Unit IV Ap Human Geo
Border landscapes
1. Exculsionary- Meant to keep people out 2. Inclsionary- Meant to facillitate trade and movement
Antecedent boundaries
A boundary line established before an area is populated
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Territorial disputes
A disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession or control of land
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
Relict boundaries
A political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape.
Landlocked states (disadvantages)
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
Fragmented state
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
Compact state (definition and examples)
A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.
Perforated state
A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.
Elongated state
A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.
Gateway state
A state, by virtue of its border location between geopolitical power cores, that absorbs and assimilates cultures and traditions of its neighbors without being dominated by them.
Frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
Federal states
An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.
Unitary state (adv & dis)
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
Supranationalism
Association of three or more states.
Physical boundaries
Boundaries based on mountains, rivers, deserts.
Superimposed boundaries
Boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern.
Subsequent boundaries
Boundary line established after an area has been populated that considered the social and cultural characteristics of the area.
Water as a boundary
Boundary usually in center of water
Satellite states
Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Centripetal forces
Forces that bond a country together.
Mackinder
Heartland Theory (1904)
Heartland/Rimland Theory
Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world./ Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
Nation-state concept
It is impossible to form a perfect nation-state, only come close
Law of the Sea
Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Deserts as boundaries
Sometimes impassable (good in that case)
Mountains as boundaries
Sometimes impassable (good in that case)
Partition of India
The Partition of India is the process that led to the creation, on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan) and Union of India (later Republic of India) upon the granting of independence from the British Empire, marking the end of the British rule of India.
Decolonization
The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory.
Irredentism
The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.
City-state
a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
Exclave
a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
Manifest destiny
a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
Iron Curtain
a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
state
a politically organized body of people under a single government
Shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).
Immigrant state
a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Immigrant states are popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity (e.g., US, Germany,...).
Enclave
an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it
Balance of Power
an equilibrium of power between nations
European Union
an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
Cultural boundaries
borders based on culture traits, like language and religion
Linguistic boundaries
borders based on language
Religious boundaries
borders based on religion
Geometric boundaries
boundaries that follow regular, geometric patterns
Forward capital
capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.
Locational disputes
definition is not in dispute, the interpretation is; allows mapmakers to delimit boundaries in various ways
Colonialism
exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one, Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Definitional disputes
focus on legal language (e.g. median line of a river: water levels may vary)
Centrifugal forces
forces that tend to divide a country.
Core/periphery
national or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated
Stateless nations (examples)
nations without states (Palestinians)
Operational disputes
neighbors differ over the way the boundary should function (migration, smuggling) (e.g., US/Mexico)
Boundary disputes
territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring land owners
Self-determination
the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will
Devolution
the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)
Gerrymandering
the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent
Territory
the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state
Reapportionment
the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
Geopolitics
the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state
Confederation
An alliance of independent states
Capital (location)
a seat of government
Apartheid
a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites
Prorupted state
a state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory
Sovereignty
ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
Buffer state
small country located between two hostile powers and whose presence decreased the possibility of conflict between them
Wasted vote
spreads opposition across many districts thinly so that they are the minority
Micro-states (examples and challenges)
states with very small land areas