Unit 6

Charlemagne had several sons and daughters, but two of his sons and one of his daughters died before him. no children. only one son. several sons.

a

During the Classical Period of Islam, the punishment for adultery in sharia (i.e., divine law) was for the person who committed adultery to be stoned to death if the adultery could be established by four witnesses. Death by stoning was exceedingly rare. for the person who committed adultery to be stoned to death if he or she was caught in the act. Death by stoning happened sometimes. for the person who committed adultery to be stoned to death, and all that was necessary for proof was hearsay. Death by stoning was frequent. for the person who had committed adultery to be scolded in public, but otherwise receive no punishment.

a

How would you characterize the Pact of Umar? The Pact allows Christians to maintain their own worship, but it also subjects them to several restrictions placed on them by their Muslim conquerors. The Pact provides Christians with rights that are equal to those of their Muslim conquerors. The Pact is the terms of surrender of Arabia's Muslims to their Roman Christian conquerors. The Pact is a set of religious oracles, writings that are said to have come down from the gods.

a

In Roman law after the Empire was Christianized, Jews were Correct Answer forbidden from holding public office and testifying in court against Christians. granted equal rights with Christians. Incorrect Response forbidden from holding public office, but allowed to testify in court against Christians. permitted to hold public office, but forbidden from testifying in court against Christians.

a

In the years before the Prophet Muhammad preached Islam, the Arabs lived in tribes, usually a group of relatives who claimed decent from a common ancestor. Arabia was a province of the Byzantine Empire. Its last governor was the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen, but during the Battle of the Trench, when Muhammad's elite warriors known as the Fedaykin stormed the governor's palace, the Baron was stabbed by Muhammad's younger sister, known in the Arabic tradition as Wali Alia of the Knife. Arabia was a province of the Persian Empire, ruled by a Persian Satrap. the peoples of Arabia were united in a single Kingdom of Arabia, ruled by a king whose ceremonial title was al-Malik al-Akbar. The king of Arabia often fought against the Roman Empire in alliance with the Great King of Persia.

a

Non-Muslims living in Muslim-ruled territory were required to pay a tax called a jizya but otherwise allowed to practice their religion. were required to convert to Islam or die. were given rights equal to those of their Muslim rulers. were required to provide military service to their Muslim rulers

a

Over the course of the fifth century (i.e., the 400s), the Germanic peoples who had taken over the territories that had once been the Western Roman Empire sought to preserve Roman culture and live as elites in their newly conquered territories. sought to destroy every trace of Rome and replace Roman society with their own culture. sought to preserve Roman culture, but to destroy Christianity and replace it with the worship of Germanic gods like Thor and Odin. sought to unite the west into a new Empire known as the Amon Amarth with Johan Hegg as its emperor.

a

The Abbasid caliphs Harun al-Rashid (r. 789-809) and Al-Mamun (r. 813-33) both promoted the study of philosophy, giving generous sponsorship to Baghdad's House of Wisdom. both forbade the translation of philosophy into Arabic, but allowed Muslims to study philosophy if they were willing to learn Greek to read it in the original language. both forbade the practice of philosophy. Were known as the Slayers of Greeks, since it was al-Rashid who had ultimately been responsible for conquering the Byzantine Empire, and al-Mamun who moved the Caliphate's capital to Constantinople.

a

Umayyad Spain was significant in relation to Western Europe because It would be through Umayyad Spain that the learning of the ancient world eventually moved to Western Europe. Muslims in Umayyad Spain gained much of their scientific knowledge from Christians in Western Europe. Spain's Umayyad rulers had sought to conquer all Christian lands and end learning and literacy in them. In the Great Bible Burning of 766, a Muslim army marched from Spain all the way to Paris, burning every Bible that the soldiers could find. It was Spanish Muslim missionaries who eventually converted the kings of the Franks to Islam.

a

Under the emperor Basil II (r. 976-1025), the Byzantine Empire reached the height of its power, with Basil conquering the Bulgars and subordinating the peoples of Armenia to imperial rule. By his death, the Empire was the most extensive that it had been since the days of Justinian. was drastically weakened by an invasion from the Fatimid Egyptians. Basil was fortunately able to overcome this invasion, but the slaughter had been immense. converted to Islam when Muslim missionaries convinced the emperor that the Qur'an was superior to the Bible. fell to an invasion of Pechenegs, who stormed Constantinople's walls and slew the emperor in 1025.

a

Upon the death of Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, The empire was divided between Louis's three sons, Charles the Bald, Louis the German, and Lothar. A Viking army from Norway conquered the whole empire and the leader of the Norse army, Joakim Brodén, made himself emperor. The empire passed to his heir Theophilus, who as the son of Louis and his wife, the Byzantine princess Theophanu, became ruler of both the Carolingian and Byzantine Empires. The Carolingian Empire was passed on to Louis's only surviving son, Louis the German.

a

What was St. Augustine's view of human sexuality? That sexuality could be good in the context of a Christian marriage, but even then, it had to be focused on having children and was still tainted by human greed and lust. That in the context of a Christian marriage, sexuality was always good. That it could never be good. That because people were given sexual desire by God, sexuality was inherently good

a

What was an advantage that the Frankish kingdom had compared to other kingdoms of Western Europe? Correct Answer It had fewer civil wars than the Visigothic kingdom did. It had one of the largest gold mines in the entire world. Incorrect Response It had a more sophisticated bureaucracy. It was the only kingdom that had the technology of gunpowder.

a

What was the eventual fate of the Ayyubid sultanate that Salah al-Din established in Egypt? Its sultans would be overthrown by their mamluks in the mid thirteenth century CE. Sal al-Din's heirs would eventually rule the entire Middle East, claiming the title of caliph for themselves. It would survive as an independent sultanate down into modern times. It would eventually be conquered by King Louis IX of France and made an overseas colony of the kingdom of France.

a

When Vikings attacked Paris in 845, the end result was that they city's defenders resisted, but in the end king Charles the Bald paid them to withdraw. they withdrew when an outbreak of sickness struck their camp. the city's defenders drove them away. they seized the city and put it to a brutal sack.

a

When the Roman Empire in the west fell, the Roman state disintegrated, cities shrank drastically, and literacy went into decline. the Roman state disintegrated, but literacy remained high. the Roman state disintegrated, but cities remained large and populated. the Visigoths quickly established a new Roman empire under their king Theodoric. This new Empire ruled all of what had been the Western Roman Empire.

a

Which of the following did not raid Western Europe in the tenth century? Inuit from Greenland Muslims from North Africa Magyars from the Eurasian steppes Norsemen from Scandinavia

a

Which of the following did not raid Western Europe in the tenth century? Inuit from Greenland Norsemen from Scandinavia Magyars from the Eurasian steppes Muslims from North Africa

a

Which of the following was a reason that some Muslims resented Umayyad rule over the caliphate? The Umayyads had fought against Muhammad early in his career and had only converted to Islam after they had been militarily defeated by the forces of Medina. The Umayyad caliphs forbade the writing down of the Qur'an, but instead insisted that if a Muslim wanted to know the Qur'an, then he or she needed only to listen to an authorized preacher. An Umayyad caliph named Umar Sharif declared that he was co-equal with God and that he had the right to add new verses to the Qur'an. The Umayyads granted full legal equality to the Jews and Christians living in the caliphate.

a

Which of the following was not a reason for the decline of the power of the 'Abbasid Caliphate? An earthquake that caused half of Baghdad to slide into the Tigris River led to political chaos. Civil wars over succession. Regional governors had more and more autonomy and showed less and less loyalty to the government in Baghdad. The mamluks, elite soldiers of Turkic background who had originally been slaves, came to exercise more and more power at the expense of the caliph.

a

Why was the conversion of Britain to Christianity significant for Western Europe in the early Middle Ages? Monasteries established in Britain became centers of intellectual activity and monks from Britain founded new monasteries elsewhere in Western Europe. The English language became the official language of the entire Catholic Church. After the Muslim conquest of West Francia and Italy, Britain was the only place in which the Christian religion could be practiced openly in all Europe. The British king Arthur used Christianity to legitimate his invasion of continental Europe and eventual conquest of Western Europe and the establishment of himself as Roman emperor.

a

"He has sent down upon thee the Book with the truth, confirming what was before it, and He sent down the Torah and the Gospel aforetime, and Jews shall read their Torah and Christians their Gospels, but for those of other peoples and tribes, He sent His messenger Muhammad, peace be upon him." as guidance to the people, and He sent down the Salvation." as a test to his people, for the Torah and Gospel are false, and only those of true discernment may ascertain this falsehood." to stand for all time."

b

After the death of Muhammad, his son, Leto II, overthrew the last Byzantine emperor, Shaddam IV, and, marching into Constantinople with his fedakeen warriors, Leto proclaimed himself to be God-emperor of Earth. his successors, the first caliphs, led the Arab peoples in a series of conquests, building an empire that covered most of North Africa and the Middle East. his body was mummified and placed upon a throne in the Great Mosque of Mecca. his son, Horus the Primarch, led an Arab navy that sailed up to the walls of Constantinople. Horus himself led a small group of soldiers over the walls of the city, but he was defeated in battle by the emperor on the very steps of the imperial palace.

b

How did the organization of the Carolingian state compare with that of the Tang state? The Carolingian government was at about the same level of sophistication as that of Tang China. The Carolingian government was much less sophisticated than that of Tang China. The Carolingian government was about as sophisticated as that of Tang China, but its army was less well organized. The Carolingian government was much more sophisticated than that of Tang China.

b

In the Battle of Yarmouk, a civil war between Justinian and Narses, one of his greatest generals, ended when Justinian's cavalry defected to Narses, causing Justinian to lose the battle and Narses to become Eastern Roman Emperor. an Arab Muslim army defeated a Roman army. This Muslim victory would allow the Muslims to go on to conquer Roman territories in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. a Persian army defeated an Arab Muslim army. As a result, although Egypt and Syria became part of the caliphate, Persia remained independent. the Persians conquered the Roman Empire, establishing the reign of the Great King of Persia over all of Europe and Asia, a rule that he maintained for the next thousand years.

b

In the field of learning, Charlemagne and his successors ordered any non-Christian books burned. sought to promote the copying of books and the foundation of schools throughout the empire in order to increase Latin literacy as part of a program of moral reform. sought to improve the teaching of Greek in Western Europe. sought books in Hebrew throughout the world in order to produce a new translation of the Old Testament into Latin.

b

In the prologue to the Justinian Code, what does the emperor regard as the source of his authority? That he is directly descended from Caesar Augustus God and his help That he is directly descended from Moses Only the power of his armies

b

Over the course of the fifth century (i.e., the 400s), the Germanic peoples who had taken over the territories that had once been the Western Roman Empire sought to destroy every trace of Rome and replace Roman society with their own culture. sought to preserve Roman culture and live as elites in their newly conquered territories. sought to preserve Roman culture, but to destroy Christianity and replace it with the worship of Germanic gods like Thor and Odin. sought to unite the west into a new Empire known as the Amon Amarth with Johan Hegg as its emperor.

b

The Abbasid caliphs Harun al-Rashid (r. 789-809) and Al-Mamun (r. 813-33) both forbade the practice of philosophy. both promoted the study of philosophy, giving generous sponsorship to Baghdad's House of Wisdom. both forbade the translation of philosophy into Arabic, but allowed Muslims to study philosophy if they were willing to learn Greek to read it in the original language. Were known as the Slayers of Greeks, since it was al-Rashid who had ultimately been responsible for conquering the Byzantine Empire, and al-Mamun who moved the Caliphate's capital to Constantinople.

b

The Christian missionary Boniface sought to prove that the God of the Christian religion was stronger than the gods worshiped by the Germanic peoples of Central Europe. He did so by claiming to call down fire from heaven. He raised his hands to the sky and the trees in front of him burst into flame. Modern scholars think that he had soaked the tree with petroleum beforehand and then hidden a blasting cap at its base. chopping down a tree that was sacred to the Germanic god Thor. claiming that he could predict when any person would die. using logical persuasion.

b

The Christian missionary Boniface sought to prove that the God of the Christian religion was stronger than the gods worshiped by the Germanic peoples of Central Europe. He did so by using logical persuasion. chopping down a tree that was sacred to the Germanic god Thor. claiming that he could predict when any person would die. claiming to call down fire from heaven. He raised his hands to the sky and the trees in front of him burst into flame. Modern scholars think that he had soaked the tree with petroleum beforehand and then hidden a blasting cap at its base.

b

The Five Pillars of Islam are the shahada, the profession of God's oneness, salat, or prayer facing Mecca five times daily, zakat, that is giving money to support the Muslim community, sawn, fasting from all food and drink from dawn to dusk in the month of Ramadan, and la 'aerif, the requirement that Muslims are to recite a surah of the Qur'an every day. hajj, the requirement that at least once in his or her lifetime, every able-bodied Muslim should make a journey to the city of Mecca. wilaken, the requirement that Muslims are never to drink of the milk of any hooved mammal but the goat. jihad, the requirement that Muslims are required to make war on non-Muslims at all times and in all places.

b

The Quran states that Abraham was a Zoroastrian. a Jew. a Muslim. a Christian.

b

The city of Mecca, where the Prophet Muhammad's Quraysh tribe traded camels and commercial goods, is located in the region of Arabia known as the Empty Quarter, the barren and empty desert of southeastern Arabia. Mecca sits on the only oasis in the Empty Quarter. the Hijaz, the western part of Arabia that is one of the most fertile parts of the Arabian peninsula. the Mesopotamian marshes in the south of Iraq. the Dasht-e Kavir, the great salt desert of central Iran.

b

Umayyad Spain was significant in relation to Western Europe because It was Spanish Muslim missionaries who eventually converted the kings of the Franks to Islam. It would be through Umayyad Spain that the learning of the ancient world eventually moved to Western Europe. Spain's Umayyad rulers had sought to conquer all Christian lands and end learning and literacy in them. In the Great Bible Burning of 766, a Muslim army marched from Spain all the way to Paris, burning every Bible that the soldiers could find. Muslims in Umayyad Spain gained much of their scientific knowledge from Christians in Western Europe.

b

Under the Roman Law of Justinian, Jews gained full equality with Christians. were subject to several civil disabilities. were allowed to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. were forced to emigrate from the Eastern Roman Empire.

b

What was the eventual fate of the Ayyubid sultanate that Salah al-Din established in Egypt? It would eventually be conquered by King Louis IX of France and made an overseas colony of the kingdom of France. Its sultans would be overthrown by their mamluks in the mid thirteenth century CE. Sal al-Din's heirs would eventually rule the entire Middle East, claiming the title of caliph for themselves. It would survive as an independent sultanate down into modern times.

b

What was the great controversy that divided the Byzantine Empire in the eighth and ninth centuries? Whether or not the Bible could be translated from Greek. Whether or not Christians could use images in worship. Whether or not those Christians who had converted to Islam could be allowed to convert back to Christianity. Whether or not Christians had to follow the dietary laws of the Old Testament

b

When Vikings attacked Paris in 845, the end result was that the city's defenders drove them away. they city's defenders resisted, but in the end king Charles the Bald paid them to withdraw. they seized the city and put it to a brutal sack. they withdrew when an outbreak of sickness struck their camp.

b

Which of the following best describes gender relations in early medieval Europe? Society was patriarchal and women had no rights at all. Society was patriarchal, but women had some rights (such as to keep property brought into a marriage) and often took part in economic life. Women enjoyed complete equality with men. The Celtic-speaking peoples of Britain had been a matriarchal society because they believed in an all-powerful mother goddess, but when they converted to Christianity, society became patriarchal.

b

Which of the following best describes jihad in Islam? If a Muslim fasts and prays for long enough, he or she will gain the power to shoot lasers out of his or her eyes. Upon gaining this power, the Muslim will take the title of Wazir of Islam and, with his laser eyes, eliminate all unbelievers. The greater jihad refers to the struggle to live a moral life, while the lesser jihad refers to warfare in defense of Islam. All Muslims are required to kill a non-Muslim at least once in their lives and present the severed ear of the non-Muslim to the Caliph the hajj. The lesser jihad refers to the struggle to live a moral life, while the greater jihad refers to warfare in defense of Islam.

b

How did the status of women among the Arabs change after Muhammad? Prior to Islam, a woman could have multiple husbands, but under Islam, a woman was allowed only four husbands. Prior to Islam, a man could have up to four wives, but under Islam, a man could have as many wives as he wanted at the same time as long as he could afford to support them. Prior to Islam, a woman had no choice in whom she married, but under Islam, a woman had a choice in whom she married. Prior to Muhammad, Arab women had had a choice in whom they married, but under Islam, they had no choices

c

How did the status of women among the Arabs change after Muhammad? Prior to Islam, a woman could have multiple husbands, but under Islam, a woman was allowed only four husbands. Prior to Muhammad, Arab women had had a choice in whom they married, but under Islam, they had no choices. Prior to Islam, a woman had no choice in whom she married, but under Islam, a woman had a choice in whom she married. Prior to Islam, a man could have up to four wives, but under Islam, a man could have as many wives as he wanted at the same time as long as he could afford to support them.

c

In Roman law after the Empire was Christianized, Jews were granted equal rights with Christians. permitted to hold public office, but forbidden from testifying in court against Christians. forbidden from holding public office and testifying in court against Christians. forbidden from holding public office, but allowed to testify in court against Christians.

c

In the Qur'an, Muhammad states that God will not punish anyone, since Muhammad suffered and died to take upon himself the sins of the world. Jesus was a fraud and a trickster who led people astray, and for this reason Christians should not be believed. Jesus was the Messiah, born of Mary, and worked miracles. Jesus was a human. Jews and Christians have no right to practice their religion.

c

Non-Muslims living in Muslim-ruled territory were required to provide military service to their Muslim rulers. were given rights equal to those of their Muslim rulers. were required to pay a tax called a jizya but otherwise allowed to practice their religion. were required to convert to Islam or die.

c

The Five Pillars of Islam are the shahada, the profession of God's oneness, salat, or prayer facing Mecca five times daily, zakat, that is giving money to support the Muslim community, sawn, fasting from all food and drink from dawn to dusk in the month of Ramadan, and wilaken, the requirement that Muslims are never to drink of the milk of any hooved mammal but the goat. jihad, the requirement that Muslims are required to make war on non-Muslims at all times and in all places. hajj, the requirement that at least once in his or her lifetime, every able-bodied Muslim should make a journey to the city of Mecca. la 'aerif, the requirement that Muslims are to recite a surah of the Qur'an every day.

c

The chronicle sources of the ninth century CE (i.e., the 800s CE) say that Norsemen attacked the rest of Europe by riding from the east on horseback. by marching on foot from their homelands somewhere to the east. as mercenaries fighting for the Umayyad emir of Spain. from ships.

c

The name Charlemagne comes from the Greek word for Charles the Holy. comes from the Hebrew word for Fist of God. has no meaning. comes from the Latin word for Charles the Great.

c

What was St. Augustine's view of human sexuality? That because people were given sexual desire by God, sexuality was inherently good. That it could never be good. That sexuality could be good in the context of a Christian marriage, but even then, it had to be focused on having children and was still tainted by human greed and lust. That in the context of a Christian marriage, sexuality was always good.

c

When Al-Mu'izz seized control of Egypt in 969, he gave himself the title of Kwisatz Haderach, the man who can be in all places, and proclaimed that as such, he was equal in knowledge and power to God. he instituted a Shi'ite government and forced all of Egypt's Muslims to convert to Shi'a Islam. he instituted a Shi'ite government, although most of Egypt's Muslim population remained Sunni. he maintained Sunni rule, and indeed got several prominent Sunni faqihs (i.e., jurists) to proclaim that he was the rightful caliph.

c

When the 'Abbasids seized control of the caliphate, they exercised effective political power, but kept the Umayyad caliphs on the throne to serve as figureheads. they killed all Umayyads with any claim to the caliphate. one Umayyad, 'Abd al-Rahman, escaped, eventually ending up in Spain, where he would establish a new Umayyad dynasty. one Umayyad, Nur ad-Din, escaped, eventually ending up in Afghanistan, where he would establish a new Umayyad dynasty.

c

Which of the following is not a guide to behavior for Muslims? The Hadith, a set of teachings of Muhammad used to illustrate a concept. The Qur'an, the word of God that came to the Prophet Muhammad. The al-Azif, a set of prophecies delivered to 'Abd al-Hazrad. The Sunna, teachings of the Prophet that are not found in the Qur'an.

c

Which of the following is not true of the Frankish Major Domo Charles Martel (r. 715-741)? He defeated a Muslim invasion of the Frankish kingdom. He militarily defeated the Saxons. He deposed the last Merovingian king and made himself king. He often seized lands from the Church in order to fund his army.

c

Which of the following is true of the Byzantine Empire's Macedonian Dynasty (867-1056 CE)? Incorrect Response The Byzantine Emperor Basil I conquered the city of Rome and forced the pope to acknowledge him as the only rightful Roman emperor. The Byzantine Emperor Coprophagous IV was overthrown by an angry mob. Afterwards, the leader of this mob re-established democracy in the Greek-speaking world for the first time in over a thousand years. Correct Answer The Macedonian Emperors enjoyed a series of military and political successes so that by the death of Basil II in 1025, the Empire was the strongest it had been since the seventh century (i.e., the 600s). Under the Macedonian Emperors, the Byzantine Empire finally fell to Arab invaders.

c

Which of the following was not a reason for the decline of the power of the 'Abbasid Caliphate? The mamluks, elite soldiers of Turkic background who had originally been slaves, came to exercise more and more power at the expense of the caliph. Regional governors had more and more autonomy and showed less and less loyalty to the government in Baghdad. An earthquake that caused half of Baghdad to slide into the Tigris River led to political chaos. Civil wars over succession.

c

After Justinian returned Italy to the rule of the Roman Empire, it remained part of the Empire for the next five centuries. he moved the imperial capital from Constantinople to Rome. he ordered the pope imprisoned until the pope acknowledged that the emperor alone could interpret scripture. most of Italy was conquered by another Germanic people, the Lombards, just a few years later.

d

Charlemagne had no children. only one son. several sons. several sons and daughters, but two of his sons and one of his daughters died before him.

d

During the seventh through ninth centuries CE, Muslim thinkers Incorrect Response quickly achieved consensus in what sharia (i.e., divine law) would look like in human society. Most Muslim jurisprudence dates to within the decade after the Prophet Muhammad's death. entrusted interpretation of the sharia (i.e., divine law) to a set of oracles who were said to go into a trance and then speak with the voice of an angel. engaged in disputes over the juristic traditions, but never came to a consensus. To this day, Muslims regard interpretation of divine law as purely a matter of personal choice. Correct Answer engaged in disputes over the juristic traditions, and by the ninth century, a consensus emerged that the Hadith (i.e., the sayings of Muhammad) were a major source for the application of divine law to everyday life.

d

How did the organization of the Carolingian state compare with that of the Tang state? The Carolingian government was much more sophisticated than that of Tang China. The Carolingian government was about as sophisticated as that of Tang China, but its army was less well organized. The Carolingian government was at about the same level of sophistication as that of Tang China. The Carolingian government was much less sophisticated than that of Tang China.

d

How would you characterize the Pact of Umar? The Pact provides Christians with rights that are equal to those of their Muslim conquerors. The Pact is a set of religious oracles, writings that are said to have come down from the gods. The Pact is the terms of surrender of Arabia's Muslims to their Roman Christian conquerors. The Pact allows Christians to maintain their own worship, but it also subjects them to several restrictions placed on them by their Muslim conquerors.

d

In 25 December 800, Pope Leo III declared Charlemagne to be Pharaoh of Egypt. Bishop of all the Saxons. Patriarch of Constantinople. Roman Emperor.

d

In addition to having defeated the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in battle, Salah al-Din's other major accomplishment was to have established Shi'a Islam throughout the Middle East. conquered the city of Constantinople itself. defeated a Mongol invasion of the Middle East. overthrown the Shi'ite Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt.

d

In his biography of Charlemagne, what attitude does Einhard show towards the religion of the Saxons? He believes that the Saxon religion is false, but he respects the religion and its practitioners. He believes that Saxon religious practices are true for the Saxons in the same way that Christianity is true for the Franks. Both religions are equally valid. He disapproves of Charlemagne having wiped out Saxon religion. He believes that the gods of the Saxons are devils.

d

In the Qur'an, Muhammad states that God will not punish anyone, since Muhammad suffered and died to take upon himself the sins of the world. Jews and Christians have no right to practice their religion. Jesus was a fraud and a trickster who led people astray, and for this reason Christians should not be believed. Jesus was the Messiah, born of Mary, and worked miracles. Jesus was a human.

d

In the prologue to the Justinian Code, what does the emperor regard as the source of his authority? That he is directly descended from Moses That he is directly descended from Caesar Augustus Only the power of his armies God and his help

d

The name Charlemagne comes from the Greek word for Charles the Holy. comes from the Hebrew word for Fist of God. has no meaning. comes from the Latin word for Charles the Great.

d

The name Charlemagne comes from the Greek word for Charles the Holy. has no meaning. comes from the Hebrew word for Fist of God. comes from the Latin word for Charles the Great.

d

Umayyad Spain was significant in relation to Western Europe because It was Spanish Muslim missionaries who eventually converted the kings of the Franks to Islam. Spain's Umayyad rulers had sought to conquer all Christian lands and end learning and literacy in them. In the Great Bible Burning of 766, a Muslim army marched from Spain all the way to Paris, burning every Bible that the soldiers could find. Muslims in Umayyad Spain gained much of their scientific knowledge from Christians in Western Europe. It would be through Umayyad Spain that the learning of the ancient world eventually moved to Western Europe.

d

Upon the death of Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, The Carolingian Empire was passed on to Louis's only surviving son, Louis the German. A Viking army from Norway conquered the whole empire and the leader of the Norse army, Joakim Brodén, made himself emperor. The empire passed to his heir Theophilus, who as the son of Louis and his wife, the Byzantine princess Theophanu, became ruler of both the Carolingian and Byzantine Empires. The empire was divided between Louis's three sons, Charles the Bald, Louis the German, and Lothar.

d

What was one of the primary causes of the dispute that would eventually lead to the split between Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims? Whether rule of the Muslim faithful should have passed on to the children of Muhammad's sister Alia or to Muhammad's half-brothers, the children of his mother Jisika. Whether God is one and indivisible, or whether God has an evil aspect of His nature called 'Iblis who tempts people to sin and who, at the end of the world, will swallow all nations into darkness. Whether or not translations of the Qur'an into Greek were still the word of God. Whether 'Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, should have succeeded to the rule of the Muslim faithful, or whether a new caliph should be chosen by consensus.

d

What was the great controversy that divided the Byzantine Empire in the eighth and ninth centuries? Whether or not Christians had to follow the dietary laws of the Old Testament. Whether or not the Bible could be translated from Greek. Whether or not those Christians who had converted to Islam could be allowed to convert back to Christianity. Whether or not Christians could use images in worship.

d

When the 'Abbasids seized control of the caliphate, they exercised effective political power, but kept the Umayyad caliphs on the throne to serve as figureheads. they killed all Umayyads with any claim to the caliphate. one Umayyad, Nur ad-Din, escaped, eventually ending up in Afghanistan, where he would establish a new Umayyad dynasty. one Umayyad, 'Abd al-Rahman, escaped, eventually ending up in Spain, where he would establish a new Umayyad dynasty.

d

When the Roman Empire in the west fell, the Visigoths quickly established a new Roman empire under their king Theodoric. This new Empire ruled all of what had been the Western Roman Empire. the Roman state disintegrated, but literacy remained high. the Roman state disintegrated, but cities remained large and populated. the Roman state disintegrated, cities shrank drastically, and literacy went into decline.

d

Which of the following is not a guide to behavior for Muslims? The Qur'an, the word of God that came to the Prophet Muhammad. The Hadith, a set of teachings of Muhammad used to illustrate a concept. The Sunna, teachings of the Prophet that are not found in the Qur'an. The al-Azif, a set of prophecies delivered to 'Abd al-Hazrad.

d