Unit 6 Migrations Test Study Guide
What are the Different "Areas" of Europe?
Schengen Area European Economic Area European Union Eurozone
European Parties: Labor Party
Jeremy Corbyn British political party whose historic links with trade unions have led it to promote an active role for the state in the creation of economic prosperity and in the provision of social services. In opposition to the Conservative Party, it has been the major democratic socialist party in Britain since the early 20th century.
Intervening Opportunities:
attempts to describe the likelihood of migration. Its hypothesis is that this likelihood is influenced most by the opportunities to settle at the destination, less by distance or population pressure at the starting point. Intervening opportunities may persuade a migrant to settle in a place
"Brexit" Referendum
A non-binding, general vote that gave the British government an idea on whether or not citizens wanted the UK to leave the EU. Results were 52% to 48%
Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community
1951 What countries are involved: - West Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands What are the goals: - Designed to integrate coal and steel industries in Western Europe. It was to create an economic market by having these two being the main resources. - Contribution to Europe as a whole nation can bring peace and mutual relations. - Europe can be built by actions that create trust between European nations, and by this trust, there will be common bases for economic development. - Historic rivalries will be forgotten because of the creation of an economic community
Treaties of Rome
1957 What countries are involved: - Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg Netherlands, West Germany What are the goals: - To create the European Economic Community (Forerunner to the EU), establish a common market, policies, and actions as well as an economic and monetary union. It was to help in better quality of life overall.
Single European Act
1992 What countries are involved: - Belgium, West Germany, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the UK What are the goals: - To create a timetable for each country's economic merger, establishment of single European currency, and common domestic and foreign policies. - To develop its actions to strengthen economic and social cohesion. - To help the poorer countries in the EEC become economically richer. - To extend common policies and pursuing new objectives.
"Euroskeptic"
A person who is opposed to increasing the powers of the European Union.
Remittance
A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country.
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
EU established common policies for...
Agriculture, Fisheries, Nuclear research projects
Migrant v. Refugee/Asylum seeker
All refugees and asylum seekers are migrants, but not all migrants are refugees and asylum seekers A refugee is someone who literally seeks refuge; escaping something bad. Migrants can be moving from bad to good, good to good, etc. All migrants aren't fleeing
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another.
What is the capital of the EU?
Brussels, Belgium (de-facto capital)
Which groups of people want to stay in the EU?
Business people, bankers, immigrants, Scotland, younger generations
Current events of the EU: France Election
Candidates: Marie Le Pen & Emmanuel Macron Parties: Macron (En March!), Marie Le Pen (National Front) Winner: Emmanuel Macron
Berlin Wall (and its impact)
Cold War impacted migration. Many poorer nations in Eastern Europe decided to leave and resettle in better economically situated in Western Europe. This included other countries, so it wasn't only Germany. The Berlin Wall prevented immigration from East to West Germany The official purpose of this Berlin Wall was to keep Western "fascists" from entering East Germany and undermining the socialist state, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections (desertion) from East to West. Before the wall was built, Berliners on both sides of the city could move around fairly freely: They crossed the East-West border to work, to shop, to go to the theater and the movies. After the wall was built, it became impossible to get from East to West Berlin except through one of three checkpoints. At each of the checkpoints, East German soldiers screened diplomats and other officials before they were allowed to enter or leave.
Fortress Europe
Concerns of countries outside the EU that integration of the EU may result in increased restrictions and barrier to trade and investment by outsiders
Which groups of people want to leave the EU?
Conservatives, UKIP, Labor Party, Older generations
Eurozone
Countries use the same currency - some countries outside of EU can use Euro - some countries inside the EU don't use Euro (UK) Provided economic advantages Outermost regions To join, a country must reach some certain financial goals - inflation less than 1.5% higher than the average of the lowest members - Debt to GDP ratio less than 60% - Government deficit less than 3%
European Economic Area
ECONOMY - Countries within this area participate in the common European market and European laws - A pass is placed on certain agricultural laws placed on them - In exchange for freedom of movement, they have to pay EU membership fees - Have to follow its laws that they don't have a voice in - Norway, Iceland, Lichtenstein - Not in EU, but if you're an EU citizen then you can live there, and Norwegians, Icelanders, and Lichtensteiners can live in yours
When did the EU come to being?
EU was first formed in 1993 in Maastricht, the Netherlands with 12 original members. After this many European countries applied to join the unification of Europe promoting peaceful solution, economic wealth, and democratic Europe.
Brexit: Cons of Leaving
Economic: both in UK and EU, ½ of all UK exports go to EU countries - rules change?, loss of labor movement, less immigration - The EU grants Britain access to many favorable trade relationships - Being in the EU gives them votes in the EU's executive body Social: Isolation and separation from rest of Europe Political: Destabilizes the EU, widens the political divide in UK due to the leftist and rightist political groups
EEC
Established by the Treaty of Rome, "COMMON MARKET", most important provisions were elimination of tariffs between nations and creation of new ones
Schengen Area
FREE MIGRATION: SWITZERLAND - Move freely through borders of the countries included in Schengen - But CANNOT live there permanently (b/c Switzerland is not a part of the EU) - It was founded so that citizens that were part of signatory states could moves across borders w/o passports; a "unified" Europe
Types of migration
Forced Migration: relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrants themselves Reluctant Migration: people aren't forced to leave, but push factors make them leave (war, poverty, etc.) Voluntary Migration: person makes decision to migrate on their own
What would have if Marie Le Pen won the French election?
Immigration crisis that is occurring right now in Europe would have caused France to exit the EU, essentially leaving the EU to fall. Because France is part of the EU, many immigrants that are part of the EU are able to freely move into France, and this is angering Le Pen who believes that job opportunities should be prioritized towards people of French descent.
European Parties: UKIP
Paul Nuttall (leave) EXTREMELY RIGHTIST and want Brexit to include leaving the European Court of Justice. They want to take full control of immigration, restore fishing rights, taking their seat on the World Trade Organization and no final settlement payable to the EU. If Brexit doesn't happen, then UKIP will fall. "If Brexit is a success and we are a beacon of light for the rest of the European Union then France will go next, then Sweden will go, then Denmark will go, and the whole thing will begin to break up."
Current events of the EU: EU "breaking"
Potential Frexit; Why the EU came to be and what their goals are/were
Brexit: Pros of Leaving
Security/Protection: Close borders tight, Syrian Refugees, Eastern European immigrants, ISIS. Brexit is heavily influenced by immigration. EU law lets citizens of one EU country have right to travel/live/take jobs in other EU countries. British people have felt the impact of this rule since the 2008 financial crisis. The eurozone has struggled economically, and workers from eurozone countries such as Ireland, Italy, and Lithuania (as well as EU countries like Poland and Romania that have not yet joined the common currency) have flocked to the UK in search of work. Economic: jobs stay in Britain - protectionism, trade more with 'rest of the world' Social: nationalism: "Stay british" Political: UK Independence from Europe
What are the most important issues confronting the EU today?
Syrian Refugee Crisis Brexit Once Potential Frexit Immigration Policies
"the Death Strip"
The 27-mile portion of the barrier separating Berlin into east and west consisted of two concrete walls between which was a "death strip" up to 160 yards wide that contained hundreds of watchtowers, miles of anti-vehicle trenches, guard dog runs, floodlights and trip-wire machine guns
Free Migration
The decision to relocate permanently to another location without coercion, support, or compulsion by any group
What are some key events leading up to the EU as we known it today?
WWI and WWII
Emmanuel Macron
Youngest candidate in the race and a former economy minister who has never run for elected office, He is neither right nor the left, so he is willing to accept the problems that France is having with immigrants, and instead of leaving the EU, he is trying to find a compromise to solve the immigrant problem that France is having. He was appointed deputy secretary-general of the Élysée in 2012 and became economy minister in 2014, lending his name to the "Macron law" to promote economic growth and opportunities. He founded the En Marche! movement in April 2016 before resigning from the cabinet on 30 August. Pro-European.
Brain Drain
a mass migration of the intellectuals out of a certain country, state, or area; large scale emigration by talented people
Pull Factor
a reason why a country or place may attract immigrants
Unauthorized (Illegal) Immigration
foreign-born non-citizens who are not legal residents.
Internally Displaced person:
(IDP): someone who has been forced to migrate from similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Causes of Migration (push/pull factors)
"Root causes" of Migration - Poverty - Armed Conflict - Social Strife - Natural Disaster - Political Turmoil - Economic Hardships
Why do people leave their home country for another?
- Combination of cultural, environmental, and economic push and pull factors. - Perhaps forced to migrate because of political conflicts. - Pulled towards physically attractive environments and pushed from hazardous ones. - Leave places with limited job prospects and are lured to places where they can find work.
Initial goals of the EU
- Common foreign policy - Common defense policy (their defense policy is NATO, and also if one of the EU states attacks another EU state then it will impact their economy negatively, so an attack is unlikely) - Guidelines toward similar social policies - Policies for assistance for wealthier members towards poorer - Create a common currency (Euro)
Current events of the EU: Syrian Refugee Crisis
- Countries of the EU, Turkey, and Greece. - Many of the Syrian refugees are going to Greece to try to get to the EU, but many of the Balkan countries are erecting walls and obstacles to try to prevent these refugees. - Refugees are taking dangerous routes to try to get to the EU as a result. - If those refugees are in the EU, they are free to move anywhere due to the EU's Schengen Agreement. - Turkey has accepted the most Syrian migrants and refugees than any other NATO nation. Push Factors: War; Pull Factors: Better life!
European Union
- Includes all the countries in the EU and is like a community, make it more unified. - They are basically the overarching mechanism of all of these. - Countries pay membership dues, create laws together, and carry EU passports. - Founded with the aim of ending wars between European neighbors (WWII)
"European" Citizenship
- Introduced in the Maastricht Treaty (1991) - Legal protection from EU law - Right to free movement - Settlement and employment across the EU. - Free to trade and transport goods, services and capital through EU borders, as in national market, with no restrictions on capital movements or duty-fees
What is the European Union?
- It does finance EU-wide programs in science and technology, culture, and the environment - It supports efforts to raise the economic status of its poorer member states - It sets standards for health and safety regulations, social security and working conditions, and agriculture - A union between European nations where all nations agree to create common foreign policies, and provide assistance where wealthier members help the poorer. - The EU would become the world's largest integrated market 1) Countries pay membership dues 2) Countries vote on laws 3) Citizens of Countries are EU citizens
What are the major issues of a "joint" EU?
- No joint military (NATO→ a defense alliance) - Provides neither welfare nor basic educational functions (European Central Bank- ECB) - Sets standards for healthcare, culture, economic status, and environmental policies
Maastricht Treaty
1991 What countries are involved: - Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK What are the goals: - Promote sustainable and economic progress, create a European identity based on common policies, strengthen economies of the poorer countries, introduce central banking system and common currency, foreign, and security policies, agriculture, fishing, & nuclear research projects - ESTABLISHED THE EUROPEAN UNION - EU citizenship enabled people to vote and run for office in local and European Parliament elections in the EU country in which they lived, regardless of their nationality - Gather greater cooperation on issues such as environment, policing, and social policy.
Schengen Agreement
1995 What are the goals: - To limit immigration and the import of goods to signatory nations. It was to insure that all member nations subscribed to equally strict limitations on immigration of people and importation of goods.
Dublin Agreement
1997 What are the goals: - Determines the EU Member State responsible to examine an application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention (one of a series of agreements concerning the treatment of prisoners of war and of the sick, wounded, and dead) and the EU Qualification Directive, within the European Union.
Treaty of Amsterdam
1997 What countries are involved: - Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK, Sweden, Germany, Austria What are the goals: - To place employment and citizens' rights as a priority of the EU, freedom of movement, strengthen security, give Europe (as a Union) a stronger voice in world affairs, develop the concept of European citizenship, consolidate environmental policy, creation of the post of High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policies
EU Timeline
AFTER WWII: nations tried to figure out how to move forward and wanted peace Late 1940s: talk about unified Europe 1945: Emergence of NGOs. 1945-1960: Decolonization of Asian and African Colonies 1951: Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community 1957: Treaty of Rome was signed, EEC created 1961-1991: Separated East and West Germany 1973: UK joins the European Community 1991: Maastricht Treaty 1992: Single European Act signed 1993: all 12 members of EEC committed to forming the EU (took place in Maastricht) 1995: Schengen Agreement 1997: Treaty of Amsterdam was signed 1997: Dublin Agreement 1998: creation of European Central Bank to monitor and coordinate financial activity (Frankfurt, Germany) 2002: Euro was adopted by most & EU became world's largest integrated market. 2004: 10 countries joined the EU. 2016: Brexit announced. 2017: French election; Macron won. 2019: Brexit will be official.
Deracination
Forced conditions that cause people to migrate
What are the 6 initial countries of the EU?
France, West Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Netherlands,
Under what "conditions" are people leaving?
Free - Mostly economic. Also to follow family Forced - (also called deracination) conflict induced displacement, development-induced displacement, disaster-induced displacement
Quotas
In reference to migration, a law that places a max. limit on the # of people who can immigrate to a country each year.
European Parties
Liberal Party Labor Party Conservative Party United Kingdom International Party (UKIP)
Major Treaties
Main ideas of what they are (worksheet) and chronology
History of migration in Europe
Most movement in Europe was primarily voluntary Escaping conflict has been the main influence of mass migration Cold War impacted migration- East to West migration in Germany (Berlin Wall) Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Spain (PIGS) have the worst economies in the EU - South to North migration occurred for better opportunities
Current events of the EU: Nativism
Nationalism- Feeling patriotism to your nation or country Goal of protecting the nation Nativism- Protection of native born citizens ex) America first
Roots of Migrations (key events)
Roots of Migration (Key Events) Economics and Conflict Main Events in Europe (WWII, Cold War, "Fall of Wall", EU, Syria) - How did they contribute to this culture of migration Decolonization
European Parties: Conservative Party
Theresa May (For Brexit) Conservatives believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe the role of government should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own goals. Conservative policies generally emphasize empowerment of the individual to solve problems.
European Parties: Liberal Party
Tim Farron Believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills, to protect civil liberties, individual, and human rights. The government should guarantee that no one is in need. Policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems.
All the treaties in chronological order
Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (1951) Treaties of Rome (1957) Single European Act (1992) Maastricht Treaty (1991) Schengen Agreement (1995) Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Dublin Agreement (1997)
Current events of the EU
What are the factors that led migrants to move wherever they went
Brexit: Emmanuel Macron
Who Is He? 2017 French election winner, Centralist. View on Brexit: Wants France and UK to stay in EU. The European defense will collapse without the UK's armed forces.He knows the difficulty in France (poor economy, terror attacks, instability), and UK can help them.
Brexit: Nigel Farage
Who Is He? British political analyst, politician for UKIP. View on Brexit: Leave! The EU is a failed political union, the Eurozone is destroying the UK's economy, restricts political freedom and people are suffering. Due to the immigrants living standards have fallen. He does not want to admit Turkey into the EU.
Brexit: Barack Obama
Who Is He? Former Democratic President of the US. View on Brexit: He wants them to stay. The UK's trading unions will be hurt, trade agreements will not be made with the EU anytime soon. The UK is strongest when it is a part of the EU.
Brexit: Jeremy Corbyn
Who Is He? Leader of the Labor party. View on Brexit: Stay! Believes EU has brought jobs to people. The UK maintains good trade relationships between European countries and the UK, and if Brexit happens the UK economy will decline.
Brexit: Boris Johnson
Who Is He? Member of the Conservative Party. View on Brexit: Yes! He believes trade constrains the UK's economy and it will cause free trade and the ability to expand economy. He believes it will expand the economy without restrictive laws.
Brexit: Donald Trump
Who Is He? The president of USA. Sad! View on Brexit: Yes, and he is proud! He is proposing a trade deal between the UK and the US, and thinks the EU is close to collapsing. He thinks the UK has found a solution to ending immigration into UK.
Brexit: Theresa May
Who Is She? - Head of the Conservative party and Prime Minister of the UK View on Brexit: (Moderate Stay) - Wants a Hard Brexit to occur. She thinks that staying in the EU is a threat to Britain's sovereignty. Immigration is a problem in the EU and leaving the EU will solve the problem the way the UK wants to solve it.
Brexit: Marie Le Pen
Who Is She? Candidate for the 2017 French Elections View on Brexit: Leave! (Wants Frexit as well) The EU is a failure in terms of political, social, power, and diplomacy. Believes that leaving the EU will bring economic and political freedom and in the future the EU will not exist at all.
Brexit: Angela Merkel
Who Is She? She is the current Prime Minister of Germany View on Brexit: Impartial to Brexit. She believes the EU will not punish the UK for leaving. Germans would be unwilling to negotiate with UK because Germany is on EU Terms.
Brexit: Nicola Sturgeon
Who Is She? She is the fifth and current First Minister of Scotland. View on Brexit: Stay! The EU's huge economy helps heighten Scotland's economy. If the UK leaves the EU, Scotland will leave UK.
Guest Workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs. A person w/ temporary permission to enter a nation
Push Factor
a reason why a country or place may cause people to leave
Integration and Assimilation of migrants
challenges?
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Migration
movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions.
Intercontinental Migration
permanent movement from one continent to another
International Migration
permanent movement from one country to another
Interregional migration
permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional Migration
permanent movement within one region of a country
Intervening Obstacles:
present a challenge or prevents movement into an area or region, such as geography
Transcontinental Migration
refers to the movement of people across the major oceans or continental divides in order to settle on new continents
Forced Migration
relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrants themselves
Asylum Seeker:
someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
Refugees
someone who is forced to migrate from his or her home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
Emigration
the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another.
Immigration
the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
Nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants
Circular Migration
the temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment
Transnational Migration
those persons who have migrated from one nation-state to another to live their lives across borders, participating simultaneously in social relations that embed them in more than one nation-state