Updated The Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark
Chief Twisted Hair
Chief of the Nez Perce Tribe. Exchanged gifts with Corp of Disc. Lewis described him as a "cheerful man with apparent sincerity". He and his 2 sons helped Clark find good timber for making canoes and they traded goods for horses which he watched for Lewis and Clark temporarily.
They reached the _________ in the Rocky Mountains. Explain what this is.
Continental Divide; a place on a continent that separates river systems flowing in opposite directions.
Ethnology
Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "nation"[1]) is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them
Napolean Bonaparte
First Emperor of France who sold America a huge piece of land called the Louisiana Territory for $15 million.
What major rivers did the Corps of Discovery travel on their way to the Pacific Ocean?
Mississippi, Missouri, Jefferson, Clearwater, Snake, and Columbia. Other rivers traveled include: Ohio, Platt, Marias and Yellowstone.
What major Native American Tribes did the Corps of Discovery meet along their journey? Briefly describe their culture.
Missouri/Oto (July/August 1804), Yankton Sioux (August 1804),Teton Sioux (September 1804), Arikara (October 1804), Mandans/Hidatsa (October 1804-April 1805), Shoshone (August 1805), Nez Perce (September 1805-May 1806), and Blackfeet (?). The Soshoni were Sacagawea's tribe. They were peaceful. The Teton Sioux demanded payment from the Corps of Discovery and the other neighboring tribes. They were somewhat war-loving and got mad at Lewis for refusing to pay. The Hidatsa were the Mandans' close neighbor and allies. The Blackfeet attacked the Corps on their way home. The Nez Perce's name means pierced nose in French. They were named for their custom of piercing their noses.
Tiyospanye
Native American term for extended family units
On their return journey, what did the they bring back?
New awareness of a rich and beautiful part of the continent.
Who was Monroe assisted by?
Robert Livingston, the American minister in Paris
Toussaint Charbonneau
Served as an interpreter, cook and scout and joined the Corps of Discovery when they hired his wife (Sacajawea).
Keel Boat
Shallow covered riverboat that is rowed or poled up and down rivers. Used most often in transporting freight.
Chief Cameahwait
Shoshone Chief, Sacagawea's brother. Provided horses and maps to Lewis and Clark Expedition
Arikara Encounter - key events/outcomes
Smallpox epidemic killed off many; survivors subject to attack and control by Tetons
Which country controlled the Mississippi and New Orleans?
Spain
What did Jefferson discover (in 1801)?
Spain had secretly transferred New Orleans and the rest of its Louisiana territory to France.
Topography
Study and mapping of surface land features like mountains, rivers, and rock formations.
Botany
Study of plants, including its characteristics like height, color and soil
Geology
Study of rocks, minerals, and soil. It also includes the history of origins of a physical area.
Portage
Carrying boats or cargo across land from one waterway to another or around an un-navigable section of a waterway
Teton Sioux culture: 2-3 things
* A troublesome tribe; many white traders afraid of - The Scalp Dance * The Indians wore medicine bundlers around their necks and waists. They contained medals and other valuables. So sacred, only owners dared touch.
What did Spain threaten and what was negotiated to prevent the threat from happening?
to close the port to American ships; Pinckney Treaty
What did Jefferson call on Congress to do before the Louisiana Purchase?
to finance a western expedition
Identify three goals that President Thomas Jefferson wanted Lewis and Clark to achieve in the dealings with the Indian Tribes. (Different from goals of expedition, which is another questions on study guide?)
* Convey our wish was to be neighborly, friendly, and useful to them * In addition to identifying them, find out the articles of trade they may need or furnish * Invite the chiefs to visit DC, as guests of the US government
Legacy of Corps of Discovery
* Doubled size of Unites States * Changed the struggle for control of North America, in particular the Oregon Territory * Achieved a peaceful cooperation with the Native American Tribes * Increased the geographic knowledge because of their mapping of the rivers and the tributaries * Destroyed the dream of the infamous "Northwest Passage" * Provided the first scientific descriptions of the new species including: grizzly bear, prairie dog, pronghorn antelope and the mountain goat * First records of meteorology (weather) of the West * Increase knowledge of botanicals (plants) of the West
Explain three challenges the Corps of Discovery encountered on the journey and how the expedition overcame those challenges.
* Extreme heat, injuries, insects and the strong current of the river (sometimes had to get out of boat to guide, herbs, roots, Lewis acted as physician) * Wildlife (Lewis' dog, Seaman, acted as sentinel) * 1804-05 winter at Fort Mandan in North Dakota * Almost starved as they traveled through the Bitterroot Mountains (helped by Nez Perce) * Communicating with the Native Americans (translators)
Arikara culture: 2-3 things
* Lived in villages which had been fortified with ditches and ringed with walls (this was unique) * Instead of teepees or huts or bark, lived in round lodges made of willow branches, straw, and mud that were large enough to house several families and their horses * Farmers, purchased meat from Tetons
Other
* Traveled over 8,000 miles in 2 1/2 years * Total cost was $40,000
Identify and give examples of the four diplomatic strategies used by Lewis and Clark
* gift giving * chief making * speech making *ceremonies/show of strength
Mandan culture: 2-3 things
* original people of North Dakota * Men hunted, women farmed, cooked and took care of children * each family had a different duty depending on their rank
What happened before the transfer of Louisiana to France took place? What did the Westerners demand?
-Spain withdrew the right of Americans to ship their goods through New Orleans. -They demanded that Jefferson go to war to win back their rights.
Blackfeet Encounter - key facts/outcomes?
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Blackfeet culture: 2-3 things
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Hidatsa culture: 2-3 things
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Meeting Ceremony
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Nez Perce culture: 2-3 things
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Shoshone culture: 2-3 things
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Howcome France decided to sell not only New Orleans, but the Louisiana Territory to the United States?
1.)A revolution had driven the French from their Caribbean colony of Haiti. Without this base, France would have trouble defending Louisiana in a war. 2.) Tensions between France and Britain were rising, war loomed, and Napoleon needed money to support the war effort.
Sacajawea
15 year old female guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition who saved the corps by finding foods when they were starving and helping them trade for horses with the Shoshone
William Clark
1770-1838 co-commander of the Corps of Discovery sent by President Jefferson to explore land west of the Mississippi River. He drew maps for the expedition. His maps included notes on native botanical and zoological specimens and on potential mineral deposits.
When, where, and how did expedition begin?
1803, founded Camp River Dubois in St. Louis, MO. Lewis and Clark met with fur traders to acquire earlier maps of the area.
Mandan/Hidasta Encounter - key events/outcomes
1804-05 in North Dakota. Lewis and Clark spend the winter near the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes. Weather was very cold, so a Lewis and Clark built a fort, Fort Mandan, near the Madan villages. Daily visits from Native Americans. It is here that Lewis and Clark met Charbouneau and Sacagawea.
Who came along on the expedition with Lewis and Clark?
45 men, Clark's slave (York), and an Native American named Sacagawea who joined them later as a translator
Continental Divide
A massive high area of ground in the Rocky Mountains where rivers on either side flow in different directions.
Rendezvous
A meeting place, historically for fur trappers, Native Americans, and Voyagers.
Cartographer
A person who makes maps.
Louisiana Purchase
An agreement between the Unites States and France where the Louisiana Territory which stretched from the Mississippi River to the beginning of the Rocky Mountains (828,000 square miles) was sold to the US for 15 million dollars (about $283 million in today's dollars).
Who led this expedition?
Army officers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
What were the gifts Lewis and Clark were to take to give to the Indians they met?
Beads, buttons, curtain rings (to adorn fingers and ears), ruffled shirts, red fabrics, red-handled knives, and red paint for decorating bodies. Tomahawks and knives were also included. Page 20.
Teton Sioux Encounter - key events/outcomes
Four-day meeting, beginning 9/24/1804. Tensions between Teton Sioux and Lewis and Clark as the Teton Sioux expected payment ("toll") for traveling through region and were used to receiving toll as French, Spanish, and British had all paid previously. Lewis and Clark believed not payable because part of US per Louisiana Purchase. For four days the visit see-sawed between friend gift-giving and angry words and threats. It ended on 9/29 with Lewis and Clark progressing up river, not paying, and aiming their cannons at the Indians. The head chief kept his warriors from attacking.
Jefferson feared what about this?
He feared that Napoleon Bonaparte, the French leader, intended to expand France's control in America.
Explain what Jefferson did instead.
He sent James Monroe to Paris to offer to buy the city of New Orleans and a territory to the east called West Florida from the French.
Charles Floyd
He was the quartermaster of the Expedition and only death on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Believed to have died of Appendicitis.
Meriweather Lewis
Jefferson's personal secretary and naturalist who accompanied William Clark in 1804 to explore the northern regions of the Lousiana Purchase on a two and a half year expedition that yielded a bounty of information on plant, animal and mineral specimens. He was also in charge of establishing diplomatic/positive relationswith the Native American tribes. Cut short when the pair antagonized the Blackfoot Indians.
Shoshone Encounter - key events/outcomes
Late summer 1805. Lewis and Clark looking for them because they wanted horses to successfully cross Bitterroot Mountains before winter. Prior to Lewis and Clark, the Shoshone had not had contact with whites. The Shoshone chief, Cameahwait, was Sacagawea's brother. With the efforts of many translators, Lewis and Clark had their horses.
Chief Black Buffalo
Leader of the Teton Sioux who intervened and stopped the threat of an attack planned by Chief Partisan. (most of tension caused by not speaking same language).
Chief Partisan
Leader of the second largest tiyospayne or extended family units of the Teton Sioux and feigned drunkenness and became so offensive that Lieutenant Clark finally drew his sword.
In your opinion, who was the most important member of the Corps of Discovery and why.
Lewis because he chose the correct people to go. He picked York, Clark, Sacagawea...all had special skills necessary for the Corps' success.
Define expedition.
Long and carefully organized journey
Thomas Jefferson
Mastermind of Louisiana Purchase and President of the US during the Corps of Discovery.
Missouri/Oto Encounter - key events/outcomes
The Missouri Indians were the first Lewis and Clark met. They were hard to find because they had deserted their villages. After a smallpox outbreak, many moved in with their friends, the Otos.
Fauna
The study of animals from a particular region
Celestial
The study of stars, planets, asteroids and their position in the sky
How were crops/goods shipped and why?
They shipped their crops down the Mississippi to the port at New Orleans; because there were few roads to the West
Identify at least three goals that President Jefferson wanted Lewis and Clark to achieve
To make contact with Native Americans--record their names and collect information about their numbers, language, culture and ability to defend themselves. To look for an all water route to connect the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean To lay the groundwork for future fur trading To improve geographical knowledge To record natural resources available and geology. To record possible locations for future settlements.
Commerce
Trade in goods or services on a large scale
Nez Perce Encounter - key facts/outcomes ?
When Lewis and Clark met the Nez Perce (as they were crossing the Bitterroot Mountains), they were close to starvation. The Nez Perce helped.
York
William Clark's personal slave, but important member of the Corps of Discovery. Viewed with interest by the Native Americans because of his unique features and great strength.
Pirogues
a boat like a canoe
Vermillion
a bright red pigment consisting of mercuric sulfide; broadly : any of various red pigments
Cache
a group of things that have been hidden in a secret place because they are illegal or have been stolen
Artifact
a simple object (such as a tool or weapon) that was made by people in the past
Most of the one million settlers that lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River were what?
farmers
What did the Pinckney Treaty do?
guaranteed Americans the right to ship goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans.
Examples of speech making
lewis would write speeches that sometimes talked down to the tribes
Did the American Indians need to establish trade relationships with the whites? Who would benefit the most?
ordered to do so. the whites.
Examples of ceremonies/show of strength
parades and show of weapons by corps; scalp dance, peace pipes and show of weapons by tribes.
Examples of gift giving
peace medal from jefferson presented to each chief and certificates of loyalty
What were the gifts that Lewis and Clark were to take to the Indians they met? (Sort of a repeat of "diplomatic strategies" question above.)
peace medals, face paint, tobacco, etc.
Examples of chief making
pick a chief for biggest medal/gifts...not always correct one.
George Drouillard
son of a french canadian father and shawnee indian mother. he could speak french and hidatsa and was an excellent hunter with a good knowledge of the Indians' character and sign language.