Unit 5: Into the Cell(s) (BIOL101)

Armadillos have a diploid chromosome number of 64. At prophase I, an armadillo's cell would have ________ tetrads present. 16 32 128 64 80

32

List the levels of organization of the body from simple to complex. 1. organ system 2. organism 3. tissue 4. organ 5. cell 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 5, 2, 4, 1, 3

5, 3, 4, 1, 2

What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract? NADH oxygen ATP ADP glucose

ATP

Which is not a function of blood? transport substances defend the body against infection All are functions of blood. regulate body temperature form clots

All are functions of blood.

As humans continue to use fossil fuels as a primary source of energy, the amount of carbon entering the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion will continue to increase dramatically. What is the effect of large-scale deforestation on the carbon in the atmosphere? Because trees are a major sink for atmospheric carbon, fewer trees will result in less carbon being removed from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. Because trees produce carbon dioxide, the amount of carbon in the atmosphere will decrease with their wide-scale removal. As trees are removed, there is more room for carbon to enter the soil directly and be used by other plants. The large-scale removal of forests does not have any real effect on atmospheric carbon, because carbon dioxide is not stored in trees.

Because trees are a major sink for atmospheric carbon, fewer trees will result in less carbon being removed from the atmosphere for photosynthesis.

Where do the vesicles that are being made for secretion from the cell become modified and packaged? smooth ER Golgi apparatus plasma membrane rough ER ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following organelles would form a membrane-bound package, also known as a vesicle? mitochondria chloroplasts lysosomes Golgi apparatus ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following statements describes the function of a chloroplast? It stores water. It converts chemical energy into heat energy. It converts light energy into chemical energy. It manufactures proteins. It aids in intracellular digestion.

It converts light energy into chemical energy.

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? ATP oxygen carbon dioxide ADP water

Oxygen

What is the first step in energy flow through an ecosystem? Producers are eaten by the herbivores. Producers absorb solar energy. Decomposers break down the organic matter and make it available for the producers. Producers absorb nutrients from the soil. Top-level carnivores eat the herbivores or omnivores within the ecosystem.

Producers absorb solar energy.

At what age do bones reach their peak density? late adulthood early childhood early adulthood at birth

early adulthood

Which of the following is an incorrect match of molecule to the location where it is principally used? DNA - nucleus rRNA - cytoplasm glucose - lysosome mRNA - nucleus and cytoplasm proteins - ribosome

glucose - lysosome

Carbohydrates are typically broken down to maltose, the molecule stored for future energy needs. fructose, the molecule stored for future energy needs. glucose, the molecule stored for future energy needs. glucose, the molecule used as the energy source in cells. glycogen, the molecule used as the energy source in cells.

glucose, the molecule used as the energy source in cells.

Most of the world's freshwater supply is used for boating and recreation. drinking water for livestock. irrigating crops. bathing by humans. drinking water by humans.

irrigating crops.

Which statement below is correct when comparing plant and animal cells? Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane and a cell wall. Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells also have a cell wall. Plant cells only have a cell wall, and animal cells only have a plasma membrane. Plant cells only have a plasma membrane, and animal cells only have a cell wall. Both plant and animal cells have a cell wall, but only animal cells have a plasma membrane.

Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells also have a cell wall.

Which of the following is not an organic molecule? CHO CaCO CH CHO CHNOS

CaCO

The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? DNA to mRNA to protein DNA to rRNA to protein mRNA to DNA to protein DNA to DNA to protein DNA to tRNA to mRNA to protein

DNA to mRNA to protein

DNA replication makes a(n) ________ copy of the DNA strand, while transcription makes a(n) ________ copy of the DNA strand. mRNA; DNA mRNA; tRNA DNA; mRNA DNA; tRNA mRNA; rRNA

DNA; mRNA

Homeostasis maintains various levels within a narrow range only if environmental conditions do not fluctuate much. True False

False

Muscular dystrophy affects the functioning of skeletal muscle. As this disease advances, it can impair the contraction of the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage. What effect will this have on the ability of people with this disease to carry out gas exchange? It will decrease the ability to exhale but the ability to inhale will be unaffected. It will decrease their ability to exchange air into and out of the lungs, decreasing gas exchange. It will lower the surface area for gas exchange, decreasing gas exchange. It will have no effect on their ability to carry out gas exchange. It will cause a buildup of mucus in their respiratory tract, decreasing gas exchange.

It will decrease their ability to exchange air into and out of the lungs, decreasing gas exchange.

What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration? cell membrane mitochondria ribosomes chloroplast cytoplasm

Mitochondria

________ is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions; ________ may be employed to use computer algorithms to aid this process. Proteomics; bioinformatics Genomics; proteomics Comparative genomics; proteomics Comparative genomics; bioinformatics Proteomics; comparative genomics

Proteomics; bioinformatics

In the reaction 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide is one of the catalysts. reactants. products. elements. enzymes.

Reactants

How does climate change effect Earth's oceans? The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals. Excess carbon in the atmosphere is absorbed by the ocean, which directly increases ocean temperature. The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more basic environment, leading to a decrease in overall productivity. As levels of carbon in the atmosphere increase, the amount of carbon in the ocean decreases proportionately.

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

What is the main reason that the tundra does not have large plants? The permafrost persists, even during the summer. The seeds of large plants were never dispersed into these regions. The amount of rainfall is not enough for large plants to survive. The other species of plants have outcompeted them for resources. The amount of sunlight is not great enough for large plants to survive.

The permafrost persists, even during the summer.

The best definition of a nutrient is a food component which enhances one's health. a food component which performs a physiological function in the body. an essential vitamin or mineral. a food component which can be stored in the body for future energy needs. any food taken into the body.

a food component which performs a physiological function in the body.

Most skeletal muscles contain ________. a predominance of fast oxidative fibers muscle fibers of the same type a mixture of fiber types a predominance of slow oxidative fibers

a mixture of fiber types

If your body is dehydrated, the control center in the brain will stimulate the release of a hormone which causes the reabsorption of water into the blood during urine formation. When the control center senses that enough water is reabsorbed, it will stop the release of the hormone. This is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. response to external stimuli. a combination of negative and positive feedback. a negative feedback mechanism. lack of control over homeostasis.

a negative feedback mechanism.

Muscle tone is ________. a state of sustained partial contraction the feeling of well being following exercise the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements the condition of athletes after intensive training

a state of sustained partial contraction

Forests help to regulate the global climate by releasing oxygen. emitting ozone. absorbing pollutants. absorbing carbon dioxide. preventing soil erosion.

absorbing carbon dioxide.

Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis? algae animals vertebrates invertebrates fungi

algae

The main goal of conservation biology is to promote the needs of certain ecosystems that are determined to be in danger. prevent the hunting and fishing of species. promote the welfare of endangered species. prevent the building of large structures like shopping malls and businesses. apply scientific principles to preserving and restoring ecosystems.

apply scientific principles to preserving and restoring ecosystems.

Which ecosystem makes up approximately 70% of the Earth's surface? aquatic; coral reefs terrestrial; rainforest aquatic; fresh water terrestrial; tundra aquatic; marine

aquatic; marine

Which organisms have been modified to produce insulin, blood clotting factor VIII, and human growth hormone? corn soy beans cows goats bacteria

bacteria

A cell being observed under a microscope has a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and chromosomal material that is not found in a nucleus. Based on this information, the cell could be a bacterial cell. cell from a fish. cell from a cactus. cell from a mushroom. cell from a paramecium.

bacterial cell.

A karyotype shows chromosomes arranged by complexity, radius, and length. length, structure, and color. banding patterns, size, and shape. color, width, and length. shape, size, and complexity.

banding patterns, size, and shape

Without receptor proteins, a cell would not be able to transport water into the cytoplasm. perform metabolic reactions. bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body. allow the passage of H ions into the cell. divide.

bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body.

Mercury can enter an aquatic food chain and collect in fish as well as people who eat fish. This is an example of which of the following processes? biological accumulation bioremediation biological magnification biotic potential salinization

biological magnification

Which of the following is not a benefit of biodiversity? climate regulation new and better crop plants production of freshwater development of novel medicines biological magnification

biological magnification

Mitochondria are found in animal cells only. plant cells. neither plant cells nor animal cells. animal cells and bacterial cells only. both plant cells and animal cells.

both plant cells and animal cells

In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________. use products manufactured in the dark reactions; creates products used in the dark reactions can only function if the stomata are open; can only occur if the stomata are closed capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy can occur only in the light; can occur only in the dark require the presence of ATP; makes ATP

capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy

Energy needs are supplied by carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. antioxidants. essential amino acids. micronutrients. fiber.

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

The four main categories of organic macromolecules are proteins, DNA, waxes, and sugars. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. RNA, DNA, steroids, and fats. monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, and polysaccharides. lipids, starches, DNA, and protein.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The main structural component of a plant cell wall is middle lamella. cytoskeleton. cellulose. plasmodesmata. extracellular matrix.

cellulose.

Wood and cotton cloth are composed of chitin. lipid. cholesterol. cellulose. glycogen.

cellulose.

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? support communication production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) storage of minerals

communication

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses? irregular bone trabecular bone compact bone spongy bone

compact bone

Plant cells have plasmodesmata that resemble the cytoskeleton of animal cells. take the place of the plasma membrane that would be found in animals. connect the cytoplasm of one cell with that of another. function in photosynthesis. are the sites of starch production.

connect the cytoplasm of one cell with that of another.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in that they both are involved in helping to maintain cell shape. contain DNA. are membranous sacs involved in storage. are involved in cellular waste processing. are involved in protein production for the cell.

contain DNA.

Inside a living cell, which type of bond would be the most stable? polar hydrogen covalent ionic all bonds are equally stable in a living system

covalent

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? matrix of mitochondrion mitochondrion cytoplasm nucleus cristae of mitochondrion

cytoplasm

All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have DNA and a cell membrane. cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and a nucleus. a cell membrane and cytoplasm. cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA. a nucleus and a cell membrane.

cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA.

Which of the following would have the greatest influence in creating a more sustainable urban society? exploring alternative energy sources that are more environmentally favorable (i.e., solar, hydropower, etc.) decreasing the amount of environmental pollution produced by industry increasing fuel efficiency in our vehicles so we can decrease the consumption of fossil fuels improving the efficiency of water filtration systems in order to decrease our consumption of freshwater decreasing the amount of land that is altered in order to accommodate human desires (new homes, factories, agriculture, etc.)

decreasing the amount of land that is altered in order to accommodate human desires (new homes, factories, agriculture, etc.)

Which two terrestrial biomes are the most similar with regards to rainfall? desert; taiga desert; temperate forest temperate grasslands; desert rainforest; desert temperate forests; rainforests

desert; taiga

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? eliminate bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin eliminate nondigestible food eliminate dead bacteria absorb nutrients eliminate nitrogenous waste

eliminate nitrogenous waste

An atom with a neutral charge has equal numbers of neutrons and electrons. equal numbers of protons and electrons. more protons than it does electrons. more neutrons making it more neutral. the same number of protons and neutrons.

equal numbers of protons and electrons.

Proteins must be ingested in order to obtain needed vitamins such as vitamin C. essential cholesterol. essential amino acids. necessary trans fats. needed minerals such as potassium and magnesium.

essential amino acids.

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. Sharpey's fibers elastic tissue blood forming cells fat

fat

Without tight junctions in certain tissues, cells would not be able to migrate during their development. nutrients would not be able to be passed from cell to cell. fluids may leak out past the barrier the junction would create. cells would not be able to communicate with each other. the tissues would not be able to expand and stretch without damage.

fluids may leak out past the barrier the junction would create.

Which of the following groups is suspected of causing climate change? salinization and desertification fossil fuel usage, deforestation, and agriculture overfishing and hydropower usage fossil fuel and hydropower usage erosion, deforestation, pollution, and salinization

fossil fuel usage, deforestation, and agriculture

During crossing-over, genetic material is exchanged between nonsister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of alleles. genetic material is exchanged between sister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of alleles. sister chromatids from each homologous chromosome of a tetrad are exchanged, resulting in new combinations of alleles. one homologous chromosome of a tetrad is exchanged with another tetrad, resulting in new combinations of alleles. nonsister chromatids from each homologous chromosome of a tetrad are exchanged, resulting in new combinations of alleles.

genetic material is exchanged between nonsister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of alleles.

Humans store excess polysaccharides in the form of lactose. cellulose. glucose. starch. glycogen.

glucose

Humans store excess polysaccharides in the form of glycogen. starch. lactose. glucose. cellulose.

glycogen.

The stack of thylakoids labeled "A" in this figure is called cristae. stroma. thylakoid space. chloroplast. granum.

granum.

What does the folding of the mitochondrial inner membrane, shown here, provide? increased surface area for photosynthesis greater ability to remove waste from the cell cytosol greater ability to allow for osmosis increased space for protein synthesis greater surface area for ATP production

greater surface area for ATP production

The major cause of the loss in Earth's biodiversity is agricultural runoff. habitat loss. fossil fuel usage. overfishing and water pollution. pollution.

habitat loss.

Some insects can stride on the surface of water because water resists temperature changes. has a high specific heat. has surface tension. has lower density when frozen. is a good solvent.

has surface tension.

A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis is most likely to be successful in what type of environment? hot, moist semi-tropical cool, moist cool, dry hot, dry

hot, dry

Humans are omnivores as shown by the type of urine produced by humans. human teeth. human taste buds. enzymes secreted in human saliva. enzymes secreted in human intestines.

human teeth.

Human society in its current form is unsustainable because diverting agricultural yield for feeding livestock supplies enough protein to fulfill community's dietary needs. freshwater is being effectively preserved through conservation. important natural resources are being consumed more quickly than they can be replenished. recycling has eliminated the need for the mining of some mineral resources. renewable energy sources are consuming land and resources more quickly than they can be replenished.

important natural resources are being consumed more quickly than they can be replenished.

In aquatic ecosystems, primary productivity is most dependent on species richness and diversity. the rate of photosynthesis. organic nutrients. inorganic nutrients. the type of soil.

inorganic nutrients.

While Jeff was looking under the microscope at cells in different stages of mitosis, he commented on the fact that many cells were in the same stage. If you were looking under the compound light microscope at an onion root tip, in what stage of the cell cycle would the majority of the cells be? interphase anaphase prophase metaphase cytokinesis

interphase

Digestion in humans and earthworms is different in that digestion is an extracellular process in humans but an intracellular process in earthworms. is similar in that in both organisms, digestion is an intracellular process, occurring in an incomplete digestive system. is similar in that in both organisms, digestion occurs in a simple tract, in which all parts of the tract are similar. is different in that earthworms have a sac plan body plan and humans have a tube-within-a-tube body plan. is similar in that in both organisms, digestion is an extracellular process, occurring in a complete digestive tract.

is similar in that in both organisms, digestion is an extracellular process, occurring in a complete digestive tract.

Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not require energy. is larger. has no method of movement. is not living. lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.

lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.

Carrie would like to observe the cilia on the surface of a live paramecium—a single-celled organism. The best device to do this would be a light microscope. magnifying glass. unaided eye. dissecting microscope. electron microscope.

light microscope.

Desertification and deforestation are similar in that both involve overgrowth of undesirable plants in an area. overpopulation of an area by humans. loss of plant and animal life in an area. loss of wetland habitats. lack of rainfall in an area.

loss of plant and animal life in an area

In bacterial cells and plant cells, cell walls function in maintaining cell shape. moving organelles throughout the cell. modifying lipids and proteins. producing the cytoskeleton. containing DNA.

maintaining cell shape.

Lipids may be used to make certain hormones and vitamin D. regulate metabolism and physiological development. should be reduced as much as possible in the diet. add to fecal bulk. are found only in low amounts in animal sources of food.

may be used to make certain hormones and vitamin D.

In the human life cycle, diploid gametes reproduce by meiosis to produce haploid daughter cells that divide by mitosis to produce a new individual. a haploid zygote reproduces by meiosis to produce diploid daughter cells that divide by mitosis to produce a new individual. meiosis produces haploid gametes, and fertilization creates a diploid cell that divides by mitosis to produce a new individual. mitosis produces haploid gametes, and fertilization creates a diploid cell that divides by meiosis to produce a new individual. diploid gametes reproduce by mitosis to produce diploid daughter cells that divide by meiosis to produce a new individual.

meiosis produces haploid gametes, and fertilization creates a diploid cell that divides by mitosis to produce a new individual.

Which of the following are greenhouse gases? nitrogen and carbon dioxide oxygen and methane methane and carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and oxygen oxygen and nitrogen

methane and carbon dioxide

The study of comparative genomics has given researchers the ability to look at multiple genomes from different species, which has lead to new ideas about the evolutionary history of organisms. The conclusion is that modern vertebrate species all evolved from the same ancestral species, but they have changes so that their genomes are very different in modern times. ancestral species contained very similar genomes, but modern vertebrate species have significant differences in their genomes. modern vertebrate species evolved from the same ancestors, and a large portion of their genome is conserved. neither the ancestral species nor the modern one resemble each other genetically. modern vertebrate species all evolved from very different ancestral species, so there is little similarity between their genomes.

modern vertebrate species evolved from the same ancestors, and a large portion of their genome is conserved.

Biodiversity increases the consumptive value of land, meaning that ecosystems with low biodiversity consume resources at a higher rate than those with higher biodiversity. more value can be derived from the more diverse products produced by ecosystems with high biodiversity relative to land that has been cleared for agriculture. ecosystems with higher biodiversity consume more resources than those with lower biodiversity, creating more strain on the environment. land with lower biodiversity has many more possible uses for humans than land with higher biodiversity.

more value can be derived from the more diverse products produced by ecosystems with high biodiversity relative to land that has been cleared for agriculture.

Movement of body parts directly requires the muscular system and skeletal system. nervous system and endocrine system. skeletal system and digestive system. endocrine system and nervous system. muscular system and cardiovascular system.

muscular system and skeletal system

Isotopes of an element differ in their type of bonds. neutron number. atomic number. proton number. electron number.

neutron number.

The failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis is called disjunction. tetrad formation. nondisjunction. crossing-over. synapsis.

nondisjunction.

Which food choice below offers the healthiest fat for your heart? whole milk shrimp and lobster oily fish cheese red meat

oily fish

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________. genetics overexposure to UV radiation race use of farm chemicals

overexposure to UV radiation

The removal of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms from a substrate is called what? reduction an enzyme-substrate complex phosphorylation oxidation metabolism

oxidation

The final acceptor for hydrogen ions in aerobic cellular respiration is CoA. pyruvate. carbon dioxide. glucose. oxygen.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is ________, resulting in formation of ________. phosphate; ATP CoA; acetyl-CoA pyruvate; oxygen oxygen; water hydrogen; carbon dioxide

oxygen; water

Susan was examining a cell under the microscope and noticed the formation of a cell plate in the midline of the cell and the formation of nuclei at opposite poles of the cell. The cell under examination was most likely a(n) animal cell in the M phase of the cell cycle. animal cell undergoing cytokinesis. plant cell undergoing cytokinesis. plant cell in the anaphase stage. dividing bacterial cell.

plant cell undergoing cytokinesis.

What must materials pass through to enter or leave a cell? lysosome vacuole ribosome plasma membrane nucleus

plasma membrane

Which feature is found in all cells? cell wall composed of cellulose nucleus containing DNA plasma membrane composed of phospholipids nucleoid region that contains DNA flagella

plasma membrane composed of phospholipids

Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence? anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis metaphase, interphase, cytokinesis, anaphase, telophase interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Hydropower and wind power are similar in that both are commonly used worldwide as power sources. dependent in part on fossil fuels. nonrenewable energy sources. renewable energy sources. sources of environmental pollution.

renewable energy sources.

Which of the following organelles is not surrounded by a membrane? lysosomes mitochondrion ribosomes chloroplast nucleus

ribosomes

Which of the following is the correct sequence for an altered protein that is secreted from the cell? nucleus - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - plasma membrane rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane smooth endoplasmic reticulum - plasma membrane - Golgi apparatus - ribosome Golgi apparatus - ribosome - plasma membrane

rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane

Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. secretion extensibility contractility excitability

secretion

Which of the following is an incorrect match? mitochondria - production of cellular ATP smooth endoplasmic reticulum - storage of water ribosomes - protein synthesis Golgi apparatus - protein alteration and packaging lysosomes - cellular digestion

smooth endoplasmic reticulum - storage of water

Which of the following minerals is typically overconsumed by Americans? sodium calcium cholesterol iron potassium

sodium

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy stored in ATP to energy stored in food. stored in leaves to energy in food. stored in ATP to energy used to do work. stored in food to energy stored in ATP. of sunlight to energy stored in inorganic compounds.

stored in food to energy stored in ATP.

Nutrients that are deemed to be "essential" are those which the body is not able to produce. make up a large proportion of the body. the body is able to produce so no food source is needed. are needed in very low quantities. cannot be found within food sources.

the body is not able to produce.

Eukaryotic cells move their organelles using cilia. flagella. the plasma membrane. the endomembrane system. the cytoskeleton.

the cytoskeleton.

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal? thigh bone of a young individual thigh bone of an elderly individual finger bone of a young individual finger bone of an elderly individual

thigh bone of an elderly individual

Inside the chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membrane. stroma. cytoplasm. mesophyll. thylakoid space.

thylakoid membrane.

Which base is found in DNA, but not in RNA? thymine guanine cytosine adenine uracil

thymine

Which of the following terrestrial ecosystems has the highest rate of primary productivity? tundra prairie temperate rainforest tropical rainforest marsh

tropical rainforest

Water is a major limiting factor in which of the following biomes? temperate grasslands tundra tropical rainforest savannah coral reef

tundra

Most metabolic wastes leave the body through the production of ________ by the ________. urine; digestive system carbon dioxide; respiratory system carbon dioxide; urinary system urine; urinary system feces; digestive system

urine; urinary system