Upper Limb
For the AP projection of the forearm, the hand is:
supinated
The IR must be elevated how many degrees for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stetcher method)?
20 degrees
What are the central ray angle and direction for the AP axial oblique projection (Garth method)?
45 degrees caudad
What is the correct position with which to obtain a lateral projection of the left scapula?
45- to 60-degree LAO
A patient is referred for a tangential projection (Neer method) of the right shoulder/proximal humerus. What patient position is required to obtain this image?
45- to 60-degree RAO
For a PA oblique (scapular Y) projection of the right shoulder, the patient must be placed in a:
45- to 60-degree RAO position
Which positioning maneuver places the coronoid process of the ulna in profile?
45-degree medial rotation of the elbow
What is the proper position of the hands for the AP oblique projection (Norgaard method)?
45-degree semisupination
There are ______ metacarpals found in the upper limb.
5
For the axiolateral projection of the radial head (Coyle method), the elbow is flexed:
90 degrees
A loss of articular cartilage in the scapulohumeral joint might be demonstrated by using the:
AP oblique (Apple method)
Which projection is used to demonstrate the changes of early rheumatoid arthritis in the hands?
AP oblique projection (Norgaard method)
The hand should be pronated for an:
AP oblique projection with medial rotation
An injury to the ulnar collateral ligament that affects the first metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint might be demonstrated with the:
AP projection of the first MCP joint (Folio method)
The humeral head and greater tubercle are demonstrated in profile on the:
AP projection of the shoulder in external rotation
Which of the following projections will demonstrate the lesser tubercle in profile on the glenoid fossa?
AP projection, internal rotation position
In the AP projection of the scapula, the affected upper limb is:
Abducted to a right angle
Which of the following is a benign bone tumor?
Enchondroma
A radiograph of an AP oblique (Grashey method) of the shoulder demonstrates overlap of the humeral head on the glenoid. What was the likely cause of this image's appearance?
Patient underrotated
On the AP projection of the shoulder in internal rotation, the plane of the humeral epicondyles is positioned:
Perpendicular with the image receptor
All of the following actions are procedural steps for the AP projection of the acromioclavicular (AC) joints except:
Placing the patient supine to maximize comfort
The proximal radioulnar joint is an articulation between the:
Radial head and radial notch of the ulna
Which articulation connects the shoulder girdle with the upper limb?
Scapulohumeral joint
What is another name for the trochlear notch?
Semilunar notch
What is the proper position of the wrist for the AP oblique projection in medial rotation position?
Semisupinated at 45 degree angle with IR
A fracture of the distal radius with anterior displacement is called a:
Smith's fracture
The hook is a characteristic extension found on the wrist bone called the?
hamate
All of the following positions are used in imaging the lateral projection of the radial head except:
hand in ulnar deviation
What is the proper position for an AP forearm projection?
hand supinated
To insure a good AP elbow projection:
have the humerus in the same plane as the forearm and center the joint
Which projection shows the radial head free of superimposition?
lateral oblique elbow
Which projection shows the coronoid process free of superimposition?
medial oblique elbow
The head of the radius is proximal or distal?
proximal
The capitulum articulates with what?
radial head
The radial notch articulates with what?
radial head
The head of the radius articulates on the medial side with the:
radial notch
In anatomic position, the most lateral bone of the forearm is?
radius
The _____ bone has its head located at the proximal end.
radius
The ______ carpal is located in the proximal row, lateral side.
scaphoid
The first bone located on the proximal row and lateral side of the wrist is called the:
scaphoid
How can you tell that the hand was supinated on an AP forearm film?
the forearm bones will not cross each other
The AP elbow projection does not include the distal ulna?
true
The capitulum articulates with the radial head
true
The radial tuberosity is distal to the base of the ulna.
true
The radial tuberosity is distal to the base of the ulna?
true
What are the central ray angle and direction for the AP axial projection of the shoulder?
Humeral epicondyles positioned superimposed and perpendicular to the image receptor
All of the following terms are used to refer to the articulation between the scapula and proximal humerus except:
Humeroglenoidal joint
Which essential projection of the elbow will provide a profile image of the olecranon process?
Lateral
What criterion is used to determine whether the AP axial clavicle has been correctly positioned?
Most of the clavicle is projected above the ribs and scapula, with the medial end overlapping the first or second rib.
The other name for the scaphoid is ______.
Navicular
Which bone disease is defined as an inflammation of bone resulting from pyogenic infection?
Osteomyelitis
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the first metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?
PA (Folio method)
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the trapezium carpal bone?
PA axial oblique (Clements-Nakayama method)
The central-ray angulation for the fan lateral projection of the hand is:
0 degrees
Which of the following actions are technical considerations of upper limb radiography? (1) Removing a ring on a hand examination (2) Radiograph each side separately for a bilateral examination (3) Performing exams in a supine position to maximize patient comfort
1 and 2 only
Which of the following projections is used to demonstrate a Hill-Sachs defect? (1) Inferosuperior axial (West Point method) (2) AP axial (Stryker "notch" method) (3) AP axial shoulder
1 and 2 only
The general body position used for shoulder girdle radiography should: (1) Maximize patient comfort (2) Maximize object-to-image receptor distance (3) Minimize the risk of motion
1 and 3 only
Which of the following actions are technical considerations of shoulder girdle radiography? (1) Removing artifacts (2) Using close collimation (3) Performing exams in the position that maximizes patient comfort
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following evaluation criteria are used to evaluate the AP axial projection of the clavicle? (1) Most of the clavicle projected above the ribs and scapula, with the medial end overlapping the first or second rib (2) Clavicle presented in a horizontal placement (3) Entire clavicle included along with the AC and SC joints
1,2, and 3
What are the angle and direction of the central ray for the PA axial projection of the clavicle?
15 to 30 degrees caudad
How many articulations are formed with the clavicle?
2
How many phalanges are there in the thumb?
2
The second digit of the normal adult hand contains how many interphalangeal joints?
2
A breathing technique (low mA with a long exposure time) might be used on the: (1) AP clavicle (2) Transthoracic lateral (Lawrence method) (3) AP scapula
2 and 3 only
The hand consists of how many bones?
27
The PA oblique projection of the wrist in lateral rotation requires a wrist angulation (oblique) of:
45 degrees
What are the central ray angle and direction for the AP axial projection of the shoulder?
35 degrees cephalad
For a lateral projection of the wrist, the elbow must be flexed:
90 degrees
The AP oblique projection (Apple method) can be used to demonstrate:
A loss of articular cartilage in the shoulder
If there is a scaphoid fracture, where on the hand would the patient experience tenderness?
Anatomic snuff box
All of the following projections require the humeral epicondyles to be positioned parallel to the image receptor except the:
Axiolateral projection (Coyle method) of the ulnar coronoid process
The ________ is a depression located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus.
Coronoid fossa
What is the name of the small depression located on the anterior aspect of the distal humerus?
Coronoid fossa
Which carpal bone is located in the distal row and articulates with the third metacarpal?
Capitate
The portion of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius is the:
Capitulum
The first _________ joint is the only saddle joint in the body.
Carpometacarpal
A malignant tumor of the shoulder girdle is called:
Chondrosarcoma
Displacement of a bone from the joint space is termed:
Dislocation
The olecranon fossa is located on the:
Distal posterior humerus
What is the proper position of the upper limb for the inferosuperior axial projection (Rafert method)?
Exaggerated external rotation
Which positioning maneuver places the lesser tubercle directed anteriorly on the inferosuperior axial projection (Lawrence method)?
External rotation of the upper limb
All of the following are procedural steps for the transthoracic lateral projection (Lawrence method), except:
Externally rotating the affected arm to place the humeral epicondyles parallel to the image receptor
The scapula is classifies as a _______ bone.
Flat
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the carpal canal?
Gaynor-Hart (tangential)
With what portion of the scapula does the humeral head articulate?
Glenoid fossa
An impacted fracture of the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head with dislocation is called a:
Hill-Sachs defect
Which of the following options describes the central ray angle and direction for the inferosuperior axial projection (Lawrence method) of the shoulder?
Horizontal central ray angled 15 to 30 degrees medially
For an injured left shoulder to be demonstrated with the use of the PA oblique (scapular Y) projection, the patient must be placed:
In a 45- to 60-degree LAO position
In the PA/PA axial projections scaphoid radiographic series (Rafert-Long method), the wrist is positioned:
In extreme ulnar deviation
How is the lesser tubercle demonstrated on a correctly positioned inferosuperior axial projection (Lawrence method)?
In profile, directly anteriorly
Which of the following projections is useful in demonstrating the Hill-Sachs defect?
Inferosuperior axial (Lawrence)
All of the following are procedural steps for the anteroposterior projection of the humerus except:
Internally rotating the limb to place the humeral epicondyles perpendicular to the image receptor
On a PA oblique projection of the hand with the fingers flexed and resting on the image receptor, the:
Joint spaces will be closed and the phalanges foreshortened
A radiograph of an AP projection of the elbow demonstrates the proximal radius and ulna slightly separated. What is the most likely reason for this radiographic appearance?
Lateral rotation
All of the following criteria are used to evaluate the AP projection of the humerus except:
Lesser tubercle in profile
The clavicle is classified as a _____ bone.
Long
Each proximal phalanx articulates with a ________.
Metacarpal
What is the most proximal part of the ulna?
Olecranon process
Which of the following conditions is a form of arthritis marked by progressive cartilage deterioration in synovial joints and vertebrae?
Osteoarthritis
The most common oblique projection of the second through fifth digits is:
PA with lateral rotation
Where is the scapular spine located?
Posterior border
In the PA projection of the wrist, the hand is:
Pronated with fingers flexed
All of the following are required for a lateral projection of the elbow, except for:
Pronation of the hand
Which of the following criteria is used to determine whether the hand and wrist were correctly positioned for the lateral projection of the elbow?
Radial tuberosity facing anteriorly
The lateral bone of the forearm is the:
Radius
The PA axial projection (Stecher method) is used to demonstrate the:
Scaphoid carpal
The clavicle articulates medially with the:
Sternum
The distal end of the radius is called the:
Styloid Process
The scapular notch is located on the:
Superior border
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Synovial, diathrotic, ball and socket
What special projection of the shoulder demonstrates the supraspinatus outlet?
Tangential (Neer method)
Which projection is used to demonstrate the coracoacromial arch of outlet to diagnose shoulder impingement?
Tangential (Neer method)
Which of the following projections will demonstrate the carpal canal?
Tangential projection (Gaynor-Hart method)
Which of the following projections demonstrates the intertubercular groove of the proximal humerus?
Tangential projection, (Fisk modification)
What anatomy is demonstrated on the lateral scapular projection when the upper limb is slightly abducted, the elbow flexed, and the forearm resting on the posterior thorax?
The acromion and coracoid process
All of the following are required to perform the AP axial oblique projection (Garth method) of the shoulder, except:
The central ray is angled 45 degree cephalad
The _____ articulates with the trochlea.
Trochlear notch
The carpal bone that is located in the proximal row between the lunate and pisiform is the:
Triquetrum
What happens to the radius and ulna when you pronate the hand?
They cross
____ anatomic neck ____ coronoid process ____ radial notch ____ trochlea ____ olecranon process ____ ulnar notch ____ lesser tubercle ____ trochlear notch A. Humerus B. Ulna C. Radius
_A_ anatomic neck _B_ coronoid process _B_ radial notch _A_ trochlea _B_ olecranon _C_ ulnar notch _A_ lesser tubercle _B_ trochlear notch
What structure is not on the ulna?
capitulum
Which structure is not on the ulna?
capitulum
A radiograph of a PA oblique projection of the hand in lateral rotation reveals excessive superimposition of the metacarpals. What is the most likely reason for this radiographic appearance?
excessive lateral rotation of the hand
Always pronate the hand when doing an AP forearm projection.
false
An AP elbow projection does not include the capitulum and trochlea.
false
Both styloid processes in the forearm are located on the proximal portion of the bones.
false
The humerus and the forearm do not need to be in the same plane for elbow projections.
false
The lateral elbow position is a mediolateral projection
false
The radius is medial to the ulna.
false
The radius is medial to the ulna?
false
The trochlea is on the proximal ulna.
false
The trochlea is on the proximal ulna?
false
At the lateral (thumb) side of the hand, the digit is called the:
first digit
A hinge type of joint describes the:
humeroradial joint
The olecranon fossa is located on:
humerus
The depression on the proximal humerus separating the greater and lesser tubercles is called?
intertubercular groove
For the PA projection of the proximal forearm with the elbow in acute flexion, the central ray is directed:
perpendicular to the flexed forearm
To do a medial oblique projection of the elbow:
pronate the hand
How is the hand positioned to perform a radiograph of a finger (digit) is:
pronated
Which structure is located on the medially on an AP elbow projection?
trochlea
The distal radioulnar joint is between the _____ notch of the radius and the head of the ulna
ulnar
To visualize the scaphoid the wrist should be in _____ deviation.
ulnar
The pointed extensions on the distal ends of the radius and ulna, which serve for ligament attachments with the wrist bones are called the?
ulnar and radial styloid processes
What is the most distal part of the ulna?
ulnar styloid process