Unit 5&6: Revolutions Unit, Chapters 16-19

Defensive Modernization

A process illustrated in China and the Ottoman Empire. Movement to strengthen states in a newly modernized world while still keeping old values and independence (844).

Apartheid

A system established in South Africa where race was attempted to be transformed into a legal part of South African society through the discriminatory separation of European and African people. During this period, Europeans tried to create an industrialized economy off of cheap African labor while limiting African political and social integration in every possible aspect. (Strayer 800)

Guano

Agricultural breakthrough that used the excrement of seabirds as fertilizer which enriched the soil and made farmland much more productive. Used mostly in Peru and other areas in South America (Strayer 738).

Robert Owen

British cotton manufacturer who urged the creation of small, socialist communities for industrial workers. (Strayer 751)

Seneca Falls, 1848

The Seneca Falls convention was the first women's right convention. It took place in July of 1848, in Seneca Falls New York. (Strayer 699)

Opium War

page 839: As a result of the seizure of British property, this event showed the power of the British military and their will to impose trade regulations on China. Imports of opium created a massive addiction problem for China by the 1830s and this conflict led to massive changes in China/British trade relations.

Australia/New Zealand

"Australia and New Zealand became settler colonies, outposts of European civilization in the South Pacific that overwhelmed their native populations through conquest, acquisition of their lands, and disease." (Strayer Ch. 17, Pg. 755)

Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto

19th century german philosopher and often recognized as the father of communism. He believed communism would replace capitalism and in a classless society. He wrote the __________ manifesto

Maji Maji

A 1905 rebellion against German colonizers in Tanganyika (East Africa) Cause: Coerced labor; Germans forced the indigenous population to grow cotton for export in brutal work conditions Effect: persuaded the Germans to end the forced growing of cotton (Strayer 804)

Western-educated elite

A Western education allowed for greater social and political mobility, and many political happenings within and outside of Europe centered around Western-educated people. For example, Marxist movements in Russia were headed by educated Russians before anyone else (764). In South America, the educated elites in Buenos Aires mimicked European customs and discussed European literature, philosophy, fashion, etc. (770). Colonial rule additionally rested upon a class of Western-educated people who served as members of the colonial state. Europeans increasingly depended on this class at the expense of "more traditional elites" (799). However, being educated but not white was still not enough to be treated with decency, and European racism was threatened by those who were Western-educated but not white and thus threatened the racial divide that Europeans tried to uphold. This could be observed in many of Britain's colonies, including India and Kenya (800 and 808).

Toussaint L'Ouverture

A former slave turned general and liberator hero of the Haitian revolution who outmaneuvered foreign powers and defeated an attack by Napoleon, which tried to reestablish French rule. He led the Haitian people to victory and they won their freedom from the French.

Enlightenment philosphes

A group of European philosphers who where in favor of the idea of enlightenment. They strongly belived in science over supertistion and included Locke, Voltaire, Adam Smith, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. They also openly opposed many traditions and helped spark the scientific revolution. (Strayer 671)

Napoleon Bonaparte

A highly successful military general who seized power in France in 1799. He's often credited with taming the revolution in the face of growing disenchantment with its more radical features and with the social conflicts it created. (Strayer Chap. 16, 707)

zaibatsu

A large Japanese business firms that allowed Japan to export goods for raw materials. This was Japan's industrialism and allowed the country to soon produce its own industrial goods. (857)

José de San Martín

A military leader of the Latin American colonies' revolts against Spanish rule with support of the people, similar to Simón Bolívar. Built a sense of unity among Americanos to fight against the common enemy of Spanish forces (712)

Feminism

A movement calling for women's rights. Was inspired by the Atlantic revolutions and the Enlightenment (Strayer 721). Started in Europe before spreading to the colonies.

wage labor/labor migration

A new way of working introduced to people in colonized regions, and the demographic effects it caused. The introduction of European colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and Oceania led to new ways of working for people in these colonized regions. Subjects, whether due to a need for money, loss of their land, or new laws from colonial governments would begin to look for jobs in plantations, mines, and construction projects owned by Europeans, which often led to these workers moving overseas to find work. For example, even though the trans-Atlantic slave trade was already declining by this time, Africans who had lost their land would try to find work in European plantations and farms, or in gold and diamond mines, while Asians would often work in spice mines or sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean and Pacific islands(Strayer805-808).

Middle Class

A social class that was not always present. In the early 1800s, there was an upper class, but everyone else was pretty close together economically. It wasn't until the late 18th century did this class begin to grow in power. This was because of the Industrial Revolution. This Revolution made it possible to make a living from trading and manufacturing goods. There were many new job opportunities that required different levels of skill. (https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-middle-classes-etiquette-and-upward-mobility)

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country or nationality. "those states were inhabited by people who felt themselves to be citizens of a nation, deeply bound to their fellows by ties of blood, culture and common experience, not simply common subjects of a ruling dynasty. It was a novel form of political loyalty" (Strayer: Chapter 16: Pages 719-723)

Migration to Siberia

After the freeing of the serfs in 1861, around 13 million people from Russia and Ukraine migrated to Siberia. These new immigrants outnumbered the native population, and by the end of the century only 10% of the land was made up of Siberians. Europeanization continued in Siberia with the help of new technology such as the Siberian railroad, and due to the availability fo land in the area. The Russian government encouraged this migration. (Strayer 757)

cash-crop agriculture

Agricultural production of crops for export in the global market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves - examples would be palm oil, peanuts cacao from W. Africa, cotton and pepper from India. Many times local farmers would benefit, but this kind of agricultural was often a strain on the environment. (Strayer 804-805)

Simón Bolívar

Also known as "The Liberator" and referred to as the "George Washington of Latin America," known for his "Letter from Jamaica" which expressed his ideals for Latin American unity and a republic government. He was the leader of the Latin American colonies' revolts again Spanish rule (699, 713)

Great Jamaica Revolt

Also known as the Baptist War, this failed uprising against the British was an eleven day slave rebellion between December 25th, 1831 and January 4th, 1832. At the time, the prospect of abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire was being heavily debated in Parliament, causing many plantation owners to publicly speak out against emancipation. These speeches against freedom, however, angered slaves and coupled with the support of some Europeans, the slaves decided to revolt. Led by Samuel Sharpe, the slaves were unable to obtain their freedom, quickly being put down and dispersed. On a larger scale, however, the Baptist War was one of the most significant events in the modern era, as it pushed the British to formerly outlaw slavery throughout their empire and set a precedent for many other smaller empires to follow in the future (they were not the first, however the size of their empire alone meant that every action they took had a huge influence on the rest of the world. (Momodu, Samuel. "The Baptist War (1831-1832)." BlackPast.org, 17 Sept. 2019, https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/baptist-war-1831-1832/.)

Commodore Matthew Perry

American naval officer who in 1853 led a fleet of 9 ships and a crew of 1,800 men to Japan, and forced the reclusive Japan into opening their borders and have commercial relations with the United States and the world. (pages 852 and 854)

Cecil Rhodes

An English Imperialist who believed that to save England from a civil war, they needed imperialism and to create new markets. (Strayer 789)

Boxer Uprising

An antiforeign movement in china from 1898-1901. It was led by militia organizations calling themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. They killed numerous Europeans and Chinese Christians resulting in western powers as well as Japan coming to crush the rebellion. strayer pg 843

Social Darwinism

Applying the theory evolution to the social/racial part of human society, was falsely used to justify racism (Strayer 792)

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly. These as well as colonies were symbols of great power for a European nation in the midst of increasing popularity of imperialism. This happened asthe Qing dynasty remained in power, but Western powers had exclusive trading rights.(Strayer 790)

Enclosed Lands (Britain)

As the industrial revolution began, landlords of the various countrysides began to push out small famers and bussiness owners. They would then turn the large land into a farm they could profit off of. This pushed many people towards large cities after being driven out of thier homes in the countryside.

Olympe de Gouge - "Rights of Women"

Backed by a few male supporters in France, women made serious political demands. These petitions detailed some of their complaints - lack of education, male competition in female trades, the prevalence of prostitution, etc. In this document, language from the Declaration of Independence was appropriated to insist that "woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights" (Strayer Chap. 16, 706)

Commissioner Lin Zexu

Born to a poor family, this official was extremely bright. Right before the Opium War, this official acted as a "drug czar" against opium use, hoping to avoid "outright armed conflict." He highlighted the health hazards of opium to addicts, collected 50,000 lbs of the drug, and arrested 1,700 dealers. Unaware of the technological advances of Europe, he scolded the foreigners by saying they'd never dare disrespect their destruction of the opium. Most other officials were corrupted by bribes to stay silent about the dangers of opium, and millions of the people were addicts. The Opium war began as the British were unhappy with the way that their trade was being carried out. He was banished for some time and his reputation suffered, although both this and his career rebounded during the 19th century. (Strayer 840-841)

Reform Bill of 1832

British legislation that extended the right to vote to most male members of the middle class but excluded women. This was in response to many middle class workers like doctors and teacher being agitated by the current electoral system(Strayer 747)

imperialism

Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. Popular in Europe due to Europe's constant need to colonize places such as Africa. (Strayer 790).

Atlantic Revolutions

During the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, many areas of the Atlantic world (North America, South America, Haiti and parts of Europe) had political revolutions - in the Americas, new states were created as colonists fought for independence from European colonial powers, and in Europe, the French Revolution initiated a decade of change in which France uses Enlightenment ideas. (Strayer Ch. 16)

Market-based economy

Economic system where most products are produced by a country then sold based on the supply and demand. (Strayer 613)

Seven Year's War

France and Britain go to war over their various colonies (North American, Haitian, etc.). The monetary resources needed to do this are taken from the colonies themselves and citizens themselves. This leads to more revolutions in NA and France.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (Strayer 704)

Liberia/Ethiopia/Siam

Freed U.S. slaves who were seeking more freedom migrated to this place in West Africa where they became a colonizing elite and established this country. These other two countries able to avoid colonization due to military and diplomatic skills, their willingness to make small concessions to the Europeans, and the rivalries of the imperialists. One of these nations even expanded, defeating Italy in the Battle of Adowa in 1896. (Strayer 797)

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (Strayer Chapter 16, page 704)

Young Turks

Group of military and civilian elites who opposed the oppressive power exerted by their government. This group was secular and most abandoned Islam within their society. They wanted to modernize the Ottoman Empire by using western ideas. In 1908 they lunched a coup and wanted secularization in education, law, and code. Opened schools for women and lighten strict policy against them. Strayer Page 849

Model T Ford

Henry Ford developed this model of car so that it was affordable for everyone. Its success led to an increase in the production of automobiles which stimulated other related industries such steel, oil, and rubber. The mass use of automobiles increased the speed goods could be transported and encouraged urbanization (Strayer 760 - 761).

"Sick Man of Europe"/Ottoman Empire

In 1750 they were still central to Islams political world before they could no longer withstand the Great Powers of the West in the early 1900's. They couldn't protect multiple regions such as India, West Africa, Indonesia and Central Asia from being taken over by Christian powers anymore. This empires military, technology, and economics weakened as they grew in dept relying on foregn loans. This caused the empire to depend on Europeans in many different ways. (Strayer 844-846)

Maxim Gun

It was the first fully automatic machine ___. It was invented by Hiram Maxim in about 1884 in Britain. At the time, this weapon was used by every major power.

Meiji Restoration

Japan limited outside contact with the West to a single port. Whenever Europe and the United came to Japan they were harshly sent away. This sparked conflict between Japan and America and Europe. After America sent navy ships in 1853 Japan realized this might spark a war. Japan decided to avoid the war and threw in the white flag. Young samurais in Japan were against this dishonorable decision. The people of Japan supported this south Japanese Shogunate. Eventually a civil war broke out which by 1868, was successful in overthrowing the government. (Strayer 854-855)

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Japanese popularizer of western knowledge - he was a widely read commentator who "urged an end to concubinage and prostitution, advocated more education for girls, and called for gender equality in matters of marriage, divorce, and property rights." (Strayer 857)

King Louis XVI

King of France, weak leader, executed during the French Revolution (strayer 705)

Woman's Suffrage Movements

Largely sparked in Europe from revolutionary and enlightened ideals, women took a stance and joined together in advocating for their rights (723-7).

Battle of Adowa

March 1, 1896. In Ethiopia, the Italians and the Ethiopian army, led by Emperor Menelik II and Empress Taytu, faced each other. The battle was a decisive victory for the Ethiopians, as they retained their independence. This was due to Ethiopia's location in the mountainous highlands, a common Christian culture, and Menelik's highly effective diplomacy and military strategy (Strayer 850).

Wollstonecraft: "Vindication of the Rights of Woman"

Mary wollstonecraft wrote one of the first feminist publishings following shifts in opinions regarding equality of genders stimulated by the french revolution. (strayer pg 723)

Taiping Uprising

Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. The Rebellion was set to appealing to poor people, by rejecting Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, while keeping Christianity at the top. This suppressed the development and culture of the religions that have grown in the area for hundreds of years. Changes also included the abolition of private property, redistribution of land, and the end of prostitution. Social changes included less restriction to women and equal shares of land. However women were now allowed to do civil service examinations, and were appointed to supervisory position. The Qing dynasty was saved in 1853, from military leaders who mobilized their armies, and crushed the rebellion forces.

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858

Massive uprising of much of India against British rule, occurred over the issue of using pork and beef fat. They regarded it as unclean and believed it was a plot to convert them to Christianity. Additionally, there were numerous grievances against the British, and as such many groups joined. After it ended, it resulted in more direct British rule as well as widening racial divide as the British felt "betrayed" by them. (Strayer Chap. 18, 799)

Tokugawa Shogunate

Military ruling dynasty of Japan from 1600 - 1850 that successfully kept Japan in peace for 250 years. They held the powerful daimyos from going into civil war and ruled in the name of the powerless emperor. They created strict rules to keep the population in line, and also established social classes. (Strayer Chapter 19 - Pg. 852)

Creoles elites

Native-born intellectuals in the Spanish colonies who "were offended and insulted by the Spanish monarchy's efforts during the eighteenth century to exercise greater power over its colonies and to subject them to heavier taxes and tariffs" (Strayer 711).

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

New Haiti's first head of state, who at the formal declaration of Haiti's independence, declared, "'I have given the French cannibals blood for blood; I have avenged America.'" (Strayer 710).

Treaty of Nanjing

Page 839: 1842, ended Opium war; stated that European nations would determine rules of trade with China. New ports open to Western powers and restricted Chinese sovereignty. China saw this as an "unequal treaty" since the British determined the terms of the agreement.

Africanization of Christianity

Process that occurred in non-Muslim Africa, where millions who were converted to Christianity sought to maintain older traditions alongside new Christian ideas; many converts continued using protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men, and many continued to believe in their old gods and spirits.

Hundred Days of Reform - China

Progressive imperial edicts made in 1898 by Chinese in an attempt to change and improve Chinese social systems. (Strayer page 843)

Tanzimat

Reorganization of Ottoman state to be stronger and recentralized. They accomplished this by Westernizing and modernizing via having factories mass produce materials such as cloth, modern mining, western style law, Westernized school, railroads, and most drastic of all giving non-Muslims equal rights. All of these reforms led to a divided Ottoman Empire, as many were unclear on whether they were still a Muslim state, a Turkish state, or something else? However, these reforms also led to a more bureaucratic and equitable Ottoman Empire (847).

Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902

Revised the previously imposed unequal treaties placed upon Japan after the invasion of commodore Matthew Perry's Black Ships. Recognized Japan as one of the Great Powers due to its modern transformation (economic growth, openness to trade, embracing of enlightenment). Strayer page 859.

Charles Darwin

Scientist who founded theory of evolution (1809-1882) (Strayer 674)

(1) petit blancs, (2) gens de couleur libres, (3) grand blancs

Social groups in Haiti. There were inequalities, tension, and conflicts between them. (1) Poor white people; sought equal citizenship for all whites (2) Free people of color, mostly mixed-race; sought equal treatment for all races (3) Wealthy white people: plantation owners, merchants, lawyers; benefited the most from the system (Strayer 709)

Unification of Germany and Italy

Started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 with the goal to strengthen the position of Prussia in Europe. The ideas of Nationalism and Enlightenment had influenced many regions to revolt against Europeans and it had inspired these two regions to be politically unified in 1871 (Strayer 720 and 790).

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. The basic principle of the Declaration was that all "men are born and remain free and equal in rights", which were specified as the rights of liberty, private property, the inviolability of the person, and resistance to oppression. (Strayer Chapter 16, page 704)

Immigration to US

Strayer Ch 18. Who/When: 1750-1900: German, Irish, Chinese, English Causes: Industrial Revolution allowed for easier ocean transportation. Population Growth. Imperialism which caused lack of proper land in native region, search for jobs/labor shortages. Land and and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine,Gold rush in California. Effect: Gender imbalances, as more young males immigrated than any other group. Creation of smaller ethnically based societies known as enclaves. Racial hierarchies as displayed by laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act. Increased competition in the job market, particularly lower level jobs.

Textile mills

Textile production was the first great industry created. The textile industry in America began in New England during the late 18th century. By 1870, there were more than 2,400 woolen mills, and hundreds of cotton mills all over the United States.

The Zionist Movement

The Zionist movement began in the late 19th century, its goal was to establish a homeland in the Middle East for Europe's frequently persecuted Jews. (Strayer 720)

Declaration of Independence

The culmination of the entire North American revolution, this document officially declared Americas departure from Britain's direct influence. The document itself took inspiration from the European Enlightenment ideas.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

The defeat of Russia by the Japanese led to the trigger of this war. Japan was now an economic, political, and military competitor in Asia. Others viewed Russian defeat in 1905 as an opening for their own liberation. (Strayer pg 859)

Urbanization

The development of municipalities from small villages to large, urban areas and the movement of people to said urban areas with a higher population density. (Strayer 770)

Cultivation system

The forced labor system of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) in the nineteenth century. This meant that peasants were required to work 20 percent or more of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee. By doing this they were able to meet the tax obligation. This was believed to have "performed a miracle in the Dutch economy" by being able to avoid taxing their people and providing capital for its Industrial Revolution. (strayer 803-804)

Samori Toure

The leader of a West African Empire who fought against French colonizers during the Scramble for Africa. He was able to resist the French forces for 16 years (from 1882-1898) until they finally conquered the Empire. (Strayer 794- Chapter 18).

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery was commonly known as the movement that ended slavery. (1783-1888). It occurred in the United States to end the practice of slavery and give freedom to the enslaved. (pg 715 strayer)

Cash-Crop Agriculture

The production of crops purely meant for exportation in order to sell to other places for profit. Examples of this would be cotton, palm oil, opium, ect. Many farmers would participate in this and grow as many of these for the maximum amount of profit, but it would often be not beneficial for the environment due to lack of synergy between some of the regions of land and the respective crop.

Egypt for Egyptians

The slogan for the rebellion against the deepening of British involvement in the affairs of Egypt. This movement is an example of nationalism, as the Egyptians fought for their nation (Strayer Chap. 16, 722).

Crimean War

The war Russia lost to the British and the French from 1854-1856. It stimulated the freeing of Russian serfs in 1861 as well as a program of industrial development in the 1860s. (Strayer 764).

Russia's Industrial Revolution

This began in the 1860's. It began later than in America and Britain. It started after serfdom was made illegal and all of the serfs were freed. It focused primarily on railroads and heavy industry. It was heavily fueled by foreign endorsements. Russia became ranked very highly in steel production. They also produced coal, textiles, and oil. Their factories were in a few major cities and much larger than those of Western Europe. (Strayer 763-766)

Maximilien Robespierre/ Committee of Public Safety

This man was a radical leader who led this committee in France. This committee under his leadership lead to the Terror of 1793-1794 where tens of thousands who were deemed enemies of the revolution were killed by guillotine. This man himself was later accused of leading France into tyranny and dictatorship and was arrested and guillotined. (Strayer Chap.16, 705)

scientific racism

This type of racism argued that the size and shape of ones skull revealed ones personality and behavior. It was used to justify the oppression and/or colonization of many places (examples include: European colonization of Africa and the Nazi regime in Germany). (Strayer 901).

Mexican Revolution 1810: Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion

This was a peasant insurrection in Mexico caused by unequal distribution of land and high food prices, led by two priests. (Part of the Spanish American Revolutions.) It was crushed by a creole - clergy alliance, and that same alliance would later establish a more moderate and controlled independence in 1821.

Second Industrial Revolution (second wave industrialization)

This was a period of growth for pre-existing industries and the expansion of new ones. In the 19th century, a so-called ________ focused on chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, the telegraph/telephone, rubber, printing, and more. Agriculture was affected as mechanical reapers, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides transformed industries. In the U.S., tax breaks, huge grants of public land to railroad companies, laws enabling easy formation of corporations, and the absence of much overt regulation of industry all led to the rise of large business enterprises. The U.S. Steel Corporation, for example, by 1901 had an annual budget three times the size of that of the federal government. (Strayer 740 and 760)

Scramble for Africa

This was given for the sudden wave of conquests of Africa by the various European powers in the late 1800s and culminated in the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 in terms of carving up of the continent by European nations.

Indian National Congress

This was often called the Congress Party, established in 1885, was an association of English-educated Indians drawn overwhelmingly from regionally prominent high-caste Hindu families (Strayer 984).

Haitian Revoultion

This was the only successful slave revolution in world history. It was mainly caused by idea from the French revolution, which inspired them to revolt. They were also treated unfairly and harshly, which prompted them to fight for freedom. The revolt was led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave, who defeated an attack by Napoleon to solidify their freedom.

Industrial Revolution/ Industrialization

Took place between 1750-1900. Was built off of the scientific revolution. Humans started using coal, oil, and gas fuels instead of water, wind, or muscle power. (Strayer Ch. 17, pg 739)

Trade Unions

Trade Unions are organized groups of people by their jobs and occupations that are created to petition and preserve their general collective rights. Used in revolutions, trade unions also were created to promote the shared interests of a group of people in order to spread messages and prevent alienation. https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/introduction-trade-unions

Liverpool/Manchester

Two major industrialized cities in Britain, whose populations rapidly grew during the 19th century. The population of one of these cities had grown from 77,000 to 400,000 in the first half of the century. These cities become overcrowded and conditions for the working class worsen. (strayer 749-750)

Congo Free State/King Leopold II

With the rise of colonization, forced labor also increased and one of the most cruel labor conditions occurred in this Central African state ruled by a Belgian king, during the early twentieth century. Private companies were set up and worked under the power of the state. These companies demanded villagers to collect rubber, which would be used as tires for bicycles and automobiles. These labor conditions were intolerable and the abuse caused millions of people to lose their lives. (Strayer 802-803).

British Royal Society

an association of "natural philosophers" (scientists) established in 1660, saw its role as promoting "useful knowledge." To this end, it established "mechanics' libraries," published broadsheets and pamphlets on recent scientific advances, and held frequent public lectures and demonstrations. The integration of science and technology became widespread and permanent after 1850, but for a century before, it was largely a British phenomenon.

self-strengthening

the implication of policies during the 1860s and 1870s that sought to restore China to its traditional ways while borrowing cautiously from the West. strayer pg 842

working class /laboring class

those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive, they were a class that gained more prominence during the Industrial Revolution because of the increased number of factory workers. They were called the proletariat by Marx. (Strayer, 750-751)