Unit 7

N = Neuroticism A = Agreeableness E = Extraversion C = Conscientiousness O = Openness

A

Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by

A drive

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples?

A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.

The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?

B. A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?

Collective unconscious

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive reduction

Chris believed he did well on his exam because he was lucky. Which psychological concept applies to Chris's explanation?

External locus of control

A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality?

Five-factor

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?

Heart disease

According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the

ID

According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the

Id

Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory

Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response

Which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with the short route from the thalamus to the amygdala, as described by Joseph LeDoux?

Miguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees something moving along the wall. When he realizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair.

All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following is true?

Most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of the theory.

What type of theorist is most likely to assess people's personalities by having them draw pictures, in the hope that the drawings will reveal underlying personality characteristics?

Psychoanalytic

According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to

Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?

Rorschach Test

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Schachter-Singer

For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's experience?

Set-point theory

Which of the following would be detrimental to an individual's maintenance of high self-esteem?

Setting unrealistic personal goals

In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologists in the tradition of Henry Murray, David McClelland, and Christiana Morgan would be likely to characterize Rita as rating high in

The need for achievement

The Big Five personality factors are based in which psychological perspective?

Trait psychology

Research on the development of personality traits across the life span has revealed that

an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

approach-approach

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

area of the hypothalamus

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates

displacement

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

display rules

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of

esteem needs

Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as

exhaustion

The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as

exhaustion

Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Sandy's father's behavior gives her the impression that he will love her only if she gets very good grades. Carl Rogers would probably say that Sandy

is getting conditional positive regard

An animal will gain weight when

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

overjustification effect

Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected from discussions with individual participants. The research method that he used, and his research contributions, were

personal interviews; sexual behavior in women

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests?

projective

Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test?

projective personality

Which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible?

repression

The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?

retrieval

According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of

self-efficacy

Karl may have been reluctant to try therapy to change his fear because he believes that his efforts to change are ineffective. This would indicate that Karl has low

self-efficacy

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the

superego

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

The Barnum effect in psychological assessment refers to

the tendency of individuals to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate

In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was

the way children interact with a doll

Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

work harder and enjoy their work more

Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that

there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response