Unit 5: Cardiovascular physiology

Caused by sympathetic activation of autorhythmic cells.

Increased permeability to calcium during pacemaker potiential

Causes a slowing of the heart rate

Increased permeability to potassium in autorhythmic cells

Which is true about events at the site of blood vessel damage? Check all that apply. - Plasminogen is converted to fibrin by plasmin - Plasminogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin - Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin - Plasminogen is converted to plasmin by fibrin - Plasminogen is converted to plasmin by thrombin - Plasminogen is converted to thrombin by plasmin

- Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin - Plasminogen is converted to plasmin by thrombin

For the crazy polar plunge people, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Check all that apply. - High MAP due to increased blood volume - low MAP due to reduced blood volume - High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance - low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance - No disturbance to MAP homeostasis

- High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance

Which of the following are likely to pass out due to low MAP based on your answers above? - One of these crazy polar plunge people. - One of these guys drinking in the hot tub. - This old dude after he takes his angina pills and his Viagra at the same time - The guy sitting in the bathtub that took Cialis. - This person covered in bees.

- This person covered in bees. - One of these guys drinking in the hot tub. - This old dude after he takes his angina pills and his Viagra at the same time

For the guys drinking in the hot tub, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Check all that apply. - decreased MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance - decreased MAP due to reduced blood volume - High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance - high MAP due to increaed blood volume - No disturbance to MAP homeostasis

- decreased MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance - decreased MAP due to reduced blood volume

For the guy doing the bee beard, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Assume he has an anaphylactic response! Check all that apply. - High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance - low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance - low MAP due to reduced blood volume - No disturbance to MAP homeostasis - High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance

- low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance

For the old dude that took Viagra and angina pills at the same time, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Check all that apply. - Note that angina pills cause an increase in the amount of nitric oxide around the coronary arterioles - No disturbance to MAP homeostasis - High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance - low MAP due to reduced blood volume - High MAP due to increased blood volume - low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance

- low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance

When acetylcholine binds with receptors on the sinoatrial node the following occurs. Check all that apply. - permeability to calcium decreases during the pacemaker potential -heart rate speeds up - heart rate slows down - permeability to calcium increases during the pacemaker potential - permeability to potassium decreases during the pacemaker potential - permeability to sodium increases during the pacemaker potential - permeability to potassium increases during the pacemaker potential

- permeability to calcium decreases during the pacemaker potential - heart rate slows down - permeability to potassium increases during the pacemaker potential

Which statement best describes the homeostatic response to an interval of over hydration due to water consumption? A. ANP secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and dilate blood vessels. B. ADH secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and dilate blood vessels. C. ANG II secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and have no effect on blood vessels. D. ADH secretion will increase which will reduce diuresis and constrict blood vessels E. ANP secretion will increase which will reduce diuresis and constrict blood vessels.

A. ANP secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and dilate blood vessels.

Which of the following drugs would directly reduce heart rate when given to a patient with hypertension? Remember that "directly" means that the drug is interacting with a protein on the effector cell/ tissue. A. Beta blockers B. Angiotensin II receptor blockers. C. a diuretic D. ACE inhibitors

A. Beta blockers

Which statement is correct about the effect of the autonomic nervous system on blood vessels? A. Blood vessels are under tonic control and their response to epinephrine depends on whether they have alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. Increased epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and beta adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation. B. Blood vessels are under tonic control and their response to epinephrine depends on whether they have alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. Increased epinephrine at beta adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation. C. Blood vessels are under antagonistic control. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction and acetylcholine causes vasodilation.

A. Blood vessels are under tonic control and their response to epinephrine depends on whether they have alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. Increased epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and beta adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation.

Which of the following is a direct effect of parasympathetic signaling when blood pressure is too high? Note that direct effect means that the tissue has receptors for acetylcholine. A. Decrease heart rate B. Induce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle C. Reduce blood volume D. decrease force of contraction of the heart

A. Decrease heart rate

Which is the correct statement about factors affecting the state of contraction of vascular circular smooth muscle? A. Increased CO2 and H+ causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity. B. Increased antidiuretic hormone causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity C. Increased ANP causes an increase in myosin kinase activity. D. Decreased histamine causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity.

A. Increased CO2 and H+ causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity.

Identify the factor increases peripheral resistance A. Increased levels of myosin kinase activity in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels B. Increased levels of NO in the blood C. Elevated levels of epinephrine at beta adrenergic receptors D. Systemic increase in histamine levels E. Abnormally decreased concentration of red blood cells

A. Increased levels of myosin kinase activity in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels

Which is the correct description of the RAAS pathway? A. Low renal blood pressure causes increased secretion of renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by ACE. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal cortex, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone. B. Low renal blood pressure causes increased secretion of renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by ACE. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal medulla, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone. C. Low renal blood pressure causes decreased secretion of renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by ACE. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal cortex, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone. D. Low renal blood pressure causes increased secretion of ACE. ACE converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by renin. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal cortex, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone.

A. Low renal blood pressure causes increased secretion of renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by ACE. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal cortex, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone.

Hypokalemia causes the resting membrane potential to be: A. More hyperpolarized (negative) than normal B. More positive than normal

A. More hyperpolarized (negative) than normal

Which is the best description of how calcium is removed from the cytosol of a myocardial pumping cell? A. The Na+/K+ATPase at "A" is a primary active transporter that generates a sodium gradient. The Na+/Ca++ transporter at "B" removes calcium from the cytosol by secondary active transport using the energy in the sodium gradient. B . The Na+/K+ATPase at "A" is a secondary active transporter that generates a sodium gradient. The Na+/Ca++ transporter at "B" removes calcium from the cytosol by primary active transport using the energy in the sodium gradient.

A. The Na+/K+ATPase at "A" is a primary active transporter that generates a sodium gradient. The Na+/Ca++ transporter at "B" removes calcium from the cytosol by secondary active transport using the energy in the sodium gradient.

Which is true about the effect of climbing to high altitude on a person's hematocrit? A. The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be higher than normal because of increased release of EPO by the kidney. B. The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be higher than normal because of increased release of EPO by the bone marrow. C. The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be lower than normal because of increased release of renin by the bone marrow. D. The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be lower than normal because of increased release of renin by the kidney.

A. The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be higher than normal because of increased release of EPO by the kidney.

Which is the correct relationship between calcium levels, myosin kinase activity and contraction of smooth muscle? A. increased Ca++leads to increased myosin kinase leads to increased contraction B. increased Ca++ leads to increased myosin phosphatase leads to increased contraction. C. decreased Ca++leads to increased myosin kinase leasds to increased contraction D. decreased Ca++ leads to decreased myosin kinase leads to increased contraction

A. increased Ca++leads to increased myosin kinase leads to increased contraction

Which is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart? A. right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve B. mitral valve → right ventricle → left atrium → pulmonary valve C. left atrium → aortic valve → left ventricle → pulmonary valve D. left ventricle → mitral valve → right atrium → aortic valve E. right ventricle → aortic valve → left ventricle → tricuspid valve

A. right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve

In a patient with liver failure who has abnormally low levels of plasma proteins, a direct outcome of this condition would be: A. systemic edema due to low colloid pressure B. hypotension due to low peripheral resistance C. myocardial infarction due to hypotension D. anemia due to low levels of EPO E. hypertension due to high stroke volume

A. systemic edema due to low colloid pressure

This effector is under antagonistic control by the autonomic nervous system.

Autorhythmic cells controlling heart rate

Digitalis is a drug that disables the Na+/K+ATPase in all cells, including the myocardial pumping cells of the heart. How would treatment with digitalis affect force of contraction of the heart? A. Force of contraction will increase because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be lost, and primary active transport of calcium out of the cell will stop. Increased calcium in the cytosol causes increased force of contraction. B. Force of contraction will increase because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be lost, and secondary active transport of calcium out of the cell will stop. Increased calcium in the cytosol causes increased force of contraction. C. Force of contraction will decrease because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be stronger, and secondary active transport of calcium into the cell will remove so much calcium that contraction cannot occur. D. Force of contraction will decrease because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be lost, and secondary active transport of calcium into the cell will stop. Decreased calcium in the cytosol causes decreased force of contraction.

B. Force of contraction will increase because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be lost, and secondary active transport of calcium out of the cell will stop. Increased calcium in the cytosol causes increased force of contraction.

Which of the following is a direct consequence of sympathetic activation of myocardial pumping cells? A. Increased sodium entry and faster calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum B. Increased calcium entry and faster calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. Increased calcium entry and less calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum D. Decreased calcium entry and greater calcium-calmodulin binding.

B. Increased calcium entry and faster calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Which of the following is a homeostatically controlled variable? A. Stroke volume B. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) C. Peripheral resistance D. Heart Rate

B. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) only MAP is a regulated variable. Heart rate, peripheral resistance and stroke volume are determined by effector tissues that change their activity in response to other homeostatically controlled variables which include MAP, body temperature, plasma pH etc.

For the guy sitting in the bathtub that took Cialis, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? A. High MAP due to increased blood volume B. No disturbance to MAP homeostasis C. High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance D. low MAP due to reduced blood volume E. low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance

B. No disturbance to MAP homeostasis

Increased entry of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells occurs: A. during decreased levels of norepinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors B. during increased levels of vasopressin at ADH receptors C. during increased levels of nitric oxide in the genital vasculature D. during decreased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide at beta-adrenergic receptors E. during decreased levels of angiotensin II in the kidney arterioles

B. during increased levels of vasopressin at ADH receptors

Increased calcium-calmodulin binding in smooth muscle cells results from: Check all that apply A. increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide at beta-adrenergic receptors B. increased levels of ANG II at ANG II receptors C. increased levels of norepinephrine at beta-adrenergic receptors D. increased levels of vasopressin at histamine receptors E. increased levels of nitric oxide around blood vessels F. increased levels of norepinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors

B. increased levels of ANG II at ANG II receptors F. increased levels of norepinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the: A. level of oxygen at the tissue increases. B. level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases C. [glucose] increases D. level of adenosine decreases

B. level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases

Injury to a blood vessel immediately exposes___________ , thus activating the agglutination of ___________

Collagen Platelets

Which statement best describes the homeostatic response to an interval of dehydration due to excess sweating? A. ANP secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and dilate blood vessels. B. ANG II secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and have no effect on blood vessels. C. ADH secretion will increase which will reduce diuresis and constrict blood vessels D. ANP secretion will increase which will reduce diuresis and constrict blood vessels. E. ADH secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and dilate blood vessels.

C. ADH secretion will increase which will reduce diuresis and constrict blood vessels

For every system that we talk about moving forward, we will keep coming back to smooth muscle, so it is important to learn it really well now. Which statement below describes the correct order of events for the excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle? A. A motor neuron releases acetylcholine which binds with a ligand-gated calcium channel, causing calcium to enter the cell and bind with calmodulin. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the myosin head allowing myosin to bind with actin, and the cross-bridge cycle to proceed. For muscles to contract the amount of myosin kinase activity must exceed the amount of myosin phosphatase activity. B. Calcium enters the cytosol through a ligand-gated calcium channel and binds with troponin. The calcium-troponin complex activates myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the myosin head allowing myosin to bind with actin, and the cross-bridge cycle to proceed. For muscles to contract the amount of myosin kinase activity must exceed the amount of myosin phosphatase activity. C. Calcium enters the cytosol through a ligand-gated calcium channel and binds with calmodulin. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the myosin head allowing myosin to bind with actin, and the cross-bridge cycle to proceed. For muscles to contract the amount of myosin kinase activity must exceed the amount of myosin phosphatase activity.

C. Calcium enters the cytosol through a ligand-gated calcium channel and binds with calmodulin. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the myosin head allowing myosin to bind with actin, and the cross-bridge cycle to proceed. For muscles to contract the amount of myosin kinase activity must exceed the amount of myosin phosphatase activity.

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception. A. Elevated levels of epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors B. Factors that cause increased hematocrit. C. Increased levels of ANP in the blood D. Gain of 6 pounds of muscle mass.

C. Increased levels of ANP in the blood

When ligand- gated potassium channels open, what is the most likely consequence? A. Potassium enters the cell a graded hyperpolarization occurs. B. Potassium leaves the cell a graded depolarization occurs C. Potassium leaves the cell a graded hyperpolarization occurs. D. Potassium enters the cell and a graded depolarization occurs.

C. Potassium leaves the cell a graded hyperpolarization occurs.

Which statement correctly describes a way that water is conserved during a period of abnormally low mean-arterial-pressure. A. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart binds with receptors in the kidney. B. Epinephrine released from parasympathetic neurons reduces blood flow to the kidney. C. Vasopressin (ADH) from the posterior pituitary reduces blood flow to the kidneys. D. Aldosterone released from the adrenal medulla binds with receptors in the kidney to increase sodium and water reabsorption.

C. Vasopressin (ADH) from the posterior pituitary reduces blood flow to the kidneys.

When MAP is elevated due to ingestion of abnormally large amounts of fluid, which would be the correct hormonal response? A. Increased secretion of ANP and epinephrine. B. Increased secretion of ANG II and decreased secretion of ADH. C. Increased sympathetic output and decreased secretion of renin. D. Increased secretion of ANP and decreased secretion of renin.

D. Increased secretion of ANP and decreased secretion of renin.

Which of the following statements describes a correct response to damaged blood vessels? A. Injury to the blood vessel exposes smooth muscle which activates the agglutination of platelets. B. Injury to the blood vessel exposes collagen which activates the agglutination of erythrocytes. C. Injury to the blood vessel exposes elastin which activates the agglutination of platelets. D. Injury to the blood vessel exposes collagen which activates the agglutination of platelets

D. Injury to the blood vessel exposes collagen which activates the agglutination of platelets

Which is characteristic of cardiac muscle but not skeletal or smooth muscle? A. Regulated by calcium in the cytosol B. Striated appearance C. Gap junctions between adjacent cells D. None of these characteristics are only found in cardiac muscle E. Influenced by the autonomic nervous system

D. None of these characteristics are only found in cardiac muscle

Which is true about autonomic effects on heart rate? A. Sympathetic activation decreases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold faster. B. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold more slowly. C. Sympathetic activation decreases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold more slowly. D. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold faster.

D. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold faster.

Why can severe protein malnutrition cause edema? A. There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too low in the plasma. This causes more water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries B. There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too high in the plasma. This causes more water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries. C. There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too high in the plasma. This causes less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries. D. There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too low in the plasma. This causes less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries.

D. There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too low in the plasma. This causes less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries.

The most immediate reflex response to orthostatic hypotension is to: A. decreased venous return B. decreased cardiac output C. decreased stroke volume D. increased heart rate E. increased vasodilation

D. increased heart rate

Blood flow to a tissue will decrease if the: A. level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases B. level of adenosine increases C. [glucose] decreases D. level of oxygen at the tissue increases

D. level of oxygen at the tissue increases

Aspirin can be taken by people that are at risk for a heart attack or stroke in order to: A. dilate the coronary arterioles B. increase Ca++-troponin interactions C. dissovle fibrin clots D. reduce platelet agglutination

D. reduce platelet agglutination

An antagonist of adrenergic receptors applied to the heart would directly: A. increase force of contraction B. increase cardiac output C. have no effect on the heart D. increase heart rate E. decrease heart rate

E. decrease heart rate

Decreased peripheral resistance can be caused by: A. decreased levels of histamine in the blood B. growth of new capillaries associated with weight gain C. arrival of epinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors D. increased myosin kinase activity in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels E. factors that decrease the hematocrit

E. factors that decrease the hematocrit

In a healthy person, saturation of cardiac troponin occurs: A. in every cardiac cycle B. upon standing C. at rest D. upon waking in the morning E. only during maximal exertion

E. only during maximal exertion

Increased hematocrit occurs in response to ___________ released from the _________________ in response to low __________

EPO Kidneys Low PO2 in the blood

Caused by sympathetic activation of myocardial pumping cells.

Increased Ca++ ATPase activity

Factor that increases total peripheral resistance that is NOT a hormone..

Increased blood vessel length

ANP is released in response to ___________ and causes _________________

High blood pressure Vasodilation

normally acts as a paracrine signal and causes vasodilation

Histamine

ADH is released in response to _____________ and causes _____________

Low MAP Vasoconstriction

This tissue is under tonic control by the autonomic nervous system

Vascular circular smooth muscle

product of heart rate and stroke volume

cardiac output