Universal Justice

Of the following measures is NOT likely to contribute to putting an end to torture?

'Torture warrant'

Which of the following would be considered a negative right?

Freedom of speech

What are the approximate annual profits generated by modern slavery on the world market?

150 Billion

In what year was the Genocide Convention passed by the United Nations?

1948

In what year did the U.S. Senate ratify the Genocide Convention?

1988

According to your text, how many civilians are estimated to have died during the Darfur genocide?

200,000

Although outdated, what is the author's (Bales') estimate as to the number of slaves at the time of publication?

27 million

How many people are estimated to be enslaved at this point in time?

40.3 million

How many original members were there in the United Nations?

51

Which of the following assert ideas compatible with human rights?

African Humanism Confucian Ethics Islam

What industry does Bales identify as having the most slaves?

Agriculture

Which of the following are considered the core texts of modern human rights?

All: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.

In Rwanda, your text mentions transition to a multiparty state as well as civil war as contributing to the genocide. Which macro-level explanation of genocide best characterizes both of these explanations?

Anomie

Approximately how many individuals are thought to be victims of human trafficking at any given time?

Approximately 2.5 million with approximately 800,000 trafficked across borders

According to the narrow definition of genocide, three cases of genocide have been reported in the twentieth century, including which of the following?

Armenian

Which of the following rights did Hobbes view as incontrovertible?

Security

In what region(s) is slavery most common?

Asia/ Southeast Asia

According to the most recent theories of genocide, which factors can be identified as root causes of genocide?

Authoritarianism

Why can the US Declaration of Independence of 1776 be considered the first grand document of the 'age of rights'?

Because the Declaration of Independence established the radical principle that all men should be free to live independently and with equality.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) shows the gap between the human rights as abstract rhetoric and as legally constituted and enforceable rights. Why?

Because the declaration defined abstract moral claims or aspiration, but did not make any attempt of enforcing these rights in a legally binding form.

What is it called when people give themselves into slavery as security against a loan?

Bonded labor

Which approach to human rights understands international human rights law as obligating states, who are parties to international treaties, to assume obligations and duties under international law to respect human rights and protect individuals and groups who are subject to human rights abuses, even if such protection requires international intervention.

Charter-Based model

Under which form of slavery would one find slave owners (legal historically, illegal today)?

Chattel slavery

What criteria are used in the United States to establish if an individual is a victim of modern slavery?

Coercion Fraud Force

What are the two conceptions through which group rights can be understood?

Collective and corporate

As far as the historical dimensions of cultural relativism are concerned, the origins of anti-Westernism in connection with human rights trace back to the way that Europeans used human rights historically to justify which of the following actions?

Colonialism and Slavery

Which conception of group rights conflicts with traditional understandings of human rights, because it does not provide a basis to protect individuals and subgroups against the potential coercive power of the group.

Corporate conception

Cindy borrowed money from Mr. Smith to pay for college. Unfortunately, she was unable to repay the loan. Mr. Smith is now forcing Cindy to work as his domestic servant until the balance (with interest) is paid in full. What type of modern day slavery best characterizes Cindy's situation?

Debt Bondage

What is the major purpose of restorative justice?

Dignify and empower the victims

What factors does the author (Bales) argue were critical to the shift from old slavery to modern slavery?

Dramatic increase in world population following World War II Rapid social and economic change

Civil society has a common view as regards to the role of the ICC and its functioning.

False

Conceiving rights as entitlements, legal or contractual guarantees, enables the assessment of whether people actually enjoy the substance of those rights.

False

Goodhart argues human rights is as much a matter of evolution as revolution.

False

In 1999, General Augusto Pinochet could not be extradited to Spain to stand trial for the torture and murder of Spanish citizens because those acts were committed in Chile.

False

In some parts of the world slavery still is legal.

False

Minority rights are considered collective rights and NOT human rights based on traditional notions of individual actors.

False

O'Byrne argues human rights are incontrovertible.

False

Realist contend, when push comes to shove, human rights must remain very high on the list of national policy goals. This explains the prevalence of double standards in international diplomacy.

False

The 1948 Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide has been more influential in the prevention provision than in the punishment ones.

False

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was used by the Soviet bloc to advocate the insertion of human rights into international diplomacy.

False

The Nuremberg Tribunal marked a fundamental legal break in the undermining of the rights of sovereign state authorities

False

The United Nations defines Genocide as the mass killing of civilians outside of war.

False

Those involved in the sale or abetting the sale of a human being face stiff penalties in most countries around the world, often 20 years to lifetime imprisonment.

False

Unlike the Holocaust which predated the Genocide Convention, international response to Rwanda was swift and effective.

False

What mechanism is used to entrap potential slaves and then conceal their slavery?

Fraudulent labor contracts

Theorists have proposed many different foundations for human rights with pre-existing intellectual or cultural traditions. Which of the following proposals is one of those theoretical legacies?

Human dignity

In what sense are human rights inherently political?

Human rights are in fact nothing but a political tool which has been used to promote and defend Western interests.

The Coalition for an International Criminal Court (CICC) was founded in 1995. The CICC grew into a network of over 800 organizations. Which of the following represented the biggest groups joining the CICC?

Human rights groups

What group was most responsible for committing genocide in Rwanda?

Hutu Extremists

Who contributed to the modern notion of human rights by arguing individuals always should be treated as ends, rather than as means?

Immanuel Kant

Referring to the theory of systematic authorization, what term applies to the situation where violence is spoken of as if it is commonplace or no big deal?

Mundane authorization

The communitarian critique of the traditional (aka Kantian) understanding of human rights focuses on which of the following characteristics?

Individualism

Which of the following are distinctive of feminist theories of human rights?

Indivisibility, Intersectionality, Interrelatedness

What was the name of the Hutu para-military youth group in Rwanda?

Interahamwe

Under the Universal Declaration Model of Human Rights, what entity bears primary responsibility for implementing human rights protections?

International Criminal Court

What is the primary significance of the Peace of Westphalia?

It established the principle of national sovereignty.

Which of the following are criticisms of the ICC?

It focuses almost exclusively on African cases.

Which of the following philosophers argued that under a narrow set of circumstances torture is not only defensible but morally obligatory?

Jeremy Bentham

Who argued the idea of natural rights was "nonsense upon stilts"?

Jeremy Bentham

Who of the following rejected the notion of human rights as stemming from natural law, calling the idea "nonsense upon stilts" and arguing such ideas should be grounded in positive law and designed to promote the greatest good for the greatest number?

Jeremy Bentham

Of the following philosophers, whose ideas were most central to the Declaration of Independence?

John Locke

Of the following, who argued government was established to protect rights of equality and freedom enshrined in natural law?

John Locke

The doctrine of R2P was put to the test in early 2011. Where did this take place?

Libya

What document first asserted the monarch/sovereign is subject to the law?

Magna Carta

Which of the following experiments tested individuals' willingness to obey authority?

Milgram Experiment

The idea that standards for human rights can be agreed upon at the international level, but how such rights are implemented might vary between different countries best represents which of the following ideas?

Modified Universalism

How has genocide changed over the last century?

More frequent establishment of tribunals, e.g. International Criminal War Tribunal for Rwanda. Forms of violence have evolved, e.g. increased use of genocidal rape.

In 1999, the NATO took the decision to wage war against the Serbian state and carried out military intervention in Kosovo. Which were the main lessons of the Kosovo war?

NOT The NATO powers decided for the military intervention only after receiving the formal authorization from the Security Council. This showed the resilience of the UN Charter. OR In the post Cold War era, the principle of national sovereignty and 'non-intervention' continues to represent the unchallenged cornerstone of the international legal order.

What philosopher is primarily responsible for the modern conception of human rights as ethical practice based on the idea that, as beings capable of rational thought, all humans have an incontrovertible right to freedom based on fundamental human dignity? (This idea has been very influential for modern human rights law.)

NOT John Locke

The rights expressed in the declarations of the American and French Revolutions are considered to be:

Natural Rights

Donnelly, a prominent human rights scholar, understands human rights as equal, inalienable, and universal, thus possessed by individuals by virtue of being human, regardless of recognition and independent of citizenship. Further, these rights are not seen as abstract and provide a basis to make claims against entities that may violate/deny said rights. Of the following, which school of thought best applies to Donnelly's understanding?

Natural school

What is the classical distinction of human rights?

Negative / positive rights

Which conception of rights historically has understood the government's role as passive non-interference?

Negative rights

Which of the following approaches to studying human rights focuses attention on what ought to be the philosophical or moral basis of human rights?

Normative studies

Which of the following pieces of legislation established enhanced penalties for individuals engaging in sex tourism with children, both within the United States and in other countries?

PROTECT Act

Where was Sebe enslaved?

Paris

What agreement ended the Thirty-Years War?

Peace of Westphalia

In Darfur several significant attacks from various rebel groups has prompted the government to respond with violent attacks in an effort to quell and discourage opposition. This response has resulted in the deaths of over 200,000 citizens in Darfur and the relocation hundreds of thousands others. What type of genocide best characterizes this situation?

Politicide

Which of the following alternative terms for genocide refers to the systematic destruction of political groups?

Politicide

What factor does the author (Bales) argue is the driving force behind modern slavery?

Poverty

Of the following efforts to curtail modern slavery, which is considered most effective?

Purchasing certified non-slavery products

During the Middle Ages legal authorities considered confessions to be the most reliable way to resolve questions of guilt or innocence. What term was given to confessions?

Queen of Proofs

Of the following who is most vulnerable to modern day slavery?

Raheebah, an 18 year old, poor female from Pakistan

Who coined term genocide and helped draft the U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment Genocide for which he worked tirelessly to convince states to ratify?

Raphael Lemkin

Who coined the term "genocide"?

Raphael Lemkin

Which of the following understanding of human rights most likely would critique modern human rights law as ethnocentric, even representing cultural imperialism?

Relativist tradition

______ justice generally involves the indictment, trial, and punishment of the perpetrators of crimes.

Retributive Justice

When did the modern language of rights emerge?

Rights language developed gradually through Western political history, reaching its first golden age in the European Enlightenment.

What industry generates the most profit from slave labor?

Sex Trade

Which of the following provides a significant historical intellectual basis of human rights as understood by current internal law?

Social contract theory

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights addresses which type of rights?

Subsistence Rights

Which was the first country to abolish virtually all forms of torture?

Sweden

Which of the following international legal instruments made an important contribution in reiterating the prohibition of torture?

The 1987 Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Of the following, which was one of the earliest political documents to extend the notion of rights to citizens?

The Code of Hammurabi

What document was central to the French Revolution?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The ICC was established by the:

The Rome Statute

During the Cold War, human rights were overshadowed and marginalized. However, in the mid-1970s several factors converged to generate a radical change in the power of the human rights regime. Which were these factors?

The growing legalization of human rights norms The emergence of human rights INGOs

In which sense are human rights inherently political?

The implementation of any established human rights regime is subject to interpretation, political context and local circumstances.

Truth Commissions can have several advantages over trials and other retributive mechanisms. Please select all that apply.

They have a much broader focus than trials. They can be a less costly alternative to trials.

According to Hannah Arendt, the Holocaust demonstrated the abstract and meaningless nature of the concept of human rights.

True

According to the 2008 Amnesty International Report, instances of torture have been documented in more than 150 countries.

True

Adjusting for inflation, human slaves are cheaper than any other time in human history.

True

Compared to modern forms of slavery, slave holders under chattel slavery (the form practiced in the United States during the transatlantic slave trade) were more likely to maintain their slaves, providing at least minimal attention to the basic necessities and health of slaves under their control.

True

Constructivists argue that the respect for human rights can have an important effect on the forming of state identities.

True

Counter-terrorist methods employed by some established democracies in response to the threat of terrorism have arguably led to a "roll back" of established human rights principles.

True

Cultural relativism is the view that ethics develop within a particular social context.

True

Despite living in the same territory as their perpetrators, genocide victims are typically caught -off guard, i.e. conflict between groups was not particularly pronounced or unusual.

True

In the case of Darfur, the international community has failed to approve prompt coercive action to prevent 'genocide' due to the opposition of China and Russia.

True

Modern slavery is more profitable than older forms of slavery.

True

Since the end of the Cold War, the framework of sovereign equality has been challenged through the framework of human rights.

True

The 'responsibility to protect' doctrine emerged as a response to the claim on the part of some states that there is a right of humanitarian intervention in cases of clear and widespread violations of human rights.

True

The rights in the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights emerge out of the liberal political tradition, but no philosophical justification is formally given for the rights declared because of the variability of human belief systems.

True

There are more slaves (in absolute numbers) than at any time in human history.

True

Under the principle of universal jurisdiction, people who have committed mass atrocities, genocide and war crimes may be tried in a country other than their own, even though their crimes have been committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state.

True

Whatever the motivation, there is one characteristic shared by virtually all torturers: they believe they will get away with their crimes.

True

Which of the following western states firmly challenged the human rights regime after 9/11?

United Kingdom and the United States

Violations of some human rights (e.g. torture, slavery, and genocide) are crimes subject to ______ jurisdiction.

Universal

______________ is the doctrine that certain crimes are so serious that, regardless of where they were committed, any country on earth may claim jurisdiction over them and seek prosecution of those alleged to have committed them.

Universal jurisdiction

The Universal Declaration and other UN Human Rights instrumentalities contain both liberty rights and ______ rights.

Welfare rights

According to the theory of systematic indoctrination, what characteristics do organizations tend to favor?

Young men Those who respect authority

Around the world, women (much more often than men) experience domestic violence. According to the normative theory of human rights through which the Universal Declaration is interpreted and implemented in the West, domestic violence is not regarded as torture. Theorists call this problem ___________ in human rights law.

androcentrism

The tendency of the Universal Declaration and other human rights documents to view human rights and their violation from a masculine point of view means instances of domestic violence and other deprivations of personal autonomy disproportionately experienced by women often are not recognized as human rights violations. Feminist theorists call this problem ___________ in human rights law.

androcentrism

The right to hold public office most likely would be considered an:

ascribed right.

In terms of systematic indoctrination, which of the following best characterizes the process of isolation?

create an intense group experience to focus attention on the system as their moral priority above all other priorities

Why does the author argue the idea of natural law as a basis for human rights became vulnerable during the Enlightenment?

decline of Christian theism

What is one of the most significant consequences of bureaucratization that can facilitate extreme atrocities such as genocide?

diffusion of responsibility

Hitler used appeals to improving racial purity and power of Aryan stock as rationales for eugenic practices of sterilization and mass killings. The official term for exterminating Jewish and other non-Aryan individuals was the "Final Solution." What term best applies to Hitler's use of euphemisms and emphasis on end goals?

displacement of responsibility

The notion of _________ indicates the process whereby a state has explicit mechanism for integrating human rights concern into foreign policy.

externalization

Founded in 1993, RTLM (Radio Televison des Milles Collines) and the Thousand Hills Radio Television drew listeners by playing popular music, but between songs stoked the fires of conflict by preaching an extremist message of Hutu supremacy aimed to polarize social divisions and disseminate messages of hate. What term most closely characterizes such "pre-genocidal policies?"

genocidal priming

Maria paid $2000 to a Sam who helped her enter into the US illegally. After crossing the border, she never saw Sam again and eventually found employment as a seasonal migrant worker. What term best applies to Sharon's situation?

human smuggling

What perspective argues modern notions of human rights, rather than protecting people everywhere, have been used to promote Western interests?

imperialism

Rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness are considered:

inalienable rights.

According to international law, what criterion separates genocide from other international crimes, e.g. crimes against humanity or crimes of aggression?

intent to destroy

The idea that one might be deprived enjoyment of basic human rights through multiple mechanisms of oppression, e.g. sex, socio-economic status, race, and/or ethnicity, is known as:

intersectionality.

Critics, including feminist and activists from the global South, worry that ________ economic globalization is being used as a tool for reconfiguring non-Western societies and economies in ways that make them more open to corporate exploitation.

neoliberal

Which of the following is a major factor contributing to slavery connected to the commercial sex trade in Thailand?

owing a debt to your family for your birth and rearing

What factor(s) does Bales (author of the reading) identify as significantly contributing to the growth and development of modern slavery?

population explosion after WWII as well as rapid economic change

What factors have influenced changes in international responses to atrocities?

the development of sovereign nation states. events such as the Holocaust. the development of human rights law underpinned by traditional ideas of human rights as transcendent

The idea that "having a right" is of the most value when one is denied objective enjoyment of that right is known as:

the possession paradox.

Understanding human rights as "a list of rights that people have, simply because they're human" suggests what approach to human rights?

universalism