Unit 8 Patho

The health care provider is concerned that a client may be at risk for problems with cerebral blood flow. The most important data to assess would be:

Decreased level of oxygen

A client diagnosed with Parkinson disease is displaying the following manifestations: tremor, rigidity, and slowness of movement. The nurse would interpret these as:

Normal manifestations of Parkinson disease

A client's recent computed tomography (CT) scan has revealed the presence of hydrocephalus. Which treatment measure is most likely to resolve this health problem?

Placement of a shunt

The nurse taking a report on a client coming into the emergency room plans care for a client with brain dysfunction based on which symptom?

Stupor

What term is used to describe a level of consciousness that sees a client responding only to vigorous and repeated stimuli and has minimal or no spontaneous movement?

Stupor

The MRA scan of a client with a suspected stroke reports ruptured berry aneurysm. The nurse plans care for a client with:

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

According to the Glasgow Coma Scale, opening one's eyes to only painful stimuli would receive which score?

2

Manifestations of brain tumors are focal disturbances in brain function and increased ICP. What causes the focal disturbances manifested by brain tumors?

Brain edema and disturbances in blood flow

When the suspected diagnosis is bacterial meningitis, what assessment techniques can assist in determining if meningeal irritation is present?

Brudzinski sign and Kernig sign

Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by which form of neuron damage?

Polyneuropathy

The chart of a client admitted because of seizures notes that the seizure activity began simultaneously in both cerebral hemispheres. The nurse should interpret this to mean that the client experienced:

generalized seizure.

The nurse observes a new nurse performing the test for Kernig sign on a client. The new nurse performs the test by providing resistance to flexion of the knees while the client is lying with the hip flexed at a right angle. The nurse should explain to the new nurse that:

resistance should be provided with the knee in a flexed position.

The nurse is teaching a client about appropriate interventions for back pain. Select all that apply.

-Analgesics -Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -Muscle relaxants

Myasthenic crisis may be precipitated by which causes? Select all that apply.

-Infection -Pregnancy -Surgery

Manifestations of peripheral neuropathy include which of the following? Select all that apply.

-Muscle weakness -Muscle wasting -Sensory changes

A client comes to the clinic and informs the nurse that he believes he is suffering from Parkinson disease. What objective data assessed by the nurse would correlate with the client's concern? Select all that apply.

-Tremor -Rigidity -Bradykinesia

A 60-year-old male is being treated for significant denervation and muscle fiber atrophy. His movements are still smooth and he has no cognitive defects. Which likely diagosis is associated with these clinical manifestations?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a mixed UMN/LMN disorder

A client has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). The nurse recognizes that the client's condition is a result of:

An immune-mediated response that is caused by the demyelinization of the myelin sheath of the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve

A client with a spinal cord injury at T8 would likely retain normal motor and somatosensory function of her:

Arms

The nurse working in an emergency room is caring for a client who is exhibiting signs and symptoms of a stroke. What does the nurse anticipate that the physician's orders will include?

CT scan

A sudden, traumatic, complete transection of the spinal cord results in what type of injury below the site?

Flaccid paralysis

In what part of the body does the highest level of motor function occur?

Frontal cortex of the brain

Which neuron connects sensory and motor neurons?

Interneurons

The spouse of a client admitted to the hospital after a motor vehicle accident reports to the nurse that the client has become very drowsy. The nurse should:

assess the client for additional signs/symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.

A client has suffered a stroke that has affected his speech. The physician has identified the client as having expressive aphasia. Later in the day, the family asks the nurse to explain what this means. The most accurate response would be aphasia that is:

characterized by an inability to communicate spontaneously with ease or translate thoughts or ideas into meaningful speech or writing.

A client has developed global ischemia of the brain. The nurse determines this is:

inadequate to meet the metabolic needs of the entire brain.

The most common cause of C. botulinum in infants is:

ingestion of honey products containing C. botulinum spores.

A client discharged from the hospital 5 days ago following a stroke has come to the emergency department with facial droop that progressed with hemiplegia and aphasia. The client's spouse is extremely upset because the physician stated that the client cannot receive thrombolytic medications to reestablish cerebral circulation and the spouse asks the nurse why. What is the nurse's most accurate response?

"Thrombolytics may cause cerebral hemorrhage."

Select the conditions that would place a client at risk for the development of hypoxia. Select all that apply.

-Carbon monoxide poisoning -Severe anemia

The nurse assessing a client with a traumatic brain injury assesses for changes in which neurologic component? Select all that apply.

-Cognition -Level of consciousness -Motor function -Sensory function

Much like brain death, there are criteria for the diagnosis of a persistent vegetative state which has lasted for more than 1 month. What are criteria for the diagnosis of persistent vegetative state? Select all that apply.

-Bowel and bladder incontinence -Lack of language comprehension -Variable preserved cranial nerve reflexes

A client with a traumatic brain injury has developed extreme cerebral edema. Which clinical manifestations of brain herniation correlate to upward herniation of the midbrain known as uncal herniation? Select all that apply.

-Deep coma -Respiratory rate of 8 with intermittent sighs -Bilateral small, fixed pupils

The nurse is completing a Glasgow Coma Scale assessment on a client with a traumatic brain injury. Which of the following should the nurse include in the assessment? Select all that apply.

-Eye opening response -Verbal utterances -Motor response

Herniated disks put pressure on the nerve root. This type of injury occurs most often in the cervical and lumbar region of the spine. What is an important assessment technique for a herniated disk in the lumbar region?

-Hip flexion test -CT scan -Straight-leg test

Following a car accident in which the driver did not have his seatbelt on, the client is diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury requiring emergent craniotomy for severe cerebral edema. Which assessments should the nurse report immediately since they correspond to a supratentorial herniation progressing to midbrain involvement? Select all that apply.

-Pupils fixed at ~ 5 mm in diameter -Respiration rate of 40 breaths/min -Decerebrate posturing following painful stimulation of the sternum

Which individual has the highest chance of having a primary central nervous system lymphoma?

A 24-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and behavioral and cognitive changes

Which statement accurately reflects the typical person afflicted with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A 25-year-old woman

The most common cause of ischemic stroke is:

thrombosis.

Which principle best explains symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including dysphagia, muscle weakness and spasticity, and dysphonia?

ALS is caused by both an upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron disturbance.

Myasthenia gravis is characterized by muscle weakness caused by antibody-mediated loss of which physiologic function?

Acetylcholine receptors

The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the emergency room with suspected meningitis. The nurse prepares to perform which nursing intervention upon physician orders, while diagnostic testing is being completed?

Administration of antibiotics

What medication teaching should be done for a woman of childbearing age with a seizure disorder?

Antiseizure drugs increase the risk for congenital abnormalities.

Global and focal brain injuries manifest differently. What is almost always a manifestation of a global brain injury?

Altered level of consciousness

A nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with a seizure disorder. Which statement is most important for the nurse to provide regarding antiepileptic medications?

Antiepileptic medications should never be discontinued abruptly.

Which disorder is a manifestation of a serious condition that causes new-onset back pain in persons age 50 years or older?

Aortic aneurysm

An older adult is brought to the emergency department after experiencing some confusion, slurred speech, and a weak arm. Now the client is back to acting normally. Suspecting a transient ischemic attack (TIA), the health care provider prescribes diagnostic testing looking for which cause of this episode?

Atherosclerotic lesions in cerebral vessels

Which cardinal assessment finding would lead the nurse to suspect a client has developed Parkinson disease?

Bradykinesia

A teenager has been in a car accident and experienced an acceleration-deceleration head injury. Initially, the client was stable but then started to develop neurological signs/symptoms. The nurse caring for this client should be assessing for which type of possible complication?

Brain contusions and hematomas

A client has sustained a severe, diffuse brain injury that resulted in seriously compromised brain function. The client is at greatest risk for:

Brain death

The nurse is conducting a community education program on concussions. The nurse evaluates that the participants understand the education when they state that which of these offers the brain protection from external forces?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which intracranial volume is most capable of compensating for increasing intracranial pressure?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which type of seizure begins in a localized area of the brain but may progress rapidly to involve both hemispheres?

Complex partial

The nurse assesses the client with Huntington disease demonstrating irregular wriggling and writhing movements. The client is also having facial grimacing, raising the eyebrows, and rolling the eyes. How would the nurse document this finding?

Chorea

A client's emergency room report includes the presence of a contrecoup injury. The nurse plans care for a client with which of the following?

Closed head injury opposite the area of impact

The demyelination and degeneration of nerve fibers characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the result of which pathophysiologic event?

Decreased oligodendrocytes

Regarding the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease, which statement is true?

Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons occurs.

Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease?

Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system

A child is being seen in the emergency department (ED) after ingesting crayons with lead in them. He is disoriented and having seizures. The provider suspects he has which of the following?

Encephalitis

The CT scan report identified that a client with a skull fracture has developed a hematoma that resulted from a torn artery. The report would be interpreted as:

Epidural hematoma

Excessive activity of the excitatory neurotransmitters and their receptor-mediated effects is the cause of which type of brain injury?

Excitotoxic

The underlying causative problem in Parkinsonism is:

Failure of dopamine release

Bradykinesia occurring in Parkinson disease places the Parkinson's client most at risk for:

Falls and injury

An emergency room nurse receives a report that a client's Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is 3. The nurse prepares to care for a client with which of the following?

Flaccid motor response

The spinal cord contains the basic factors necessary to coordinate function when a movement is planned. It is the lowest level of function. What is the highest level of function in planning movement?

Frontal cortex

A high school student sustained a concussion during a football game. The school nurse will educate the family about postconcussion syndrome and ask them to watch for and report which manifestations of its presence?

Headaches and poor concentation

A nurse is assessing a client with symptoms of botulism. The nurse will question the client regarding ingestion of which food?

Home-grown and canned vegetables

The health care provider is assessing the muscle tone of a client who has been diagnosed with a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion. Which assessment finding is congruent with the client's diagnosis?

Hypotonia

The nurse is planning an inservice on hypoxia versus ischemia in brain-injured clients. The nurse should include which of the following?

Hypoxia produces a generalized depressive effect on the brain.

Reflexes are basically "hard-wired" into the CNS. Anatomically, the basis of a reflex is an afferent neuron that synapses directly with an effector neuron to cause muscle movement. Sometimes the afferent neuron synapses with what intermediary between the afferent and effector neurons?

Interneuron

The nurse expects that loss of respiratory effort occurs with a spinal injury at which level?

Interneurons

The nurse reading a client's lumbar puncture results notifies the physician of findings consistent with meningitis when which sign/symptom is noted?

Large number of polymorphonulcear neutrophils

The emergency room doctor suspects a client may have bacterial meningitis. The mostimportant diagnostic test to perform would be:

Lumbar puncture

The nurse is caring for an older adult client with hemiplegia following a stroke. While planning the client's care, the nurse knows the client is at risk for developing which condition?

Muscle atrophy

Which treatment should take place immediately in a client experiencing autonomic dysreflexia?

Position the client in upright position, and correct the initiating stimulus.

The nurse is performing an assessment for a client suspected of having symptoms that correlate with carpal tunnel disorder. The client states he feels a tingling sensation that radiates into the palm of the hand when the nurse lightly percusses over the median nerve. How would the nurse document this finding?

Positive Tinel sign

A client has started having uncontrolled seizures that are not responding to usual medications. Nurses working with the client must pay special attention to which priority aspects of this client's care? Assessment of:

Respiratory status and oxygen saturation

A nurse at a long-term care facility provides care for a client who has had recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). What significance should the nurse attach to the client's TIAs?

TIAs, by definition, resolve rapidly, but they constitute an increased risk for stroke.

Coordinated muscular movement requires proper functioning of four areas of the nervous system. Which system controls posture and balance?

The vestibular system

A client suffering a thrombotic stroke is brought into the emergency department by ambulance and the health care team is preparing to administer a synthetic tissue plasminogen activator for which purpose?

Thrombolysis

The most common cause of an ischemic stroke is which of the following?

Thrombosis

A client is devastated to receive a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The symptomatology of this disease is a result of its effects on which region of the brain?

Upper and lower motor neurons

A client has been diagnosed with a cerebral aneurysm and placed under close observation before treatment commences. Which pathophysiologic condition has contributed to this client's diagnosis?

Weakness in the muscular wall of an artery

The parents of an infant born with hydrocephalus are concerned about the size of the baby's head. The doctors are telling them that the infant needs the surgical placement of a shunt. The nurse caring for the infant in the neonatal intensive care unit explains that placement of a shunt will:

decrease the likelihood of further neurological deficits.

Death caused by muscular dystrophy in early adulthood is usually due to:

respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement.

The nurse is assessing a client and notes the client is now displaying decerebrate posturing. The position would be documented as:

rigidity of the arms with palms of the hands turned away from the body and with stiffly extended legs and plantar flexion of the feet.

A nurse is caring for a client experiencing muscle fasiculations. Fasiculations appear as:

spontaneous contractions of muscle fibers presenting as twitching.

Global or diffuse brain injury is manifested by changes in the level of consciousness.

true

The nurse has just completed an assessment on a client admitted with Guillain-Barré syndrome. The nurse determines that a priority of care will be:

ventilatory assessment and support.

Peripheral neuropathy occurs most commonly with which disorder?

Diabetes

The nurse developing a plan of care for a client with a cerebral cortex injury should include assessment for which of the following?

Difficulty concentrating

A nurse is caring for a client with high-level paraplegia with known vasovagal response associated with severe bradycardia. Which preventive measure should not be included in the treatment plan for this client?

Discouraging use of stimulants such as caffeine

Unlike disorders of the motor cortex and corticospinal (pyramidal) tract, lesions of the basal ganglia have which effect on motor ability?

Disrupt movement without causing paralysis

A client affected by postural hypotension will likely display what symptoms?

Dizziness and pallor when moved to upright position

Which current multiple sclerosis drug treatments are designed to slow the progress of myelin degeneration?

Immunomodulators

A family brings a client to the emergency department with increasing lethargy and disorientation. They think the client had a seizure on the drive over to the hospital. The client has been sick with a "cold virus" for the last few days. On admission, the client's temperature is 102°F (38.9°C). Which other clinical manifestations may lead to the diagnosis of encephalitis?

Impaired neck flexion resulting from muscle spasm

Which pathophysiologic process occurs in cases of bacterial meningitis?

Inflammation allows pathogens to cross into the cerebrospinal fluid.

As a client explains to the nurse what occurred prior to the onset of seizure activity, the client describes perceiving a feeling or warning that the seizure would occur. The nurse documents the perceived warning as which of the following?

Prodrome

The nurse is caring for a client experiencing a seizure. During the seizure the nurse notes that the client repetitively rubs his/her clothing. When contacting the client's physician, the nurse notes that the client exhibited:

automatisms.

Reflex activity involves which neurons?

efferent, afferent, interneuron

A client suffering global cerebral ischemia a week after a suicide attempt by hanging is in the intensive care unit receiving treatment. The parent asks the nurse why it is necessary to keep the client paralyzed with medications and on the ventilator. The most appropriate response would be that these therapies:

decrease metabolic needs and increase oxygenation.

The parent of an infant who developed hydrocephalus while in utero is very concerned that the child will have significant intellectual dysfunction. The best response to the parent would be:

"Because the skull sutures are not fused there may be no brain damage."

Which physiologic principle can cause hydrocephalus? Select all that apply.

-Decreased absorption of cerebrospinal fluid -Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following diseases is associated with fewer acetylcholine receptors, resulting in a lower-amplitude endplate potential, muscle weakness, and fatigability?

Myasthenia gravis

Intracranial aneurysms that rupture cause subarachnoid hemorrhage in the client. How is the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage made?

CT scan

A client who has been living with Alzheimer disease and spouse are at the doctor's office and the spouse asks the nurse why the client cannot remember much of anything from the past. The best response by the nurse is that Alzheimer disease affects which part of the brain?

Cells located in the hippocampus

An adult client has been admitted to a rehabilitation center after hospital treatment for an ischemic stroke. Which aspect of the client's history would be considered to have contributed to his stroke?

The client's blood pressure has historically been in the range of 150/90 to 160/100 mm Hg.

A client's recent diagnosis of Parkinson disease has prompted the care provider to promptly begin pharmacologic therapy. The drugs prescribed will likely influence the client's levels of which substance?

Dopamine

A client's emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been examined by the physician and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been administered to the client. What was this client's most likely diagnosis?

Ischemic stroke

A client who has experienced a spinal cord injury still has use of the arms but has impaired motor and sensory function of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. Which term best describes how this injury is classified?

Paraplegia

What disease results from the degeneration of the dopamine nigrostriatal system of the basal ganglia?

Parkinson disease

Which disease can result in symptoms that can occur when a brain tumor causes damage to the nigrostriatal pathway?

Parkinson disease

The parent of a toddler with Duchenne muscular dystrophy reports that the child has an increase in muscle size but a decrease in strength. The nurse documents this using which medical term?

Pseudohypertrophy

The nursing assistant reports to the registered nurse that a client with a brain tumor has a blood pressure of 180/100 mm Hg and a pulse of 50 bpm. Which action is the correct nursing intervention?

Report to physician the client's signs of increased intracranial pressure.

A client who is being seen in the outpatient clinic reports a single episode of unilateral arm and leg weakness and blurred vision that lasted approximately 45 minutes. The client is most likely experiencing:

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A client is brought to the emergency department and is diagnosed with an ischemic stroke confirmed by CT scan. The most important treatment for this client would be to:

administer IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually does not produce any signs or symptoms until age 2 to 3. What muscles are usually first to be affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Postural muscles of the hip and shoulder

The nurse is suctioning a client with a C3 spinal cord injury when the client's heart rate drops from 86 bpm to 42 bpm. What intervention does the nurse understand should be provided prior to suctioning to prevent this vasovagal response from occurring?

Hyperoxygenate prior to suctioning.

Which structural change can contribute to mixed sensorimotor deficit?

Polyneuropathies involving demyelination of peripheral nerves

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by what type of neuron damage?

Polyneuropathy

The nurse is caring for a client with a brain tumor when the client begins to vomit. Which intervention should the nurse do first?

Assess for other signs/symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.

A client has been involved in a motor vehicle accident and has sustained spinal cord damage. The client has voluntary motor function loss on one side and a loss of pain and temperature sensation from the contralateral side below the level of the lesion. What type of cord syndrome does the nurse recognize the client has sustained?

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Neurotoxins such as the botulism organism can produce paralysis by what mechanism?

By blocking release of acetylcholine

A 14-year-old girl has been thrown from the back of a pick-up truck. MRI shows complete cord injury at the level of C2. What is the main significance of an injury at this level of the spinal column?

Cannot breathe on own, needs ventilator assistance

A client is experiencing pain, tingling, and numbness of the thumb and first, second, third, and half of the fourth digits of the hand. She states that she has pain in the wrist and hand, which worsens at night, and she has noticed that they have become clumsy. The nurse recognizes these manifestations as:

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Peripheral nerve disorders are not uncommon. What is an example of a fairly common mononeuropathy?

Carpal tunnel syndrome

An older adult has had a recent decrease in coordination, with gait being described as wide-based, unsteady, and lacking in fluidity, although the client's muscle tone appears normal. This client requires further assessment for which condition that is involved with coordination of movement?

Cerebellar disorder

Which medication is used to treat acute attacks of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Corticosteroids

Select the laboratory blood test that would be a used to suggest a diagnosis of muscular dystrophy (MD).

Creatine kinase

A client with Parkinson disease presents with bradykinesia and an altered gait. These symptoms arise in response to the progressive deterioration of which structure in the brain?

Dopamine nigrostriatal system

Restoration of the integrity of myelin sheaths would likely result in a slowing or stopping of the progression of:

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Antibiotics such as gentamicin can produce a disturbance in the body that is similar to botulism by preventing the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings. In persons with preexisting neuromuscular transmission disturbances, these drugs can be dangerous. What disease falls into this category?

Myasthenia gravis

Which disease is thought to be caused by antibody-mediated loss of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction?

Myasthenia gravis

Which peripheral nerve injury will likely result in cellular death with little chance of regeneration?

Nerve fibers destroyed close to the neuronal cell body

While there is no laboratory test that is diagnostic for multiple sclerosis, some clients have alterations in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can be seen when a portion of the CSF is removed during a spinal tap. What finding in CSF is suggestive of multiple sclerosis?

Oligoclonal patterns

Disorders of the pyramidal tracts, such as a stroke, are characterized by which physical finding?

Paralysis

A nurse caring for a client with multiple sclerosis notes that the client has mood swings. Which cause can best explain this?

Psychological manifestation due to involvement of white matter of cerebral cortex

Nystagmus due to cerebellar dysfunction would most likely interfere with which activity?

Reading

The transmission of impulses at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by which action?

Release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine from autonomic nerve endings

A client with a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis underwent a mastectomy. The surgery was a success, but the client has gone into a myasthenic crisis on postoperative day 1. Which priority measure should the care team initiate immediately?

Respiratory support and protection of the client's airway

A client with a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis underwent a mastectomy. The surgery was a success, but the client has gone into a myasthenic crisis on postoperative day 1. Which prioritymeasure should the care team initiate immediately?

Respiratory support and protection of the client's airway

A client is devastated to receive a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The symptomatology of this disease is a result of its effects on upper and lower motor neurons. The health care provider caring for this client will focus on which priority intervention for this client?

Respiratory ventilation assessment and prevention of aspiration pneumonia

Cerebellar tremor is exhibited by which symptom?

Rhythmic movement of the finger or toe that worsens as a target is approached

Which complication of spinal cord injury is the most preventable in a paraplegic client?

Skin breakdown

A family brings their father to his primary care physician for a checkup. Since their last visit, they note their dad has developed a tremor in his hands and feet. He also rolls his fingers like he has a marble in his hand. The primary physician suspects the onset of Parkinson disease when he notes which abnormality in the client's gait?

Slow to start walking and has difficulty when asked to "stop" suddenly

What is the most common clinical presentation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Slowly progressive weakness and atrophy in distal muscles of one upper extremity

The health care provider is assessing a client to differentiate a herniated disk from other causes of acute back pain. The most important test for the provider to perform would be:

Straight-leg test

The nurse is explaining to a client's family how vasogenic brain edema occurs. The most appropriate information for the nurse to provide would be:

The blood-brain barrier is disrupted, allowing fluid to escape into the extracellular fluid.

The nurse is caring for a client with myasthenia gravis. Which symptoms displayed by the client would indicate to the nurse that the client may be experiencing mysasthenia crisis?

The client has a sudden onset of severe weakness.

A 60-year-old office worker has presented to a clinic reporting recent episodes of lower back pain. Which component of the client's assessment and history would be most indicative of a serious pathologic process?

The client's onset of pain has been gradual and the client has no prior history of back problems.

During physiology class, the instructor asks students to explain the pathology behind development of multiple sclerosis. Which student gave the most accurate description?

The demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction

A client has been recovering from a stroke for several weeks and has been reluctant to participate in physical therapy. As a result, the client has experienced disuse atrophy. The nurse should recognize that the client is experiencing the consequences of which physiologic process?

The diameter of the client's muscle cells has decreased

A nurse is providing education to a client newly diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Which statement reflects accurate information about the course of the disease?

The disorder may present with rapid life-threatening symptoms or may present as a slow insidious process.

Autonomic dysreflexia (autonomic hyperreflexia) is characterized by which of the following?

Vasospasms and hypertension

A nurse caring for a client in myasthenic crisis identifies a priority concern as:

maintenance of airway and respiration.