Unit 8 Practice quiz -------- Metabolism

________ contains all of the essential amino acids. A water-soluble vitamin A carbohydrate A complete protein An essential fatty acid A fat-soluble vitamin

A complete protein

All cells use which of the following directly for energy to fuel their work? sunlight. glycogen. ATP. glucose.

ATP.

The molecule that supplies our cells with an immediate source of energy is: glucose. glycogen. ATP. monosaccharide.

ATP.

________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. An incomplete protein A fat-soluble vitamin A complete protein A water-soluble vitamin

An incomplete protein

Acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle may be formed through metabolism of: fatty acids glucose amino acids All of the above None of the above

All of the above

True or False: When ATP breaks down, the products can then be used to synthesize more ATP. True False, because ADP --> ATP + P. False, because ATP --> glucose. False, because ATP --> ADP + ADP.

True

In the metabolism of proteins, amino acids may be converted to: nitrogen containing derivatives such as hormones structural proteins new enzymes carbohydrates and fats all of the above

all of the above

Regulation of body temperature is controlled by: shivering vasodilation of cutaneous vessels is regulated by a center in the hypothalamus all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following does not release hydrogens that are used to make ATP in electron transport? glycolysis conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A (pre-citric acid cycle) citric acid cycle all of these release hydrogens for use electron transport

all of these release hydrogens for use electron transport

Where in the cell does electron transport occur? matrix of mitochondria cristae of mitochondria cytoplasm cell membrane

cristae of mitochondria

Where does the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid occur? cytoplasm cell membrane mitochondria nucleus

cytoplasm

Where in a cell does glycolysis occur? cytoplasm mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial cristae nucleus

cytoplasm

]There are ________ essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children. a) 2 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10 e) 20

d) 10

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20

d) 20

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules. a) 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) b) 2 NADH c) 2 ATP (net) d) All of the answers are correct

d) All of the answers are correct

A balanced diet should a) include adequate substrates for the production of energy. b) provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. c) contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. d) All of the answers are correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

ATP can be used for a) muscle contraction. b) ion transport. c) protein synthesis. d) glycogen synthesis. e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct.

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? a) A b) C c) E d) folic acid e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct.

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

e) E

The largest lipoproteins, ________, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. a) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) d) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) e) chylomicrons

e) chylomicrons

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called a) glycolysis. b) oxidative phosphorylation. c) catabolism. d) anabolism. e) metabolism.

e) metabolism.

During cellular respiration, which set of reactions produces the most ATP? citric acid cycle glycolysis electron transport ventilation

electron transport

During cellular respiration, which set of reactions produces water? glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport Krebs cycle

electron transport

Which of these is a hormone that causes an increase in blood glucose concentration? glycogen cholesterol epinephrine insulin

epinephrine

Blood glucose levels are increased by: glycogenolysis glycogenesis insulin glycosuria

glycogenolysis

In the absence of oxygen, which is the last process that can occur to make ATP? citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) electron transport glycolysis cellular respiration

glycolysis

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of events during carbohydrate metabolism? Krebs cycle----glycolysis----electron transport glycogenesis----electron transport----glycolysis glycolysis----Krebs cycle----electron transport beta-oxidation----Krebs cycle----electron transport

glycolysis----Krebs cycle----electron transport

A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria. Because of this, it can only make ATP by: glycolysis. the Krebs cycle. beta-oxidation. deamination.

glycolysis.

A decrease in body weight occurs when caloric intake: equals basal metabolism plus external work is greater than basal metabolism plus external work is less than basal metabolism plus external work is less than basal metabolism plus internal work

is less than basal metabolism plus external work

Body temperature: is always constant except when one has a fever is regulated primarily by regulating heat loss regulation by evaporation of sweat is important only during exercise none of the above

is regulated primarily by regulating heat loss

Which of the following have the most similar functions? pantothenic acid and riboflavin (FAD) thiamin and niacin (NAD) pantothenic acid and thiamin niacin (NAD) and riboflavin (FAD)

niacin (NAD) and riboflavin (FAD)

The carbohydrates in an uneaten candy bar can best be described as: potential energy. ATP energy. kinetic energy. exothermic energy.

potential energy.

Lack of exercise and a caloric intake > basal metabolic rate plus external work for a prolonged period may result in: type I diabetes type II diabetes anorexia gigantism

type II diabetes

Which of the following is an end product of the electron transport chain? carbon dioxide water glucose NADH

water

The metabolic rate of an individual may be lower than the BMR during exercise while sleeping during the postabsorptive state metabolic rate will never be less than BMR

while sleeping

Which of the following is the first step in ATP production from fat? glycolysis phosphorylation beta-oxidation deamination

beta-oxidation

In a healthy individual who has just finished eating a large nutrient-balanced meal: glucagon enhances the absorption of glucose from the intestinal tract insulin increases the excretion of glucose in the urine blood plasma will have an increased concentration of fats, glucose, and amino acids insulin decreases the entrance of glucose into most tissue cells

blood plasma will have an increased concentration of fats, glucose, and amino acids

About 60% of the heat loss from a nude person standing in a room at 70 degrees (F) is by radiation. Heat loss in this manner is based on the principal that: body temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature, so the nude person releases more heat than he receives large amounts of air move through the room objects in direct contact with the skin surface will absorb large amount of body heat water on the skin surface which changes from the liquid to vapor phase carries away body heat

body temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature, so the nude person releases more heat than he receives

Please match ______starting material is acetyl-CoA ______end product is pyruvic acid ______pathway for fatty acid breakdown ______28 ATP produce ______ site of oxidation/reduction reactions in electron transport

1. cytochromes 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport 4. beta-oxidation 5. citric acid cycle

What is the net energy yield of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? 2 ATP 34 ATP 38 ATP 4 ATP

2 ATP

A decrease in body weight occurs when more calories are consumed than is necessary to meet the metabolic requirements of the cells. True False

False

Which of the following is true about the citric acid, or Krebs, cycle? It produces 38 ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria It is anaerobic

It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria

Niacin (vitamin B3) is important for ATP synthesis because it forms NAD. What specific role does NAD play in energy metabolism? It removes CO2 during the Krebs cycle. It removes water during the Krebs cycle. It transfers hydrogens released during glycolysis and Krebs cycle to the electron transport system. It breaks down glucose.

It transfers hydrogens released during glycolysis and Krebs cycle to the electron transport system.

Which of the following statements is true about carbohydrates? They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and the simplest form is a disaccharide. Their main use is to provide energy. They are stored in adipose tissue as fatty acids. All of the above are true. A and B only

Their main use is to provide energy.

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

a) A.

The citric acid cycle a) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid. b) directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose. d) contains enzymes called cytochromes. e) forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.

a) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as a) gout. b) rheumatoid arthritis. c) anorexia nervosa. d) lupus.

a) gout.

All of the following take place during the absorptive state except a) ketone bodies begin to form. b) blood glucose levels rise. ) blood lipid levels rise. d) insulin stimulates glycogenesis.

a) ketone bodies begin to form.

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. a) postabsorptive b) absorptive c) starvation d) deprivation e) preabsorptive

a) postabsorptive

The function of the citric acid cycle is to a) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. b) transfer the acetyl group. c) hydrolyze glucose. d) produce carbon dioxide. e) produce water.

a) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of a) vitamin A. b) vitamin B12. c) vitamin C. d) niacin. e) riboflavin.

a) vitamin A.

Ketone bodies can result from excess production of: glucose. fats. pyruvic acid. acetyl CoA.

acetyl CoA.

Amino acids and fatty acids may enter the citric acid cycle by way of: gylcerol. pyruvic acid. acetyl-CoA NAD.

acetyl-CoA

Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy? a) A b) C c) B12 d) D

b) C

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called a) water-soluble vitamins. b) essential fatty acids. c) high-density lipoproteins. d) low-density lipoproteins. e) chylomicrons.

b) essential fatty acids.

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest. a) glycogen b) glucose c) protein d) fat

b) glucose

All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except a) glucose is a small, soluble molecule. b) glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly. c) glucose can be stored efficiently. d) glycogen breakdown involves only a single enzymatic step. e) glycolysis does not require oxygen to generate ATP.

b) glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly.

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that a) glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver. b) levels of blood glucose are elevated. c) ketone bodies may be formed. d) lipid mobilization may occur.

b) levels of blood glucose are elevated.

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring a) heart rate. b) respiration. c) body temperature. d) blood pressure. e) body weight.

b) respiration.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during a) glycolysis. b) the citric acid cycle. c) electron transport. d) all of the above

b) the citric acid cycle.

During lipolysis, a) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. b) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. c) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. d) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.

b) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces a) ketone bodies. b) urea. c) nitrate. d) acetyl-CoA. e) water.

b) urea.

Pellagra, an epithelial and mucosal deterioration, results from a deficiency in a) vitamin B2 (riboflavin). b) vitamin B3 (niacin). c) vitamin B9 (folic acid). d) vitamin D. e) vitamin K.

b) vitamin B3 (niacin).

Cellular respiration is best described as the: exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. synthesis of glucose using the energy of ATP. breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP. conversion of CO2 and H2O into ATP.

breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP.

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of a) transport proteins. b) lipoproteins. c) essential fatty acids. d) essential amino acids. e) vitamins.

c) essential fatty acids.

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is a) pantothenic acid. b) pyridoxine (B6). c) folic acid (folate). d) vitamin C. e) vitamin K.

c) folic acid (folate).

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. That's the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream. a) cholecystokinin (CCK) b) leptin c) ghrelin d) pepsin e) insulin

c) ghrelin

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the a) medulla oblongata. b) pineal gland. c) hypothalamus. d) cerebral cortex. e) pons

c) hypothalamus.

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that a) it occurs in the mitochondria. b) fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. c) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. d) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. e) it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP.

c) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are a) carbohydrates. b) proteins. c) lipids. d) nucleic acids. e) vitamins.

c) lipids.

A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders? a) scurvy b) night blindness c) rickets d) pernicious anemia e) pellagra

c) rickets

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. a) cytoplasm b) the plasma membrane c) the mitochondria d) the endoplasmic reticulum e) None of the answers is correct.

c) the mitochondria

During cellular respiration, which set of reactions releases carbon dioxide? glycolysis citric acid (Krebs) cycle electron transport none of them produce carbon dioxide

citric acid (Krebs) cycle

A person decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe a) elevated levels of glucocorticoids. b) ketone bodies in his urine. c) lowered blood pH. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? a) structural maintenance b) growth and repair c) production of secretions d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues? a) They increase the conversion of amino acids to pyruvate. b) They increase gluconeogenesis. c) They increase glycogenolysis. d) All of the answers are correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

The electron transport system a) receives electrons from coenzymes. b) produces more the ATP than Glycolysis c) is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae). d) All of the answers are correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Inadequate exposure to sunlight can result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. a) A b) B12 c) C d) D e) E

d) D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

d) D.

Which of the following carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver? a) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) d) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

d) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Lipogenesis generally begins with a) glucose. b) amino acids. c) fatty acids. d) acetyl-CoA.

d) acetyl-CoA.

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called a) body mass index rate. b) homeostasis. c) steady state. d) basal metabolic rate. e) stasis.

d) basal metabolic rate.

The process that catabolizes fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is called a) lipolysis. b) lipogenesis. c) emulsification d) beta-oxidation.

d) beta-oxidation.

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer. a) enzymes b) the endoplasmic reticulum c) acetyl-CoA d) cytochromes

d) cytochromes

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called a) glycogenolysis. b) glycogenesis. c) glycolysis. d) gluconeogenesis.

d) gluconeogenesis.

At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal—it's a lot of food—and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now. a) cerebellum b) pons c) mid-brain d) hypothalamus e) medulla oblongata

d) hypothalamus

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of a) ATP units. b) carbohydrate. c) grams (also, g, or gms). d) kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal). e) degrees Celsius.

d) kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).

A chemical reaction by which the -NH2 group is removed from an amino acid is known as: oxidation. isomerization. hydrolysis. deamination.

deamination.

Decreasing blood glucose is a stimulus for the secretion of: epinephrine glucagon growth hormone all of the above

glucagon

Which of the following hormones is most directly involved during the post-absorptive state? insulin glycogen glucagon only by radiation thyroid hormone

glucagon

Which of the following hormones increase the blood glucose level? insulin and glycogen glucagon and insulin. glucagon and epinephrine epinephrine and insulin.

glucagon and epinephrine

Which of the following is most likely to occur if blood glucose levels are elevated? gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycogenolysis all the above

glycogenesis

In which of the following conditions does the hypothalamus fail to function? heat exhaustion heat stroke fever shivering

heat stroke

Which of the following describes the role of NADH during cellular respiration? it produces the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration it carries carbon dioxide to the mitochondria it transports glucose to the mitochondria for use in cellular respiration it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions

it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions

In the absence of oxygen, what is produced at the end of glycolysis? lactic acid carbon dioxide acetyl coenzyme A pyruvic acid

lactic acid

During starvation (a long-term situation): little or no glycogen is stored in the liver insulin secretion by the pancreas is increased epinephrine stimulates glycogenesis in muscle cells protein synthesis in the liver and muscles is increased

little or no glycogen is stored in the liver

When a cell needs energy, glycogen may be hydrolyzed to: many disaccharides. two fatty acid molecules. many glycerol molecules. many glucose molecules.

many glucose molecules.

The process by which electrons are transferred from NAD through various cytochromes and finally to oxygen occurs to: provide energy for ATP formation. convert glucose into glycogen. rid cells of excess oxygen molecules. form ketone bodies from beta-oxidation.

provide energy for ATP formation

The increase in body temperature during exercise: results from a greatly increased metabolism occurs when the body is not producing enough heat normally is due to failure of heat loss mechanisms occurs only during running exercises

results from a greatly increased metabolism

Basal metabolism most directly refers to the energy output required: to maintain basic body functions for growth of a child during old age during exercise

to maintain basic body functions