Unit Exam 8

***Around which point in time was the rejection of post-WWII modernism and a return to more familiar musical values in full swing?

1975

Which composition by Stravinsky combines aspects of serialism with neoclassicism?

AGON

***The Italian composer __________ studied at the conservatory in Milan and attended the seminars at Darmstadt, but eventually came to reject serialism and write music that favored live processes.

Luciano Berio

***The composer and scholar ________________ was an important factor in the dispersal of information on twelve-tone music across the United States, even writing a textbook on the subject; Igor Stravinsky was influenced by his ideas.

Milton Babbit

***This French composer, who studied and then taught at the Paris Conservatory and became one of the major composers of twentieth-century organ music, was one of the first major post-WWII composers to seek alternatives to the familiar patterns of lines and chords.

Oliver Messiaen

This musician studied at the conservatory in Kraków, and although much of his career was spent in communist Poland, his compositions have received international recognition; some of his compositions were included in the 1980 film The Shining.

Penderecki

What proved to be a fruitful source of inspiration for composers in the 1970s?

Renaissance choral music

Name two composers associated with minimalism?

Steve reich, terry riley

Which composition is recalled in the concluding measures of Strauss' tone poem Metamorphosen?

Funeral March of Beethoven's "Eroica"

**Who was responsible for saving some of Western civilization's most priceless treasures—the musical manuscripts of Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, and Mendelssohn—from destruction during the bombing of Berlin during the Second World War?

Georg Schunemann

*American composer was born in West Virginia and is known for a series of songs setting the Spanish poetry of Frederico García Lorca.

George Crumb

In was a miracle that this Jewish-Hungarian composer survived the holocaust of the Second World War; he studied and taught at the Budapest Academy of Music until fleeing to the West during the Hungarian Revolution against the Soviet Union in 1956. He was active at the Darmstadt seminars, but later disavowed that aesthetic philosophy.

Gyorgy ligeti

What provides the musical structure for the Agnus dei of Britten's War Requiem?

an ostinato of descending b minor and ascending c major scale degrees

Known as the "King of Swing," by the late 1930s his band was the most successful in the country. He was also one of the first band leaders to promote racial integration in his musical organization.

benny goodman

Bebop was a rebellion against what jazz style.

big band style

Dance orchestras that included woodwinds and brass sections playing arrangements in an eclectic style came to be known as:

big band style

Which composer is noted for promoting the use of sound as a central element in musical composition rather than intervals, lines, or accompaniments?

edgard varese

True or False - Prior to the beginning of the Second World War, twelve-tone music by Schoenberg and his circle was the dominate influence on modern music.

false

True or false - It is a central tenet to Milton Babbitt's musical philosophy that his compositions be understandable by ordinary citizens.

false

__________ was the central figure in the emergence of the big band phenomenon

fletcher henderson

The style of jazz that drew from contemporary artistic music, including atonality, was known as:

free jazz

When elements of jazz and rock music are combined the result is called:

fusion

A musical conception that is entirely composed, but unwritten, is known as:

head arrangement

Which term describes a composition with two sound sources giving forth an identical ostinato, but where one sound source gradually pulls ahead, creating a constantly-changing rhythmic interaction with the other source?

phasing

Which outspoken composer wrote an inflammatory article entitled "Schoenberg Is Dead" in which he criticized Schoenberg's music as a catastrophic mistake because it did not conform to the author's view on the necessity for total serialism?

pierre boulez

***Who is known as the inventor of musique concrète?

pierre schaeffer

What type of texture resulted from "Mode de valeurs et d'intensités"?

pointillistic

What musical features are absent from Le marteau sans maître?

regular rhythm or beat, musical depiction of content

In Babbitt's Composition for Piano No. 1, the composer expanded the serial process from the twelve tones to include what other musical elements.

rhythm

What was the most distinctive feature of bebop?

rhythm difference - fast, driving, expressive drums, walking bass kept tempo, piano comps

***__________ term brought to music from probability theory and designates works in which individual sonic events are not controlled by the composer, who focuses instead on shaping only their aggregate appearance and behavior.

stochastic music

The poetry for Le marteau sans maître is from a literary movement known as:

surrealism

The style of jazz that dominated the 1930s and 1940s was called

swing

Which tune became the musical signature for Duke Ellington's band?

take the a train

***Vladimir Ussachevsky and Otto Luening are credited with the creation of:

tape music

What invention made electronic music a practical musical genre?

tape recorder

***What formed the basis of the second section of Arnold Schoenberg's A Survivor From Warsaw?

the She'ma prayer in a unison 12-tone melody

__________ combines elements of jazz and classical music.

third stream jazz

What is the term for a polyphony in which a melodic line is joined to a "bells" line limited to the three tones of the tonic triad?

tintinnabuli

Because this musician's composition teacher, Arnold Schoenberg, advised him to give up composition due to a lack of feeling for harmony, he turned instead to writing music without harmony.

John Cage

The music of this Estonian composer mirrors the evolution of the broad changes in modern music following World War II: his music was serialist in the 1960s, followed by an eclectic style that mixed modern elements with quotations from the past, and in the late 1970s developed a personal style that is outwardly related to Renaissance polyphony.

Avro part

This American composer taught music and mathematics at Princeton University, and exerted his influence through teaching, writing, and composing.

Babbit

This British composer spent part of the Second World War in the United States as a pacifist; after the war he specialized in composing operas.

Benjamin Britten

Which dance rhythm serves as an ostinato in Crumb's "¿De dónde vienes?"

Bolero rhythm

One of the greatest jazz musicians, this self-taught pianist grew up in Washington, D. C. After moving to New York, he established a band and they played for several years at the Cotton Club. Later his organization toured the world and made famous recordings and films.

Duke ellington

How do the instruments in Elliott Carter's String Quartet No. 2 communicate with each other and with the audience?

Each instrument exhibits different musical characteristics (rhythm, intervals) and they have individual lines to exemplify different personas. They begin with different ideas trying to get along, but then they break into disagreement.

***This New York-born and Harvard-educated composer studied in France with Nadia Boulanger; highly critical of the avant-garde music of the 1950s, his music sought to emphasize communication through instrumental genres.

Elliot Carter

What is the form of Richard Strauss' tone poem Metamorphosen?

I don't know

What is the modern feature of Joan Tower's Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman, No. 1?

I don't know.

Where did many of Europe's younger composers learn about twelve-tone composition and share ideas for its reinterpretation?

IRCAM

Whose war-time poetry (from WWI) did Britten add to his War Requiem?

Wilfred Owen

What movement consists of making compositional choices at random rather than basing them on taste or musical laws and traditions?

chance music

John Cage's Music of Changes is an example of:

chance music - indeterminacy of composition

**The two musicians most closely identified with the origins of bebop were:

charlie parker john gillespie

_________ refers to the capacity of two or more forms of a row to create aggregates when stacked vertically.

combinatoriality

The term ________ describes when the pianist plays irregularly spaced chords.

comps

The style of jazz that features a relaxed and homogeneous style, moderate tempos, and calm dynamics is known as:

cool jazz

The discussions, study sessions, and concerts that took place at Darmstadt soon linked its name with:

doctrinaire view of the need for atonality in new music

When brass players get their instruments to growl while the drummer plays tom-toms, the resulting sound is known as:

jungle style

**What are the basic elements of Penderecki's Threnody?

masses of sound made by giving the orchestra a variety of unusual playing instructions

_________ is a change of tempo produced when a small division of a beat is regrouped as part of a new beat.

metric modulation

The texture created by large numbers of lines—so many that the individual lines, intervals, and rhythms are not distinguishable and are absorbed instead into a web-like mass—is known as:

micropolyphony

This trumpeter played with Charlie Parker, led his own jazz orchestra, and became one of the leaders in the emergence of cool style jazz as well as jazz-rock fusion.

miles davis

A musical style originating in the United States in the 1960s in which works are created by repetition and gradual change enacted upon a minimum of basic materials is known as:

minimalism

What was the most enduring new musical style of the post-WWII decades?

minimalism

What is the most precise term for electronic music made from recordings of natural or man-made sounds?

musique concrete

What is the musical technique that Berio's "stinging" from Circles most closely resembles?

musique concrete