United States history Exam 1 review

Robber Barons

Also known as "captains of industry"; Gilded-Age industrial figures who inspired both admiration, for their economic leadership and innovation, and hostility and fear, due to their unscrupulous business methods, repressive labor practices, and unprecedented economic control over entire industries.

Social Darwinism

Application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of the "survival of the fittest" to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty

Impeachment

Bringing charges against a public official.

One of the main purposes of the Freedmen's Bureau was to

Ensure a working system of labor relations between former slaves and former slaveholders

American presidents during the Gilded Age exerted strong, effective, executive leadership

False

The west was a remarkably homogeneous--only in the twentieth century would it become ethnically diverse

False

With the mechanization of manufacture, skilled workers virtually disappeared from industrial America.

False

Social Gospel

Ideals preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Which statement accurately describes sharecropping

It allowed a black family to rent part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year

Wounded Knee Massacre

Last incident of the Indian Wars

How many people were killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre?

Over 200 Sioux men, women, and children

Sherman Antitrust Act

Passed in 1890, first law to restrict monopolistic trusts and business combinations; extended by the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914.

Gold Standard

Policy at various points in American history by which the value of a dollar is set at a fixed price in terms of gold

Redeemers

Post-Civil War Democratic leaders who supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination and preserved the primarily rural economy.

The phrase "forty acres and a mule" is derived from

Sherman's Field Order 15

The Reconstruction amendments to the U.S. Constitution helped to create

The first national biracial democracy in world history

By the early 1890s, a pension system for Union soldiers, their widows, and children consumed more than 40 percent of the federal budget.

True

The civil rights era of the 1950s and 1960s is sometimes called the "Second Reconstruction"

True

Black Americans who refused to sign labor contracts to work for whites during Reconstruction

Were often arrested and hired out to white landowners

The Black Codes were

laws that sought to regulate the lives of former slaves in the South

Fourteenth Amendment

1868 constitutional amendment that guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

What year did the Wounded Knee Massacre take place?

1890

In what year did Congress grant citizenship to all Native Americans

1924

A carpetbagger was

A northerner who settled in the South after the war

Great Railroad Strike

A series of demonstrations, some violent, held nationwide in support of striking railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, who refused to work due to wage cuts.

Ghost Dance

A spiritual and political movement among Native Americans whose followers performed a ceremonial "ghost dance" intended to connect the living with the dead and make the Indians bulletproof in battles intended to restore their homelands.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

Along with the Fourteenth Amendment, legislation that guaranteed the rights of citizenship to former slaves.

Trusts

Companies combined to limit competition.

Vertical Integration

Company's avoidance of middlemen by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its product.

single tax

Concept of taxing only landowners as a remedy for poverty.

Fifteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from discriminating in voting privileges on the basis of race.

Crop Lien

Credit extended by merchants to tenants based on their future crops; under this system, high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts.

Bargain of 1877

Deal made by a Republican and Democratic special congressional commission to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; marking the end of Reconstruction.

Carpetbaggers

Derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South.

How many people died at Haymarket Square in Chicago?

Eight people

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s; supplanted by the American Federation of Labor.

What did three amendments to the U.S. constitution guarantee to former slaves shortly after the Civil War

Freedom from slavery; recognition as citizens; and the vote for adult black men

Klu Klux Klan

Group organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction.

What was the significance of the Reconstruction Act of March 1867

It divided the South into five military districts and called for the creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because

It outlawed discrimination in voting based on race but not gender

What was the name of the organization that sought to organize both skilled and unskilled workers, women as well as men, blacks along with whites, and achieved a membership of nearly 800,000 in 1886?

Knights of Labor

Bonanza Farms

Large farms that covered thousands of acres and employed hundreds of wage laborers in the West in the late nineteenth century.

Dawes Act

Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians.

Civil Service Act of 1883

Law that established the Civil Service Commission and marked the end of the spoils system.

Black Codes

Laws passed from 1865 to 1866 in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; to nullify the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment

Battle of Little Bighorn

Most famous battle of the Great Sioux War.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Organization established by Congress, in reaction to the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Wabash Railroad v. Illinois (1886), in order to curb abuses in the railroad industry by regulating rates.

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the vote because of race

The Freedmen's Bureau

Reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning.

Scalawags

Southern white Republicans—some former Unionists—who supported Reconstruction governments.

The poem by Emma Lazarus including "huddled masses yearning to breathe free" is located on which American landmark

Statue of Liberty

Founded in 1867, this group was critical of railroad companies and moved to establish cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output in the hope of forcing freight carriers to reduce shipping costs

The Grange

Where did the Battle of Little Bighorn happen?

The Montana Territory

Radical Republicans in the Reconstruction era shared the view that

The Union victory created an opportunity to institutionalize the principle of equal rights regardless of race

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The last piece of Reconstruction legislation, which outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation such as hotels and theaters.

The Gilded Age

The popular but derogatory name for the period from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century.

horizontal expansion

The process by which a corporation acquires or merges with its competitors.

What activity made the post-emancipation experience in the United states unique from other societies and became central to the former slaves desire for empowerment and equality

The right to vote within two years of the end of slavery

In President Andrew Johnson's view, African-Americans ought to play what part in reconstruction

They should have no role in shaping policies

Enforcement Acts

Three laws passed in 1870 and 1871 that tried to eliminate the Ku Klux Klan by outlawing it and other such terrorist societies; the laws allowed the president to deploy the army for that purpose.

"Scalawags" was a derogatory term used to describe southern white Republicans.

True

During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African Americans held public office, among them fourteen in the U.S. House of Representatives and two U.S. senators

True

The KKK was founded in 1866 as a secret society and served, in effect, as a military arm of the Democratic Party

True

Sharecropping

Type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers—often former slaves—farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop.

Haymaker Affair

Violence during an anarchist protest at Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886

In the era 1870 to 1890, the label "the Gilded Age" originally derived from

a derogatory name from literature meaning covered with gold but what lies beneath is of little value

Which of the following best describes the "Ghost Dance"

a pan-Indian movement that involved singing, dancing, and religious observances

Which of the following was a major factor in the creation of a rapid and profound economic revolution in the United States after the Civil War

abundant natural resources

William "Buffalo Bill" Cody was

an entertainer who had a traveling show showcasing reenactments of battles with Indians.

In 1890, the distribution of wealth in the United States was

disproportionate, as the top 1 percent of Americans owned more property than the remaining 99 percent

The 1887 Dawes Act

led to the loss of tribal lands and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions

By 1913, the United States produced how much of the world's industrial output

one-third

The Bureau of Indian Affairs established boarding schools for the purpose of

removing Indian children from their parents and tribes and assimilating them into "white ways"

Elk v. Wilkins (1884) stated that

the rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not apply to American Indians.

Which of the following were sources of violence in America during the Gilded Age

white supremacist southern attacks on African Americans

Reconstruction Act

1867 law that established temporary military governments in ten Confederate states—excepting Tennessee—and required that the states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and permit freedmen to vote.

Tenure of Office Act

1867 law that required the president to obtain Senate approval to remove any official whose appointment had also required Senate approval.

What year did the Battle of Little Bighorn take place?

1876