreams during this stage are frequently interrupted by sleep spindles.
A. These periods are the longest at the beginning of the sleep period, then get shorter through the night.
11. During a dental procedure, Xavier is injected with a drug that is designed to greatly reduce his pain by interfering with the sending of pain signals. At the neural level, the drug is preventing A. action potentials from being transmitted. B. neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed by neurons. C. potassium ions from being released at the terminal buttons. D. pain signals from being clearly interpreted in the sensory cortex. E. the myelin sheath from protecting the axon.
A. action potentials from being transmitted.
4. Under hypnosis, Jerry is able to withstand pain without showing any outward signs of discomfort. However, when asked to signal if some part of his consciousness is aware of the pain, he raises his hand. Which of the following is a theory that best explains Jerry's behavior? A.Dissociation B.State C.Role D.Social influence E.Age regression
A. dissociation
5.During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions? A.Sleep apnea B.Narcolepsy C.Insomnia D.Night terrors E.The REM rebound effect
A. sleep apnea
2. Which of the following is characterized by a periodic appearance of sleep spindles? A. Stage 2 sleep B. Stage 3 sleep C. Stage 4 sleep D. REM sleep E. Night terrors
A. stage 2 sleep
3. Which of the following is true of individuals who experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they abruptly stop using a drug that they have been taking for a long time? A.They are physically dependent B.They are tolerant of the withdrawal effects C.They are in state of reverse tolerance D.They are experiencing disinhibition E.They are demonstrating projective identification
A. they are physically dependent
27. Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an A.Antagonist B.Agonist C.Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) D.Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) E.Excitatory neurotransmitter
A.Antagonist
22. Joe is taking a new job on the night shift next week. His supervisors have informed him that initially he may have some problems with his level of alertness and his memory as he adjusts to his new schedule. Joe's supervisors are sharing with Joe their knowledge of A.Circadian rhythms B.REM sleep C.Sleep spindles D.The social clock E.NREM sleep
A.Circadian rhythms
25. Psychological effect of alcohol are powerfully influenced by the user's A.Expectations B.Success in developing a social network C.Agility D.Intelligence quotient E.Brain dopamine level
A.Expectations
12. REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics? A.Slowed heart rate B.Slowed respiration rate C.Lowered blood pressure D.Lowered muscle tone E.Reduced eye movements
A.Slowed heart rate
24.Hypnosis has been found useful in the treatment of A.pain B.autism C.dementia D.paranoia E.schizophrenia
A.pain
6. When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is A.An opiate B.An amphetamine C.A depressant D.A hallucinogen E.A stimulant
An an opiate
9. Hypnosis is the best described as a state that A.Gives the hypnotist complete control over the thoughts and emotions of the hypnotized individual B.Induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual C.Is similar to an obsessive compulsive personality disorder D.Is similar to condition produced by excessive alcohol consumption E.Is similar to the REM stage of sleep
B. induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual
29.During a typical night of sleep, the average adult spends the most time in A. stage 1. B. stage 2. C. stage 3. D. stage 4. E. REM.
B. stage 2.
15. Research suggests that hypnosis is effective in reducing pain because it A. induces a state of amnesia B. synchronizes the functioning of the two cerebral hemispheres C. interferes with the functioning of brain cells D. diverts attention from the pain E. lowers the subject's level of suggestibility
D. diverts attention from the pain
20. A patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveal that the patient's sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interrupted breathing and brief awakenings. Which of the following diagnoses would account for such symptoms? A. Somnambulism B. Sleep terrors C. Narcolepsy D. REM behavior disorder E. Sleep apnea
E. Sleep apnea
14. Which of the following is an explanation of why travelers suffer from jet lag? A. They experience an increase in REM rebound. B. There is a decrease in the duration of alpha waves in sleep. C. They experience excess amounts of NREM sleep. D. There is a reduction in their parasomnias. E. There is a disruption in their circadian rhythm.
E. There is a disruption in their circadian rhythm.
13. Ben normally sleeps from 10:00 P.M. to 7:00 A.M. In which of the of the following time periods would he experience the LEAST amount of REM sleep? A.10:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M. B.12:00 A.M. and 1:00 A.M. C.1:00 A.M. and 2:00 A.M. D.3:00 A.M. and 4:00 A.M. E.6:00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M.
E.6:00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M.
26. Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? A.Ty cannot recall the thief he saw running from the scene of the crime B.Cassie's vivid memory of the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger is not corroborated by those she was with at the time C.Aberto is unable to remember anything since the accident that destroyed portions of his hippocampus D.Katie attributes her poor performance on the standardized test due to the fact that she took the exam in a room other than the room other than the one in which she learned the material E.Alyse cannot remember any details of what happened right before her car accident
E.Alyse cannot remember any details of what happened right before her car accident
what stage of sleep seems "paradoxical" and why?
REM sleep because the brain is super active even though we're asleep
structure in the hypothalamus that regulates sleep/wake cycle
SCN
define dissociation
a split in consciousness
REM wave lengths
alpha and beta waves
NREM-1 wave length
alpha and theta waves
what wave length is awake but relaxed?
alpha waves
what are the stages of sleep in order?
awake but relaxed, NREM- 1, NREM -2, NREM 3, REM
NREM- 3 wave length
delta waves
these large, slow brain waves are associated with deep sleep:
delta waves
What kind of drug is alcohol?
depressant
where is alcohol found?
liquor, wine, beer
define atonia
mild paralysis while sleeping
According to physiological function theory, why do we need to sleep?
sleep promotes neural development
what are k-complexes and in what stage of sleep do they occur?
spikes of brainwave activity, NREM-2
what drug is amphetamines?
stimulant
what drug is cocaine?
stimulant
what kind of drug is nicotine?
stimulant
define oneirology
study of dreams
What is hypnagogic sensation and during what sage does it occur in?
the feeling of falling, NREM- 1
NREM- 2 wave length
theta waves
19. A central nervous system depressant that produces a false feeling of well being and efficiency and results in slower reaction time to stimulation is A. Cocaine B. Marijuana C. Dopamine D. Alcohol E. Nicotine
D. Alcohol
7.An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing A. withdrawal symptoms B. alcohol-induced psychosis C. state-dependent learning D. alcohol tolerance E. delirium tremens
D. alcohol tolerance
28. It is well established that certain autonomic responses such as heart rate, perspiration, and respiration change under stress. In view of the fact that people generally have stronger autonomic responses when lying than when telling the truth, the polygraph would be a foolproof approach to lie detection. Which statement best explains why the polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in testing of job applicants? A.Most people can avoid detection when they lie B.Physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions, so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions C.A significant number of people show paradoxical autonomic reactions, responding more strongly when telling the truth than when lying D.In controlled studies, the polygraph has correctly identified guilty individuals in only a small percentage of cases. E.The Polygraph has been shown to be reliable only in hi
B.Physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions, so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions
31. Malia is 10 years of age, and her grandmother, Anna Rosa, is 60 years old. Which statement is likely to be true concerning their sleep patterns? A. Anna Rosa is more likely than Malia to have night terrors. B. Anna Rosa sleeps fewer hours per day than Malia does. C. Anna Rosa spends more of her sleep time in deep sleep than Malia does. D. Anna Rosa spends more of the night dreaming than Malia does. E. Anna Rosa and Malia have the same sleep patterns.
C. Anna Rosa spends more of her sleep time in deep sleep than Malia does.
8. Which of the following is a circadian rhythm? A.The ebb and flow of an individual's emotions during a 24 hour period B.Jet lag experienced after an airline flight from LA to Tokyo C.A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours D.The series of five stages that people go through during a normal night's sleep E.The systematic alternation between alpha waves and delta waves during different sleep stages
C. a cycle of biological function that lasts about 25 hours
1. Caffeine and nicotine are in the same class as which of the following drugs? A.Marijuana B.Valium C.Cocaine D.Alcohol E.Peyote
C. cocaine
30.Which of the following is an opiate? A.cocaine B.amphetamines C. heroin D. nicotine E. caffeine
C. heroin
23. Phil complained to his doctor that the sleeping pill the doctor previously prescribed no longer was effective at the original dosage. To his doctor's dismay, Phil confided that he has been taking more than the recommended amount of the drug to get the same effect. Phil's increasing intake of the drug reflects the condition known as A.Withdrawal B.Sensory overload C.Tolerance D.Addiction E.REM rebound
C.Tolerance
