Unit exam 4
The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to
increased myelination of the central nervous system.
julio, a 12-year-old, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of
inferiority
Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that
intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.
Studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be
more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate.
If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed, which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population?
more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence
Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. In the context of peer statuses, Gavin would be classified as a(n) ________ child.
neglected
In the context of domain theory, moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and
obligatory
Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, Megan is currently in the _____ reasoning level of moral thinking.
preconventional
Advances in the _____ of the brain are linked to children's _____.
prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control
Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by
presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.
Carl's son has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Since then, Carl has spent a significant amount of time understanding the causes of his disability. He learns that even though several research studies have been conducted, the precise causes have not yet been determined. He comes across a research finding that indicates that it is unlikely that learning disabilities
reside in a single, specific brain location.
When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's
self-concept.
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called
self-efficacy.
Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's
self-esteem.
Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called
seriation
An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of ________ in behavior development.
social cognition
Fernando does not cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following best describes Fernando's reasoning?
social conventional reasoning
Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?
stimulation
Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2012-2013 school year?
students with a learning disability
A child with an IQ of _____ or higher is considered to be gifted.
130
What causes autism spectrum disorders?
A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters
Which of the following statements is true about cardiovascular disease in children?
High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in 75 percent of children with the disease
Which of the following statements is true about ADHD in children?
The number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD has increased substantially in recent decades.
Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior
How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?
They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative.
The _____ not only provide an overall IQ score but also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which a child is strong or weak.
Wechsler scales
Who created the concept of intelligence quotient?
William Stern
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that
all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.
Males report experiencing and expressing more ________ than do females.
anger
Children with high self-esteem typically
are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.
Violet is teaching her 6-year-old child to write sentences. She notices that, most of the time, if he can't spell a word, he makes up his own spelling. Which of the following approaches should she follow to make her son a competent writer over time?
She should encourage him to apply what he has learned in one paper to another paper.
The increased capacity for self-regulation that is seen in middle and late childhood is linked to developmental advances in the
brain's prefrontal cortex.
Which of the following is the second leading cause of death in U.S. children five to fourteen years of age?
cancer
Popular children
children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to
compare themselves with others.
Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne. Wayne has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a ________ stepfamily.
complex
An analysis of stepfamilies found that ________ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.
twenty five
During the elementary school years, children grow an average of _____ inches a year.
two to three
The _____-language approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning.
whole
Which of the following is linked to the poor performance of American children in math and science as compared to Asian children?
American parents are more likely to believe that their children's math achievement is due to innate ability.
Which of the following statements represents the current thinking among increasing number of experts in the field of reading?
Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read.
Which of the following statements is true about second-language learning?
For adolescents and adults, new vocabulary is easier to learn than new sounds or new grammar.
Which of the following statements is true of giftedness?
Individuals with world-class status in the arts, mathematics, science, and sports all report strong family support.
is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
Intimacy in friendships
In the context of emotional and personality development, which of the following is true of perspective taking?
It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities ahead of time. Her mother frequently checks on her school progress and talks to her about her problems and her social life. In this context, Angie's mother's approach to parent-child relationships is most likely to be a process of
coregulation
When a person thinks reflectively and productively and evaluates evidence, he or she is engaging in
critical thinking.
The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called _____ thinking. This kind of thinking characterizes creativity.
divergent
Howard Gardner suggests that there are _____ types of intelligence.
eight
Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and ________ mindset.
growth