Unit 6 Multiple Choice

A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. intrinsic motivation. d. insight learning. e. latent learning.

a

After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates a. desensitization. b. latent learning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. extinction. e. instinctive drift.

a

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning. a. modeling b. secondary reinforcement c. generalization d. respondent behavior e. shaping

a

Classical conditioning involves a learned association between a. two stimuli. b. reinforcers and punishers. c. two reinforcers. d. two responses. e. behavior and its consequence.

a

Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. partial-interval e. variable-interval

a

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates a. observational learning. b. prosocial behavior. c. operant conditioning. d. classical conditioning. e. respondent behavior.

a

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of a. observational learning. b. spontaneous recovery. c. respondent behavior. d. immediate reinforcement. e. shaping.

a

When 4-year-old Michael hit his sister, his Mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be a. negative punishment. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. positive punishment. e. continuous reinforcement.

a

Automatically blinking to an air puff is to ________ as raising your hand to answer a question is to ________. a. unconditioned response; conditioned response b. classical conditioning; operant conditioning c. immediate reinforcement; delayed reinforcement d. discrimination; generalization e. operant behavior; respondent behavior

b

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what? a. whether violence is performed b. whether we see the people as similar to us c. whether the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus d. the power of extinction to overcome conditioning e. whether the participant is directly rewarded or punished for behaving

b

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of a. primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers. b. reinforcement over punishment. c. shaping over modeling. d. spontaneous recovery over extinction. e. classical conditioning over operant conditioning.

b

Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of a. secondary reinforcers. b. punishment. c. negative reinforcers. d. generalization. e. spontaneous recovery.

b

Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning? a. classical conditioning b. insight learning c. latent learning d. operant learning e. observational learning

b

Which of the following become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves? a. operant chambers b. mirror neurons c. biofeedback systems d. fixed-ratio schedules e. cognitive maps

b

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of a. classical conditioning. b. observational learning. c. discrimination. d. spontaneous recovery. e. operant conditioning.

b

animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of a. latent learning. b. instinctive drift. c. operant conditioning. d. spontaneous recovery. e. the law of effect.

b

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? a. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. b. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. c. Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. d. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. e. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding.

a

A slow but steady rate of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. immediate-interval b. fixed-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-interval e. variable-ratio

d

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of a. respondent behavior. b. delayed reinforcement. c. observational learning. d. shaping. e. spontaneous recovery.

c

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves a. respondent behavior. b. primary reinforcers. c. cognitive processes. d. shaping. e. intermittent reinforcement.

c

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. a. negative reinforcement b. spontaneous recovery c. biological predispositions d. generalization e. primary reinforcement

c

Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine a. generalization. b. discrimination. c. intrinsic motivation. d. latent learning. e. spontaneous recovery.

c

We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to a. partial reinforcement. b. spontaneous recovery. c. mirror neurons. d. positive reinforcement. e. cognitive maps.

c

What type of learning sometimes occurs after an extended period of thinking about a problem but little or no direct, systematic interaction with the environment? a. observational learning b. operant learning c. insight learning d. latent learning e. classical conditioning

c

Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their electricity costs, those apartment dwellers who pay their own electric bills use less electricity. This most clearly illustrates that consumer electricity usage is influenced by a. latent learning. b. classical conditioning. c. observational learning. d. operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery.

d

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who a. consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children's behavior. b. consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior. c. consistently used reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children's moral behavior. d. modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern. e. consistently used permissive rather than authoritarian child-rearing practices.

d

Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for a. the law of effect. b. spontaneous recovery. c. insight learning. d. observational learning. e. extrinsic motivation.

d

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of a. intrinsic motives. b. extrinsic motives. c. unconditioned stimuli. d. mirror neurons. e. cognitive maps.

d

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves a. delayed reinforcers. b. partial reinforcement. c. classical conditioning. d. extrinsic motivation. e. latent learning.

d

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of a. shaping. b. spontaneous recovery. c. immediate reinforcement. d. modeling. e. respondent behavior.

d

To modify your own behavior using operant conditioning principles, you should a. systematically reinforce the operant behavior you wish to promote with delayed rather than immediate reinforcers. b. carefully observe and imitate the specific behaviors practiced by others who have successfully achieved your goals. c. formulate goals for behavior change that are a bit more ambitious than what you can actually accomplish. d. associate the desired behavior with an unconditioned stimulus. e. monitor and record the actual frequency of the operant behavior you wish to promote.

e

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of a. negative reinforcement. b. operant conditioning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. respondent behavior. e. observational learning.

e

Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of a. classical conditioning. b. latent learning. c. observational learning. d. modeling. e. operant conditioning.

e

The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves a. latent learning. b. unconditioned stimuli. c. spontaneous recovery. d. secondary reinforcers. e. intrinsic motivation.

e

Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior? a. A continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning. b. Learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it. c. Reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation. d. Conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers. e. Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.

e