unit 8 pt 2

using original example discuss how facial expressions can actually influence emotions.

"fake it till u make it" ex: grin widely and boldly and you will feel slightly happier -expressions not only communicate emotion but they amplify and regulate it

NK cells

"natural killers" >pursue diseased cells

discuss common reaction to extended stress.

-brain's production of new neurons slows and some neural circuits degenerate -shortening of DNA at ends of chromosomes -die sooner

discuss the negative effects if stress.

-can cause low self-esteem and make you more susceptible to diseases, cancer etc.

what physiological information does a polygraph test attempt to collect to determine if participants are telling truth or lying

-changes in breathing, cardio activity and perspiration

in what way does the work of Zajonc, Ledoux or Lazarus contradict the work of the previous theorist?

-contended that we can have many enotion rxs apart from/before our interpretation of a situation -emotional responses can have two different brain pathways; more complex feelings (love & hate) travel a high road by way of thalamus to cortex; less complex emotions (dislikes and fear) by pass tge cortex by way of thalamus to amygdala, amygdala reactions are fast so we don't process.ex: fast flash of a scary object quickly gets a response of fear out of us.

type B

-easy going and mellow -of 257 who have had a heart attack 31% were men

why are smiles and expressed emotions social as well as emotional??

-facial expressions can help survival ex- face of fear signifies silence -performers are more likely to smile in front of crowds and judges than when by themselves="social smiles"

briefly summarize the arguments against the effectiveness of polygraphs

-our physiological arousal is much the same from one emotion to another -many innocent people do respond with heightened tension to accusations implied

explain why the newly adopted term psychophysiolofical illness is a better description of the effects of stress-related illness than psychomatic

-psychomatic caused people to think symptoms were unreal or "psychosomatic"

-explain the tend and befriend response to stress

-seek and extend support to others during a time of stress -demonstrated in outpouring of help after a natural disaster -women are more likely to do this than isolation)

what is the additional component Schacter and Singer added to the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories? Discuss how important you think that component is to emotional theory.

-spillover theory: arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which can descend to rioting and other violent confrontations -two factor theory: the two factors are physical response and cognitive arousal; means that just being startled isn't enough to make someone have an emotional response. (think of of physical reaction as to a symphathetic response as neutral until it's directed to the right emotion)

discuss increased impact stress has on someone with AIDs

-stress can NOT give people AIDs -stress and negative emotions can speed up process of HIV-> AIDs in someone already effected and predict a faster decline in those w AIDs -efforts to reduce stress could help

Explain the link between stress and cancer

-stress does NOT cause cancer -immune system in rats who is stressed is more likely to develop cancer sooner and larger -in humans results are mixed

discuss the link between stress and illness in general

-the brain regulates the section of stress hormones which suppress the disease fighting lymphocytes ex: 1. surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed people 2. stressed people are more vulnerable to colds (stress does not make us sick, but it does alter our immune functioning which leaves us less able to resist infection)

briefly summarize Schacter and Singer's experiment with epinephrine in the waiting room. What is the key component that causes participants to create the label for the emotion they are experiencing.

-two groups of college men injected w hormone 1. told hormone will have no effect 2. hormone will effect emotions - then they go to other room with another person who is either acting irritated and jerky or happy and excited. the participants will then feel the emotion as well. >the stirred up state can be experienced as one emotion or another .

link between heart disease and stress?

-v closly linked -reserach shows that stress increases vulnerability to heart disease

briefly explain the behavior feedback phenomenon

-walk with short, shuffling steps keeping eyes downcast then walk with long strides with arms swinging and eyes ahead Do you feel a mood change?

briefly summarize how the research findings suggest men and women recognize and experience emotion differently

-women generally do surpass men in other assement of emotional cues -women have a greater emotional resposiveness (women > men reported themselves open to feelings) -women are more empathetic - one feeeling exception is men bc people more closely asociate anger w men

three stages of GAS

1. alarm reaction (sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated and blood is diverted to skeletal muscles) 2. resistance (temperature, BP and respiration remain high, hormones released and you are fully engaged.) 3. exhaustion (body reserves begin to run out and you are more vulnerable to disease and even death)

list and gice an ex from your life of the three types of stressors.

1. catastrophe- unpredictable, large-scale events ex: war, flood, fire 2. significant life changes-life transitions! ex: marriage, baby, a death of family 3. daily hassles-daily stresses ex: traffic, late to class, tests etc.

discuss the relationship between different emotions and the presence of brain structure stimulation

>insula-a neural center in the brain which is activated when we experiance different social emotions (lust,pride and disgust) >emotions like disgust show up in right prefrontal cortex >depression prone people=right frontal lobe >positive mood=left frontal lobe

explain how a Duchenne smile differs from a feigned smile...

a duchenne smile= natural smile feigned smile= picture smile

think of an example of a stimulus that produces an emotional response. Use both the James-Lange and cannon-Bard theory to explain why that emotion occurred.

a strange person walking toward you >James-Lange: physiological ("omg i am going to be killed" body-response (sweating, speed-walking) emotion (fear) >Cannon-Bard feel emotional and physical response at same time: sweating and feeling fear

why is it often difficult to tell when someone is being dishonest?

behavioral cues are too minimal to tell

explain how stressors can have positive effects

can motivate, enhance our work ethic and boost our self esteem if we suceed!

place "emotion, physiological arousal, and body response" in order according to the Cannon-Bard theory

event-physiological response and emotion at same time! >this theory focuses on the brain and it's role believing that the thalamus simultaneously routes information of the event to the cerebral cortex (emotion) and nervous system (physiological response)

discuss the relationship between different emotions and presence of facial feature changes

facial expressions like brain activity can vary w emotions

define and give an example of the facial feedback effect.

facial feedback effect- the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings (happy, mad etc.) ex;grin widely and boldly and you will feel slightly happier

discuss the relationship between different emotions and physiological response

heart rate, breathing and perspiration

marcrophages

identifies and pursues and ingests harmful invaders and worn out cells

how can gesture meanings vary w culture??

in North America thumbs up is good but in Brazil it is rude

how can facial expressions vary w cultures??

mostly same for all cultures > ex a smile is a smile everywhere *usually used as nonverbal cues *there is a slight easier interpretation in own culture

what are the physiological changes that occur in parasympathetic nervous system the as a result of emotional arousal?

parasympathetic *salivation increases *skin dries *respiration decreases *heart slows *digestion is activated *adrenal gland releases less stress hormones * immune func enhanced

How does Yerkes-Dodson law explain emotional arousal?

performance peaks at lower levels for difficult tasks and at higher levels for easy/well-learned task >Yerkes-dodson-explains that arousal effects performance in different ways depending on task (moderate arousal is best!!)

place "emotion, physiological arousal, and body response" in order according to the James-Lange theory..

physiological arousal->body response->emotion ex: we feel sorry bc we cry

on which specific areas do health psychologist focus?

psychological contributions to behavioral medicine

type A

seemed most reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time conscious, supermotivated and easily angered -in a group of 257 who have had a heart attack 69% were type A

use an example from your own life to explain the difference between a stressor, stress and stress rxn.

stressor- the event causing you stress (test) stress rxn-lack of sleep, studying stress-feeling of stress and axiety

what role do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system play in emotional arousal?

sympathetic-arouses body parasympathetic- calms body down to less aroused state

what are the physiological changes that occur in the sympathetic as a result of emotional arousal?

sympathetic: *liver pours extra sugar into bloodstream *respiration increases=more oxygen *heart rate/BP increase *digestion slows so more blood goes to muscles *pupils dilate *skin perspires *stress hormones released *immune fun reduced

lymphocytes

two types: B lymphocytes-mature in bone marrow and release antibiotics that fight bacterial infection T lymphocytes-form in thalamus and attack cancer cells, foreign substitutes and viruses