Urban Structure

The typical African-American neighborhood in an American city can best be termed a(n)

----ghetto. ghetto. enclave. congregation .colony.

Which of the following is NOT a problem currently being faced by the North American City?

----municipal socialism poverty infrastructural decay municipal socialism fiscal squeeze mortgage foreclosures

Contributing to the unprecedented population growth that has made Lagos, Nigeria a shock city are all of the following except

----replacement of informal economic activities with high-paying, formal jobs. political independence .the discovery of oil. the demographic transition.

According to the World Bank, ________ has 16 of the 20 most air-polluted cities on earth.

---China United Kingdom China the United States Brazil Mexico

Which of the following is generally NOT a characteristic of European cities?

---rapid neighborhood change Featuers of Europoean cities: is that neighborhoods are stable lively downtowns scars of war relatively low skylines plazas and squares --> rapid neighborhood change answer

The above diagram most accurately represents the ________ model of urban structure.

--multiple-nuclei . polycentric new metropolis concentric ring corridor and sector

Which of these pairs of cities are the endpoints of the original U.S. Megalopolis?

-Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, DC Although many other Megalopolises exist today, the original Megalopolis extends from Boston, Massachusetts, to Washington, DC. It was originally identified by the French geographer, Jean Gottmann, and also includes the cities of Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Bridgeport, and Providence.

On the outskirts of a major metropolis in a peripheral country, you would see densely compacted shantytowns and evidence of an informal economy. Facing the city center, you would see a skyline of gleaming high-rise buildings and evidence of a robust formal economy. This pattern is an example of which of the following?

-Dualism Dualism is the juxtaposition in geographic space of the formal and informal sectors of the economy.

Using the information included in the model above, which three of the following statements are probably true?

-Each mode of transportation was replaced by a faster mode. -The freeway city is more dispersed and is the only city form that is noncontiguous. -Private, individual-based forms of transportation have been the primary source of influence on the size and shape of cities. Each new mode of transportation is faster than the one that came before it. Because of this, people could live farther away from the center of the city, where they work, shop, or transact other business. Because freeways limit access to the transportation network, it allows urbanized areas to develop around entrance and exit ramps, with undeveloped areas in between.

Whereas most North American cities are designed for accessibility, traditional Islamic cities are designed to _______.

-Emphasize personal privacy and communal well-being Islamic cities provide a good example of how social and cultural values are translated into spatial terms.

Why are North American central cities losing revenue?

-Growth industries, white-collar jobs, retailing, and more affluent households have moved out to suburbs and exurbs, taking their tax dollars with them. This economic restructuring and metropolitan decentralization have left central cities with a chronic fiscal squeeze.

Based on the population map below and your knowledge of the U.S. Megalopolis and Canada's Main Street, which three of the following statements are probably true?

-Improved transportation played a role in the development of the Megalopolis. -Most of Canada's largest cities and most of its population are located near the U.S. border. -The highest population densities in both Canada and the United States are found on or near the east coast.

More than half of the urban population of Canada is located in the "Main Street" corridor. Check the map and identify which of these sets of cities are located in Canada's "Main Street" corridor. Which of these sets of cities are located in Canada's "Main Street" corridor?

-Montreal, Ottawa, and Toronto Montreal, Ottawa, and Toronto are the largest cities in Canada's "Main Street" corridor, known for its large population and prominent economic activity. Hamilton is also part of the Main Street corridor.

Which era of transportation is the smallest and most compact?

-Pedestrian/horsecar During the pedestrian/streetcar era, which began in the world's most ancient cities and continued until the last decade of the 1800s, transportation was based on animate energy. People primarily walked and relied on beasts of burden (horses, donkeys, oxen, etc.). Because of this, cities stayed relatively small and compact.

Why does the city boundary expand in the shape of a star during the streetcar era?

-Streetcar tracks are linear, and the arms of the star follow the tracks People settled along the linear arms of the streetcar tracks, leaving large areas between the tracks unpopulated. This created a star shape, where the arms of the star follow the tracks. Although the streetcar allowed people to move further away from the city center, people settled near the tracks because they still had to consider the total length of their trip.

In the typical European city, where would you go for high-end shopping?

-The lively downtown European cities, unlike most North American cities, still have a lively and vibrant central city.

A typical city in a core country corresponds to the idealized city model except in which of the following ways?

-The poorest households have the least accessibility to the city's center, because they are located in the suburbs. According to the model of an idealized city, accessibility decreases steadily outward from the city center, and the poorest households occupy the periphery of the city. However, in an actual typical city, wealthier households trade off the convenience of accessibility for more space, larger houses, and exclusivity. Therefore they tend to inhabit the suburbs, and poorer households are located in deteriorating urban areas near the city center.

The traditional Islamic city typically contains all of the following except

-a monastery. a citadel .a monastery. cul-de-sacs .multiple jamis. suqs.

Which aspect of transportation led to expansion of the city in outlying areas located at the greatest distance from the city center?

-the freeway Freeways are designed to move people quickly across relatively long distances, and fostered expansion of the city at outlying areas, especially at exit and entrance ramps.

Which of the following accounts for nearly all of the acute problems experienced in the cities of peripheral countries?

-the way demographic growth has outstripped economic growth Although an increasing number of people are moving to urban centers in countries of the periphery, rates of economic growth are not keeping pace with this demographic growth.

The stark contrast of high-rise modern office buildings and luxury housing with the slums and shantytowns of unintended metropolises is visual evidence of their

Dualism

Suqs, kasbahs, jamis and medinas are typically found in

Islamic Cities

The invasion of older, centrally-located working-class neighborhoods by higher-income professionals in search of character and convenience is called

gentrification.

In urban areas, the value of land is a function of its accessibility—to markets, clients, amenities, clients, etc. As a consequence, the very most expensive land in North American cities is especially characterized by

high-rise office buildings and skyscrapers.

As accessibility and utility decline in a concentric zone model of the city, land use generally changes from

high-volume retailing to residential.

The inability of central city areas to generate sufficient tax revenue is due to all of the following except

inadequate collection mechanisms.

Shantytowns and squatter housing are growing in the unintended metropolises of the periphery due to

poverty and the lack of affordable housing.

According to our understanding of urban accessibility and land use, which of the following is located farthest from the city center?

residences

The values that shape the layout and design of Islamic cities derive from

the Qur'an.

Of the following, which is NOT among the fundamentals of urban layout and design that stem from the Holy Qur'an and that guide development of traditional Islamic cities?

the outer appearance of things

The dominant feature of a traditional Islamic city is

the principal mosque, the Jami.

Smart growth attempts to address the problem of

urban/suburban sprawl.segregation.

The fiscal squeeze has made it extremely difficult for central cities to address a wide variety of urban problems. Which of the following is NOT directly one of such problems faced by central cities?

Urban Sprawl

U.S. suburbanization is associated with all of the following except

- efficient use of space loss of prime agricultural land .taking the tax base out of inner cities .efficient use of space .high use of automobiles for commuting. inner city poverty and decay.

Which of the following is NOT true? Compared to U.S. cities, European cities

-have lower population densities. usually have central squares and marketplaces are more socioeconomically stable .have lower population densities. have lower skylines.are more compact.

________ is a characteristic of the cycle of poverty.

ALL OF THE ABOVE Psychological stress from crowding Improper nutrition Unemployment School absenteeism All of these are found in the cycle of poverty.

On maps like the Washington, D.C. metro map, the region where most of the subway lines intersect is most probably the

CBD-commercial business district