UPPP

What does a zoning ordinance include?

Use restrictions Area restrictions Height restrictions

How are voting rights laws, enacted since the 1960s, related to the conversion of at-large electoral systems to district electoral systems?

VRA and CVRA makes it easier to sue government for racially polarized elections

home rule

power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs

Great Divergence

"A handful of cities with the 'right' industries and a solid base of human capital keep attracting good employers and offering high wages, while those at the other extreme, cities with the 'wrong' industries and a limited human capital base, are stuck with dead-end jobs and low average wages."

What contributed to the development of the railroad network in the U.S. during the nineteenth century?

-Private investment -Contributions from state and local governments -Land grants from the federal government

Factors affecting domestic migration to West and Southwest after World War II

-Public policy (e.g., federal funding for highways, defense spending, local land-use regulation) -Technology (e.g., air conditioning, transition from coal to oil as source of energy) -Culture (e.g., perceptions of decline in older cities of the Northeast and Midwest, perceptions regarding leisure activities in West and Southwest, rise of retirement communities)

According to Robert Lang and Jennifer LeFurgy, a boomburb...

-is an incorporated city with at least 100,000 population. -is not the core city of the region (first city listed in MSA designation, e.g. Los Angeles in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim MSA). -had double digit growth rate (i.e., ≥ 10%) in each census from 1970 through 2000.

A Metropolitan Statistical Area ...

... has a high degree of social and economic integration.

High poverty neighborhood

A census tract where the federal poverty rate is at least 40 percent.

Redlining

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal.

Council-Manager System

A form of municipal governance in which the day-to-day administration of government is carried out by a professional administrator.

Section 8 Housing

A housing assistance program in which federal rent subsidies are provided either to tenants (in the form of certificates and vouchers) or to private landlords.

What is typically included in a municipal zoning ordinance?

A map dividing the municipality into districts. Text describing the permitted uses in each district. Text describing the height and area restrictions.

Zoning Enabling Act

A municipal legislature (e.g., city council) enacts a zoning ordinance, which includes: A map dividing the municipality into districts A schedule of district designations, indicating the permitted uses in each district and specifying height and area restrictions

Great Society Programs

A set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.

Census Tract

A small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county or equivalent entity with a population of 1,200 to 8,000 people. Census tract boundaries generally follow visible and identifiable features.

Role of public policy in urban growth

Access to opportunity depends, in large part, on private activities (e.g., technological innovation). Land grants from federal government to build railroads, federal funding for highways. Transportation innovations are important influences on urban population patterns. Public policy can shape urban population patterns by channeling public spending and private investment. State and local governments devoted resources to privately owned transportation infrastructure b/c of socio-economic potential.

What were the effects of the urban renewal program on displacement?

Approximately 67% of the people displaced by projects funded via the federal urban renewal program were African American, at a time when African Americans were 11% of the total population By the end of 1961, urban renewal had eliminated 126,000 housing units. Eviction due to urban renewal made households eligible for public housing.

True or false: The federal Civil Rights Act of 1968 (also known as the Fair Housing Act) completely eliminated racial discrimination in the rental and sale of residential property.

False

How has the distribution of concentrated poverty changed during the past two decades?

Concentrated poverty was high in 1990, then dropped to 10% in 2000 (unemployment dropped, government intervention: increase in minimum wag, Earned Income Tax Credit) Then it went back up in the 2000's (people would leave these cities, and the poor were left behind, concentrated poverty in LA decreased: gentrification, displacement)

When did the urban population in the United States surpass the rural population?

During the first two decades of the twentieth century

District elections

Elections in which candidates are chosen by only one part of the city, county, or state.

Why did the Census Bureau abandon the term "central city" in favor of "principal city"?

Emergence of places like the OC, employment in many places, not just in one city, uniform, scattered

Exclusionary Zoning

Exclusionary zoning involves two distinct but interrelated practices: (1) the use of the zoning power by municipalities to take advantage of the benefits of regional development without having to bear the burdens of such development; and (2) the use of the zoning power by municipalities to maintain themselves as enclaves of affluence or of social homogeneity.

New Deal mortgage programs

Home Owners' Loan Act of 1933 Established the Home Owners Loan Corporation, which provided low-interest loans to homeowners. National Housing Act of 1934 Established the Federal Housing Administration, which insured mortgages issued by banks, reducing risks to lenders and (therefore) costs to borrowers.

How could public policy exacerbate it or mitigate the great divergence?

Increase returns to education, innovation ex: help detroit area flourish

Benefits of Zoning

Limits density of housing Maintaining order Protecting from harm Local control may reflect local preference Promotes health, safety, and welfare Uniformity (?) Aesthetics Environmental Justice Local control over land-use can have important benefits in ensuring orderly development.

Harms of zoning

Limits density of housing, which can increase housing costs Segregate by class/income (Bigger lots are more expensive) Interference with owner's property Makes transportation planning VERY difficult Local control over land use can also contribute to sprawling development patterns, segregation, and problems of housing affordability.

Concentration of poverty

The percentage of an area's poor residents l i v i n g i n h i g h - p o v e r t y neighborhoods.

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Not a governmental entity, economic/social ties measured by commuting patterns

What is a "boomburb"? Where are boomburbs generally located? How do they differ from older suburbs?

Population of 100,000; not the central city; relatively high job ratio. Suburb: single family residence

Non-traded employment sector

Products (typically services) from the non-traded sector cannot be exported, because they must be consumed where they are produced. Characterized by relatively low productivity gains over time. Examples: •Barber / hair stylist •Doctor •Plumber •Teacher •Police officer

Traded employment sector

Products from the traded sector need not be consumed where they are produced and can be exported. Characterized by relatively high productivity gains over time. Examples: •Manufacturing sector ‣Car factories ‣iPhone factories •Innovation sector ‣Technological design (e.g., cars, iPhones) ‣Life sciences (e.g., biotechnology)

Changes in international migration to the U.S. since the 1960s

Rapid and continuing increases in Hispanic, Latino, Asian, and multi-racial populations. Diminished growth / rapid aging of white population. Shift toward a nation in which no racial or ethnic group is the majority Los Angeles and NY decreasing People are moving from CA to TX

Municipal Annexation

The addition of territory to a municipality via the expansion of municipal borders.

Municipal Secession

The detachment of territory from an existing municipality.

Municipal Incorporation

The establishment of a municipality with certain limited powers of self-governance.

Fair Housing Act

The federal law that prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, and national origin

How did New Deal mortgage programs affect the racial wealth gap?

They didn't

What functions have urban areas served in the U.S.?

They provide: proximity to other people; access to goods, services, jobs, amenities (including culture and art); new experiences; and access to socio-economic opportunity (upward mobility).

Key factors influencing growth in urban areas

Transportation (canals, railroads, highways), it was very expensive to move/transport Water (sewer systems, water delivery systems)

True or false: According to William Frey, the Hispanic, Asian, and multiracial population of the United States is expected to double between 2010 and 2050.

True

True or false: At-large electoral systems can disempower ethnic and racial groups that are geographically concentrated within a city.

True

True or false: Concentrated poverty declined in the United States between 1990 and 2000.

True

True or false: Concentrated poverty has increased in the United States since 2000.

True

True or false: During the 1930s and 1940s, mortgage underwriting standards issued by the Federal Housing Administration discouraged racial and ethnic integration.

True

True or false: During the nineteenth century, some cities prospered because they provided access to transportation connections, such as canals and railroads.

True

True or false: Large-lot single-family zoning can be used to create low-density enclaves within dense metropolitan areas.

True

True or false: Many cities created sewer systems in response to epidemics resulting from water contamination.

True

True or false: Most public housing units are owned and managed by local public housing agencies.

True

True or false: The Housing Choice Voucher Program helps some low-income households to pay for housing in the private market.

True

True or false: Under a council-manager system, the city council appoints a professionally trained administrator who is responsible for managing the city's routine activities.

True

Where did population growth occur in the U.S. after 1920

Urban areas

Zoning Basics

Virtually every state authorizes municipal governments to zone via a "zoning enabling act" Local governments typically have extensive control over the regulation of land-use.

Wealth

Wealth = Assets - Debt Racial Wealth Gap - The absolute difference in wealth holdings between the median household among populations grouped by race or ethnicity.

Significance of changes in transportation technology (streetcars, elevator, automobiles)

Without these changes in transportation technology urban areas would be way more compressed

Dillon's Rule

a court ruling that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty but instead must be authorized by state government

Metropolitan Fragmentation

cities are split across political systems total number of government units within a metropolitan statistical area

at-large election

election of an officeholder by the voters of an entire governmental unit rather than by the voters of a district or subdivision

Urban Renewal Program

federal program that demolished low and middle income urban housing units. Federal policies of the 1930s through the 1960s contributed to the segregation of public housing

Factors affecting domestic migration away from California since the 1990s

housing costs, traffic congestion, taxes, jobs, racial and ethnic conflict (other than people who were born in California, the next 5 categories of people who live in California were born in another country)

Police powers (reserved powers)

those powers which are not written down or assigned and thus given for the states --the capacity of the states to regulate behavior and enforce order within their territory for the betterment of the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of their inhabitants.