Urbanization (unit 8) reading guide
How's housing diversity work? What types of home are encouraged? What're the different benefits of housing diversity? Without it, ___ times could be long. Explain what Tucson, Arizona did to create mixed- income housing.
It's mix housing types in neigh/community, diversity usually encouraged through planning codes promote cheap housing (townhouse/ multi-family/ etc), promotes mixed income neighs b/c more affordable near costly, ben: income diversity: builds economic base support services + trans/ help create better housing/ results wider access affordable, more: economic stability + commute advantages, shortage affordable pushes many outward which diversity addresses, Ariz: renovated housing project: transformed it into 180 units mixed income housing, half units for fams earn at least 60% area's median income, other half public housing (affordable owned by gov), reused land instead expand
What's the bid-rent gradient based on? Explain how it determines land use patterns. List the things found in the CBD, other than large businesses: public services, consumer services. What are some short-comings of bid-rent theory?
Land users bidding against each other to purchase land= cost land highest near CBD and decreased as distance increases, close-> far: commercial (business office/ retail store), indust, warehousing, residential, public: libraries/ gov offices/ museums, consumer: offered at retail stores/ restaurants/ movie theaters/ concert venues, accessibility city center + high value land attracts these, short: assumes city on flat plane w/all jobs in single CBD, suggests consistent city trans, values decrease equally in all directions (false)
Multiple Nuclei Model. Who created it and when? They claimed that land use varies depending upon ____. Highly specialized activities involve specific sites. For example, what's near industry? Explain their 2nd point. What economic considerations influence nodes? What's the CBD joined by and what does each activity do?
Left large blob: high class res, right large blob: middle class res, between blobs at bottom: outlying business district, at right of blobs: CBD, at right CBD: wholesale light manuf, surround manuf: working class res, above working: heavy manuf, right heavy: industrial suburb, very bottom: res suburb, Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman 1945, local context (what's around), require trans facilities= located near railway lines/ major roads/ airports/ or port facilities, point: in certain areas city or region related companies find econ beneficial arrange selves together= specialized areas, cluster together= concentration econ activities have access same pool expertise + workers/ suppliers/ info channels, node: b/c area close CBD= costly real estate large warehouses/grocery that need lots land locate further, would benefit from closer but can't afford land, CBD joined by other nodes, each activity attracts own compliments
How's a regional housing shortage show the problem of numerous, fragmented municipal govs and the need for a regional planning board?
Many govs that don't work together well= hard provide services for residents (housing/ trans), need regional plan to fix, may need make sacrifice for whole and need regional group to solve this, interests each collide w/ interest larger region, local govs limit growth b/c don't want pressure that comes w/more develop + residents may not want b/c want avoid change, if enough local do this hard provide housing, when don't cooperate hard maintain (i.e NYC subway isn't gov owned so choose spending but can't tax, revenue makes= hard spend $ needs to ensure subway works well)
How does history and culture play a role in density differences? Give an ex. How's the 21st century (until COVID) seen a change in city living in the US? How can physical geography play a role in urban density?
Many international cities much older than US + their land use practices reflect that, they developed before trans good so everything need be within walking distance each other, 18/1900s trans up let cities grow but Europe kept high density, After WWII: sprawl up in US b/c cars cheap+ highway built, Europe b/c history/ culture/ gov policies (higher gas prices)= stay dense, also harder them expand into ag lands b/c farmers have strong voice in gov, 21: desire work/live in cities up, some cities redevelop abandoned spaces= density up, change may= partial reverse pattern rich in low density, physical: housing Japan limited by country's mts/forests: nearly 70% land trees + over 70% mts, restricts amount land for develop= cost land up= dense pop + living space small
What're the social benefits of smart growth urban design initiatives? Give 2 exs. What do critics of smart growth and New Urbanism claim? How do critics argue that such initiatives lead to de facto segregation (seg)? Give an ex in the US.
1: more diverse housing options in communities encourage social interaction across group which may lower barriers (i.e income/age), personal connections create sense community + strengthen social identity, 2: use space efficiently through redevelop= building vacancies+ crime down, rehab empty/ poor buildings into attractive areas, critics: communities w/mixed income + diverse ethnic groups don't happen, designs= desirable neighs= price up= poor can't afford so displaced to surrounding areas, at best= lack income diversity, seg: de facto= seg from settle patterns instead law, occurs b/c poor black can't afford live in new develop= new filled by wealthy white, ex: Baxter Village in Fort Mill, S Carolina: mix new/ renovate buildings, vast majority white+ middle class, doesn't reflect state's racial/ economic diversity
What are some of the guidelines and land use policies of the MSP 2040, which was designed to create sus urban areas? What issue is Lexington, Kentucky facing w/ regards to its greenbelt?
30 yr project, provides direction + guideline for future develop, new develops located+ designed reduce pressure on envir/ natural resources, growth promoted in urban areas instead ag/ open land, regional groundwater system protect from land use changes that harm its quality, regional inventory natural resources maintained, farmland protection policy (preven ag lands change to be nonag use) to preserve 1/2M acres ag land, Ken: growing pops push against city limits, has become hard maintain affordable housing for all residents w/out infringing on urban growth boundaries (greenbelt)
The urban pop of India is projected to reach nearly ____M by 2020. What efforts are being made by the gov of India to deal with this inflow of people? How does the religion of Islam factor into the increase of urban pop in Jakarta each year? Explain how the "Return to Village" program seeks to address the issue. How's urbanization in Jakarta made it more prone to flooding over the yrs?
600, launched Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) Development Project: develop 24 new indust cities between Delhi/ Mumbai, other: improve drinking water distribution, better electricity supply, high capacity trans network, job skills training, Jak: at close Ramadan 1000s Indonesians from rural attend festivities + remain in city, Return: gov offers villages funding develop econ growth+ stability so should= more opportunities villagers= stay, flood: has location in lowland area w/13 rivers, indust up at edges city= water containment areas bulldozed= more severe flooding
Explain how pop growth is the driving force behind urban growth. What else fuels the growth of cities in the periphery? Use South America in your response. What do world cities provide to the people in their region of influence?
Many peri counties have high birth rates, many rural to urban migrants= young people likely start families which adds to growth urban pops, else: push factors: lack job opportunities in rural= go to city, S Amer: many farmers forced off rented land b/c can't make profit, may also give up land b/c can't make living or b/c pull factor better job in metropolitan, poor in cities better off then poor in rural, world: major centers for coms/ banking/ finance, lead global markets for commodities/ investment/ foreign exchange, trade/ pro associations/ NGOs concentrated in them, many world's most powerful media organizations HQs in them, home to fashion/ design/ entertain/ cultural industries, have global influence on culture, huge business + cultural influence
Provide stat evidence that effects of redlining can still be seen in Cleveland today. What do the maps of Cleveland show? What's a squatter settlement? What's the cause of them in cities like Delhi, India and Jakarta, Indonesia?
Many same neighs redline almost 100 yrs ago have highest poverty + crime rates, 2018: US dept Housing gave $2.4M fight housing discrimination, w/ effects redlining many leaving city, maps: older: redlining map: redlines= hazardous for loan company, newer: red areas= F grade= least desirable for real estate, redlined areas still affected by poverty/ crime + still discriminated against, now real estate instead gov, squat: informal settlement where residents don't have legal ownership of their land + usually lack housing/ basic infra services (water/ sanitation/ electricity), cause: cities overwhelmed w/massive inflow immigrants but conditions don't slow inflow
What are brownfields? What can brownfield remediation (BR) lead to? Give an ex.
Abandoned+ polluted indust sites central cities/ suburbs, remediation removes contaminants= health+ safety risks down + opens land for new develop, BR can promote growth in neigh + reduce # zones abandonment in city, ex: London's King Cross District: start 2007, will make 8M square ft mix use develop, King's Cross had infra of abandoned gasworks + contaminated soil/ groundwater, improved rail stations nearby (King's Cross + St. Pancras)
Why is Bengaluru, India sometimes called the "Silicon Valley of India?" What's the rapid growth contributed to? Why'd people flock to Shenzhen, China? What causes migrant workers to live there year-round, and what problems do they face? What do the following cities specialize in?: Washington DC, Detroit, Houston, Cancun, Nashville, Orlando, Hollywood
Another ex post-indust city w/strong info tech presence, 1998: indust park near city center that attracted 100s tech companies, growth= housing shortage, estimate 1/4 residents (~2.2M) live in substandard housing, China: workers/professional flocked to take advantage opportunities in pharmaceutical/ textile factories, high-tech industry became more important part econ, migrant: drawn for work, historically farmers who worked in city part yr but growth engulfed nearby farmland= many farmers now live yr round, their temporary residency status prevents from getting equal access gov resources, DC: gov, Det: center car manuf in US, Hous: center oil/energy industry Can: resort community, Nas: music (country), Orl: tourism, Hol: movie making
What's Bosco Verticale and how's it combat air pollution as well as create habitats for insects and birds? 3M trees will be planted in Milan by 2030. What will the benefits be?
(In Milan, Italy) pair residential high rises that appeared transform into literal vertical forests, part urban redevelop project Porta Nuova district, has 20k shrubs + 800 trees, converts 30 tons CO2 -> O2 yrly, filters noise/ dust for birds/ insects, 20 species bird nest in them + bumblebees/ hermit bees, ben: enhance livability/ improve air quality/ support health residents, absorb 5M tons CO2 yrly= air pollution/ respiratory disease/ risk cancer all down, trees lower temp
What allowed for Liverpool's initial prosperity? What caused its decline? What are some things the national gov did to revitalize Liverpool and what effect did this have on the economy? Explain
(In NW England) largely from site on natural harbor where River Mersey meet Irish Sea, industry further fueled by 1830 complete Liverpool and Manchester Railway which gave access key indust areas Britain, Irish immigrants= pop growth, during Indust rev port provide access England to global markets, decline: collapse Britain's manuf base, gov: revitalize waterfront for leisure use/ develop mixed-use buildings + downtown apartments/ construction new waterfront area -> conference center + public spaces, Liverpool ONE redevelop 42 acres central district, Royal Albert Dock became tourist attraction+ museum, 2011: opened museum Liverpool, # visitors up, effect: boosted econ, pop quadrupled in 20 yrs, critics say not benefit all equally: still significant pockets poverty
What's apartheid mean? How'd it live out that meaning in the cultural landscape? How'd the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP) try to address this problem and has it worked?
Apartness in Afrikaans, much non-white pop in poor conditions while whites had much higher standard living, black/ african/ asian/ mix race forced live in city outskirts in areas called townships, meanwhile whites in better locations near CBD, gov fail develop housing/ provide services for poor= overcrowding/ shantytowns of shacks made of spare materials, RDP: provide free housing for poor + built >3.6M new houses, quality life up some people but hasn't desegregated + possibly reinforced instead, some sell house they get and build shack nearby, informal settlements w/ poor conditions continues
How do critics argue that urban design initiatives = placelessness? What's Celebration, Florida? What're the 3 interconnected problems US cities face? Where does most of the city's tax revenue come form? What services do these tax dollars support? Give exs.
Apply similar designs across many different urban areas= loss historic character, some say multi- use areas= fake- feeling atmosphere, change buildings= Bland places that take from character neigh, architectures lacks diversity give space own character, Flor: community built by Disney in 1995, designed w/ New Urbanist principles, homes followed strict design rules to create look class American small town, many like and bought homes, critics say buildings "inauthentic" and community resembles film set instead town, 3: declining tax base in central city/ infra costs/ patterns poverty + neigh decay, most: property owners/ businesses, support city's infra + services (streets/ water supply + sanitation system/ police + fire depts/ parks/ broad range social services_
Explain what a disamenity zone is. Who control them? Provide a few characteristics of Brazil's favelas. What're the different challenges to affordable housing in the US as well as other core countries?
Areas extreme poverty composed of shantytowns/ other informal housing, often on periphery large cities, don't get city services, control: gangs/ drug lords, Brazil: 2010: 6% country's pop in them, law enforcement have little presence (if any), some older favelas have few structures w/electricity, have large homeless pops, drug lord rule (often fight each other for control), crime in favelas pushed Brazil's overall crime up, 2017: 175 people murdered per day in country, US: practices like redlining= barrier homeownership for minorities, core: labor + material costs up= harder build affordable units, rents + home price up in desirable near business= poorer forced further from work= add higher cost trans onto cost housing
Explain the challenges megacities face. What are the 2 goals of London's National Park City movement? How did ag allow cities to grow?
Areas like food supplies/ trans/ education/ housing/ employment/ migration, ways gov handles affects most global pop, goals: 1: help residents appreciate these natural areas which blind spot for many on daily rush in city, 2: expand London's green footprint by take advantage city's vertical geography+ add more green roofs/wall gardens, ag: ~10k yrs ago ag let people live in settlements that grew to cities, settled for many reasons: trade/ defense/ religion
What effect does the relocation of middle-class and wealthier pops (along w/ businesses) to the suburbs have on poor pops in oler central city neighs? What was a restrictive deed (covenant), and which groups of people did it target? Ex in Levittown, New York.
As middle/high + business leave poor face challenges: many need to rent but property poorly maintained, businesses in central city struggle/move away + failures can= empty/ abandoned buildings, less school funds= education down, difficulties w/city trans may preven people in suburbs take/ keep jobs in city, lack jobs opportunities may= turn crime while tax revenue down= less fund police, combine= neigh decay+ concentrated/ multigenerational poverty in central city, deed: docs that prove ownership, many said property couldn't be sold/ rented to people certain groups, 1st half 20th: prevented blacks from move into desirable neighs (only sold to whites), NY: potato fields to 17k houses, all only sold to whites
List push and pull factors for rural to urban migration. Where does most rural to urban migration take place today? Why's Silicon Valley experienced massive pop growth? How's this caused homelessness to increase?
As pop rural area up fewer opportunities for income, farmers: drought/envir or econ push factors, pull: cities offer jobs (at least appears better opportunities) to migrants, for some offer >freedom/ safety/ schools/ healthcare/etc. today: peri/semi countries, Valley: computer manufacturers went there starting 1950s, over past few decades econ shift computer manuf -> high-tech research + develop, influx high educate+ high paid tech workers= rent skyrocket + housing short supply, many not in tech industry can't afford live there= homelessness up
What are the shortcomings of these models: concentric, sector, multiple nuclei, all three share...., galactic
Assumes rapid physical/ expansion city w/ diverse + growing pop and cheap public trans every direction, property= privately owned, city's economy based on commerce/ industry, CBD is center employ, doesn't account for deindustrialization/ suburban flight/ widespread care use + highway develop that came w/it, decline use public trans in many cities 2nd half 1900s, sector:major focus= res land use, doesn't account for >1CBD, Multiple: fails consider impact gov policies, doesn't represent cities well, share: economic bias + ignore important factors (i.e how race/ethnicity affect urban land use change), galactic: assumes enough space contain ever-expanding sprawl suburbs/ edge cities, heavily dependent on use cars
List some limitation of central place theory. How's it still useful today? What's the largest city in the world? 2nd? In general where are the size of cities increasing the fastest? Give a country ex (5). According to the UN, there were ___ megacities in 2018, and by 2030 that number will have risen to ___. What's metacity and how many were there in 2020? Which 2 regions of the world have the most megacities?
Assumes: flat land w/out natural/ political/ cultural barriers, has uniform trans system + equal range all direction for goods/ services, retail market most important influence but many cities have other functions and important as administrative/ gov centers, useful: gain understanding of hierarchy settlements + pattern in their spatial distribution that's connected to pop size/ distances between centers and commerce, largest: Tokyo (37M), New Delhi (29M), increase: peri (Yemen/Mali/ Afghan/ Nigeria) and semi (India/China), 33, 43, city w/over 20M people, 9, S and E Asia
How can urban areas be sus for the long term? List some of the challenges to sus that dense urban pops bring. What's the problem with building low density residential housing on lands previously protected or used for farming? What's an option to help contain the physical and ecological footprint associated w/sprawl? According to the US Census Bureau, the longest commutes exist in the ___ urban areas. Why do you think that's the case?
Balance econ develop w/need protect natural resources/ health envir/ well- being city dwellers, chal: suburban sprawl/ large ecological footprint/ higher energy use/ poor air+ water quality/ climate change/ struggling sanitation systems, prob: ignores envir cost (destruct wildlife habitats + natural areas), option: plan + construct or renovate vertically in existing neighs, more complex + cost up but contains physical footprint= envir damage down, high dense neigh consume less energy per capita than low dense, newest, case: sprawl= dense down, poor public trans, overcrowd highways, few walkable areas, traffic congestion (cause: dependency cars)
What do discriminatory housing practices reveal about the wealth gap between black fams in the US, compared to white fams? Explain what multigenerational poverty is. How does seg and poverty lead to an increase in urban crime rates?
Blacks much poorer, largest investment Amers= house, unable buy home/ relocate to neigh w/higher home values= hard fam build wealth, reinforces reality multigenerational poverty common in inner city neigh where minority pops concentrated, def: when people grow up in poverty highly unlikely escape their neigh= poor adults in same conditions and their kids live in those conditions= cycle continues, crime: when people economically/ racially seg/isolated in urban neigh crime up, poverty: crime up b/c urban areas have higher rates income disparity b/c range jobs+ education levels, unemploy higher, sense community prevents crime, seg+ poor lack sense
Explain why it makes sense to dedicate lanes for buses only. What are the benefits of promoting bike-friendly infra? Give an ex. What are the responsibilities of municipal govs?
Buses w/ dozens passengers not forced sit in car traffic, lanes help riders get to places faster than cars, improves mobility for those w/fewer financial resources + can help lift selves out poverty by get them to/from work faster, benefit: econ growth up + reduced greenhouse gas emissions, Amsterdam has some best bike infra globally, other Europe cities have it too, ex: bike lanes, respon: build+ maintain infra, deliver services (schools/ parks/ libraries), ensure public safety (provide police/ fire/ emergency medical)
Explain several reasons as to why tax revenues have declined over the past half century. Identify reasons as to why the costs of maintaining infra and providing urban services has increased, even with a diminishing tax base. What's housing discrimination, and which groups/ occupation have carried out such discriminatory actions (exs of them)?
Businesses/ jobs/ people moved out central city to suburbs/ other regions + countries, properties in many older central neighs haven't retained value= less tax from those buildings, cost: old water/ sewer lines cost more maintain + breaks in these systems common + costly repair, trans systems + school= high maintenance costs, inner city neighs have more elderly/ poor/ immigrant pops + need city's social services more, institutions (i.e museums)= responsibility city's gov, disc: attempt stop person from buy/ rent property b/c race/ social class/ ethnicity/ etc., practiced by landlords/ owners/ real estate agents/ lenders (banks) + can exclude certain groups from a neigh, ex: deed restrictions/ redlining/ blockbusting
Why were upper/ middle class families drawn to the suburbs? Explain urban sprawl. What's it a result of? What's an edge city? Describe the characteristics and provide an example. What's the difference between a boomburb and edge city?
By promise low crime/ good schools/ more land for larger homes +yards, sprawl: when urban areas expand in unplanned/uncontrolled way= cover large areas land in housing/ commercial develop/ roads, result chaotic urban growth, as land develop at edges urban area w/out plan infra may not keep up, edge: type community located on outskirts larger city, commercial centers w/offic space/ retail complexes/ other amenities typical of urban center, developer built residential housing in them= perceived as destinations work/ shopping/ entertainment/ housing, ex: Schaumburg, difference: edge largely office/ retail space, boomburbs made up of many planned communities that begun merge together
For each of the following cities, what were some New Urbanist and smart-growth initiatives that were implemented?: Curitiba, Brazil, Freiburg, Germany, Sao Paulo, Brazil
C: early 1970s: start implement sus, used zoning/ other to creat new lakes+ flood control systems/ specialized bus services/ protect green areas/ recycling programs, 1972: convert 6 block downtown shopping street -> pedestrian zone, F: 1990s start, made commitment preserve historic medieval city center by keep sprawl at bay, internationally recognize for sus design, develop kept within city to prevent sprawl, historic buildings/ ag land protect, close city center to traffic so walk/ bike instead, S: 30% pop in favelas (shanty) want lessen since 1960s, contain sprawl by rehab existing favelas w/ structural improve+ build vertical housing projects to replace large areas favelas
What's the smallest scale we get geographic data for? List the geographic types in order from smallest to largest. Why's the census so important to cities?
Census block (600-3k people), tracts (1-5k), counties, states, divisions, regions, country, importance: used determine where/how federal funds spent on school/ hospital/ road/ public work project/ other programs, local gov uses for decisions regarding planning/ wast manage/ trans/ employ/ migration/ ethnic composition/ pop up or down (i.e pop up= set aside $ for infra/ school/ larger workforce)
Know the rings of the concentric model. Who created it and when? What is housing like in zone 2? How does housing change as you move further out? What's the first rings also called and what's it based off of?
Center to outer: CBD, Wholesale light manuf, working class residential, middle class residential, high class residential, Ernest Burgess, 1920s older/densely pop/ declining neighborhoods, includes segment urban pop w/lowest incomes + many live in poor conditions: cram in apartment building/ reside in public housing/ settle in run-down housing used by tenants before, population density down and house size up, 1st: zone of transition, based: young Chicago
Know the sector model. Who created it and when? Sectors merge along ___ ____. who lives near the manuf zone? Where do the high class residents live? What shapes are the zones?
Center: CBD, right below/above + right half 2nd ring + outer left: working class residential, sandwich between working class: wholesale light manuf, right half cut in half by other: middle class residential, right half sliver: high class residential, Homer Hoyt, 1939, transit routes, working class, follow definite path along trans routs/on high ground free from flooding/ toward open country/ or along riverfronts or lakefronts not used by industry, pie wedges
What's a slow growth city? How do urban growth boundaries help achieve this? ____ is a significant part of growth management plans. What do critics of growth management argue? What'd Lancaster County, Pennsylvania's growth management plan include?
Cities where planners used smart growth to slow rate cities expand, boundaries border city's edges + defines where new develop takes place, separate urban/rural land uses by limit how far city expands, zoning, critics: cost housing up, adds to rapidly changing real estate prices, can harm national econ by slow building industry, large lot (requires min building lot size 1-2+ acres, used to control growth) can encourage sprawl b/c each lot takes lots space+ can push poor from neighs where can't afford large+ costly houses, pen: protect farmland+ nature preserve for public use+ constrain growth to designated areas, included design new communities + revitalize existing ones to be higher density so ag+ conservation areas left untouched, preserve historic areas + Amish lands
Define urban area. What defines a rural area? What's its primary industry? A metropolitan area includes a ____ and the surrounding ____ that are influenced ____ and ____ by the city. Is Arlington Heights part of Chicago's metropolitan area? Explain. List 5 general site factors
City and its surrounding suburbs, beyond this defs vary, US Census Bureau def: densely developed territory, 2 types: urbanized area (pop 50k+), urban cluster (2.5k-49,999), rural: open areas land w/few building/ other structures + low pop density, primary: ag, city, areas, economically, culturally, yes, many people in AH work in Chicago + go there for entertainment, AH economically (jobs) + culturally (residents both interact + sport teams, etc.) impacted, site: landforms/climate/ availability water/ soil quality/ natural resources land
Define a primate city. What do they indicate? List an ex of a primate city in the peri/semi and one in the core. Many primate cities can trace their origin to a ___ past. Why? According to central place theory, list the hierarchy order of urban settlements from largest to smallest. What shape is used? What's the main function of cities and towns?
City that far exceeds (in pop size + influence) country's largest city, indicate unbalanced level develop in country b/c pop disproportionately pulled to city for econ opportunities, primate cities have outsize political/ econ/ cultural influence which can prevent develop throughout country, semi: Mexico City (21.8M vs 5M) core: Paris (11M vs 1.7M) Bangkok Thailand (7x 2nd), colonial, European colonizers concentrated political/ econ activities in 1 place to export resources, City, town, village, hamlet, hexagon, provide goods/services to people living in surrounding area
Provide several reasons as to why people move back to the city. What's urban renewal, and when did it begin? Which groups of people were negatively affected from such urban projects?
Convenient access to entertainment/ museums/ restaurants/ shopping, suburbia associated w/ placelessness so many drawn to culture/ character cities, many value walkability urban neighs which suburbs lack, people in expensive suburbs may move to city neighs w/ lower property costs where buy cheap, renovate, then live in or sell for profit, renew: term associated w/nationwide movement US in 50s/60s when cities got huge federal grants to tear down old neighs/ former indust zones to rebuild downtowns, 3 policies enacted to fund: Housing Act 1949, Housing Act 1954, Federal Aid Highway Act 1956, 2018: >1M people displaced by renewal projects, most areas target for renew= poor + mostly black
What's the UN predict to be the most effective way to combat the challenges of climate change? What's regional planning and what are the benefits?
Coordinated at "global, regional, national, and local levels", cities must be center solutions but municipal govs achieve less if act in isolation, ex: mayos have some control city's emissions, national govs can help (remove fossil fuel subsidies+ fund local initiatives), region: planning on regional scale that seeks coordinate develop housing/ trans/ urban infra/ econ activities, group municipalities can share variety services (infra/ park/ public trans), share in costs services= economies of scale, ben: well executed can overcome barriers of fragmented local govs, more effective together than each alone, ex: Lancester Penn, Twin Cities region Minnesota (MSP 2040)
What's the aim of smart- growth policies? What's a crucial tool of smart growth? Explain the difference between mixed-use zoning versus traditional zoning. List some policies New Urbanists advocate for. One of the stated goal of New Urbanism is to create (or recreate) sense of place in cities. How's this acieved?
Create sus (sustainable) communities by place development in convenient locations + design it to be >efficient + envir responsible, tool: zoning, dif: mixed: multiple land uses in same space/ structure, trad: separate zones based on land use type or econ function (i.e residential/ commercial/ industrial), policies: policies/design practices that support multiple transit options/ preservation historice buildings/ respect for local ecology, sense: design urban envir where residents can easily meet/engage w/1 another in welcoming places (i.e parks), infilling= 1 way create new spaces within cities
How do Seattle and San Fran differ with regards to infilling? Explain relationship housing density and city services using exs.
Demand housing high in both b/c high tech industries, Seattle: rezoned parts city to allow more infill + increase height/ density housing so expensive but not super high like San, San: 1 unit housing available per 10 jobs, city core currently realizing 57% infill housing potential, relationship: high density= easier govs/ businesses provide good services, effective public trans needs certain level density b/c people won't use bus/train if must walk far to station, also needs enough riders to sustain financially, businesses need enough customers to provide strong services, ex: cell phone providers better able supply good services in dense urban b/c large # customers= lots revenue, density also motivates businesses launch new tech capabilities in urban
Latin Amer city model (remember shape). Who created it and when? Therefore it's also called the... What's the spine? What's the "mall" at the end of it? Describe the disamenity zones and the shortcomings of the model, what's it ringed by?
Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford, created: age of exploration, Griffin- Ford model, spine: high end commercial sector that extends outward from CBD, generally along boulevard w/ shops/ offices/ restaurants/ clubs, wealthy live on both sides it, mall= edge city, zones:high poverty urban areas in disadvantaged locations w/ steep slopes/ flood prone ground/ rail lines/ land fills/ or industry, often have informal housing areas called squatter settlement w/tons overcrowd/poverty, shortcomings: fails differentiate commercial/industrial uses, model over influenced by physical appearance L Amer cities, ring: squatter settlements
Lagos, Nigeria is home to the world's biggest ____ informal settlement (Makoko). How'd it come about, and what has been the gov's reaction? Why do scholar argue that the demolition of slums will cause more slums to be built? What challenges do urban women face?
Floating, 1800s: Makoko was small fishing village that evolved into community shacks on stilts+ boats after exploding pop Lagos left poor w/ few housing options, located under most traveled bridge in Lagos, repeatedly targeted by gov to erase it from public view w/forced evictions, July 2012: demolition workers w/ machetes set fire to settlement, scholar: when 1 demolished 2+ New ones arise b/c people need place sleep, women: challenges when try assert property claims, some countries have long traditions against women hold land tenure, many male- dominated traditions/ govs commonly associate women's land rights w/ her relationship to male partner/ family member, many place women= disproportionate % poor and lack land tenure can contribute
What's the Wild Mile project? Explain how urban areas are both causes and victims of climate change. Use city examples.
Focus restore river habitat in Chicago while create place visitors engage w/ nature, uses floating gardens (woven plastic) grow plants + increase biodivers (animals come for plants), plan add forests w/ walkways + kayak docks, urban: cause: consume tons energy= tons greenhouse gases, UN 2016: cities = 60-80% world's energy consumption + generated 75% greenhouse gas (trans + buildings) victims: London/ Mumbai/ Cairo/ Rio de Janeiro/ NYC all low lying coastal areas vulnerable to rising seas, Lime/ Cairo/ Tehran get more frequent heat waves w/ extreme high temps
Why does good infra attract businesses and further develop? What are some inventions Culhane uses to help the urban poor with energy needs?
Good sanitation systems= spread disease down, efficient rail/ highway= peoples' mobility up, quality education= knowledge/ problem solving/ other key abilities for success, 2001-2005: infra improve Africa= >1/2 econ growth saw, business: infra helps b/c allows effectively/ confidently transport goods/ share info + have capable labor pool from which to hire, infra= 1 reason businesses/ workers relocate, want places w/good trans/com, infra fail= econ down + quality life down, invent: to harness energy in food/ human waster made open source biodigester from containers anyone can build, makes fertilizer + fuel called biogas, fuel can be used heat water/ cook/ run electric generator, educated technicians/ farmers to in time become experts + up income by sell fert/ biogas
As Beijing has grown from 5.4M to 21M people in the last 40 yrs, the character of the city has changed in good and bad ways. Give a few ex of both. "3 flats" in Chicago would be an ex of ___ density housing. Suburbs, with mostly detached, single fam homes are ___ density housing. How's zoning work?
Good: 1970s gov implement econ reforms, loosen restrictions= malls/ luxury residential + office buildings/ high tech indust parks commonplace, evidence middle class economy like other E/SE Asia cities: skyscrapers, subway, modern residencies, has risen to be world city and ranks in top 10 by some accounts, bad: air pollution/ traffic congestion/ overcrowding, low dense urban sprawl b/c construct ring roads, b/c jobs not follow sprawl cars enter ring roads= more congestion, income inequality worse b/c country's wealth drawn into large cities, medium, low, zoning: divide city/urban area into zones with only certain land uses allowed, ex: manuf only in areas zone for indust use, other zoned for residential/ commercial/ mixed, can further divide (i.e residential only for single fam)
African City Model (remember shape). Who made it and when? What's unique about it? What happens as you move away from the center? What are its shortcomings? What are present on the periphery?
Harm de Blij, 1962, incorporates aspects earlier city models + 3 CBDs, move: high income neighborhoods/ high quality services and infra in CBDs, wealth + services down in outer rings, short: now out of date, doesn't account for informal+ Underground economies, doesn't show middle class+ wealthy area, located informal settlements near wealthy areas, periphery: satellite townships + squatter settlements
What happens to the cultural landscape of a neigh that's gentrified? Explain how LA is looked at as a prime ex of the negatives of gentrification.
Harmed when historic buildings altered/ replaces, local businesses replaced by global chain= placelessness many came to city to escape, these changes in business/ residential character= less community+ increase social tension, LA: 1 neigh saw 95% increase household income residents but most still live under poverty line, median cost house $52K 2000-> $421,731 2016, increase cost= social tension as rich live near long-time residents that rent, efforts not improving housing, 2000-> 2012: mediant rents (payments) up 25% while income down 9%
What's it mean if a community is walkable? Explain one of the measure of walkability. What's 1 reason European countries produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the US? Provide a country ex and compare it to the US. Using Arlington County, Virginia as an ex, explain what trans- oriented development is. Provide an envir and economic result of such develops.
How safe/ convenient/ efficient walk in urban envir, measures can include ratio people walk/ bike vs drive or availability locations (i.e stores) within walking distance people's homes, gas: better bike infra, integrated trans: biking + walking infra/ good public trans/ maintained bridges + roads all create connected streetscape, ex: US: 16.5 metric tons per capita, France: 4.6, Denmark: 5.9, Germany: 8.9, Virginia: creation dense/ walkable/ pedestrian oriented/ mixed use communities centered around/located near transit station, Virginia created in Rosslyn- Ballston corridor (develop built along major metro line), has 7 walkable/ bike friendly metro transit villages w/2 metro corridors that hold 36M square ft office space+ > 47k residential units, result: 40% residents use public trans to work + 6% walk, car use down while metro use up, accessibility trans attracts many to county, envir: emissions down, attract= growth= economy up, metro use= revenue for city, businesses attracted by threshold= econ up
What's Pittsburgh's basic industry? How's it give rise to 2ndary industries? Explain why Detroit and Allentown decline in growth.
Iron+ steel industry, gives rise to 2ndary that support basic, 2ndary meet peoples' needs (i.e housing/ food/ trans/ other goods + services), together contribute to city's econ develop, (basic: job, 2ndary support those in jobs), Det: down as car manuf expanded to other part US/other countries w/cheaper labor, Allen: thrived during US manuf boom 1st half 1900s but fell in econ/pop decline as industry move to S US/ peri countries
Why did many cities develop on islands, natural harbors, and rivers? Give exs of a few cities. Why's it not surprising that Aleppo (Syria) is 1 of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities? What let NYC become the commercial capital of the country?
Islands: access water routes/ defensible as armies travel open sea/lake/ river to attack, harbors: boats/ships have safe haven from waves open ocean= good base trade, cities in natural harbors: NYC, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, other cities at river's bend/narrower area (Quebec on St Lawrence River, London on Thames), bridges easier build on narrower= people settle both banks, rivers historically important for trade so cities at where 2 rivers meet, Aleppo: located along major trade network in strategic position at crossroad trade routes (i.e Silk Road), NYC: Erie Canal (1825), before that port cities (i.e New Orleans/Baltimore) more influential, Canal connect NYC to midwest= commercial capital
Explain following statement: world cities are not necessarily the largest in pop. Which world cities make up the top-tier and what other cities do geographers include in this top tier? Why do some argue Shanghai should be included in this tier? Give few characteristics of world cities.
Most influential instead, have many connections/ interactions w/other cities worldwide, have services that important to globalizing world, don't need most people for most influence, top: London/ NYC, include Tokyo/ Paris/ Shanghai, argue b/c China's econ importance in global economy, character: multinational corps have major presence in several world= strong linkages among them (corp needs specialized bank services/ com + trans networks which strengthens connections between world), give birth new ideas/ goods/ services and export w/ diffusion to other parts world, global events usually held in world, influence culture other cities (fast-food + brands), cities compete for influence: work attract more business/ investment/ human talent, compete host events to increase influence
During the Great migration, what happened to Cleveland's black pop? How'd seg come about? How'd the attempt to overcome seg in schools through busing deepen housing seg from the 1970s to mid 90s? What are zones of abandonment and how's filtering connected?
Multiplied by over 8x its 1910 size, many blacks pushed into low income + poor quality housing in inner city, challenges grew when city got crowded and whites saw black as competition (jobs)+ threats, redlining worsened, bus: motivated whites move to suburbs in greater #s to avoid kids being bused to integrated schools, zones: areas largely deserted b/c lack jobs/ decline land value/ failing demand, filter: process neigh change where housing vacated by affluent passed down to lower income, zones abandon result yrs redlining/ blockbust/ filter, hurt tax revenue (low property values) + havens for crime
Why does Lincoln, Nebraska have a greater level of interaction with NYC than with Charlotte, N Carolina, even through it's closer to Charlotte? Explain the gravity model's applicability and limitations in today's world. What does the rank-size rule explain? According to rank size, if the pop of the largest city is 9M, the 3rd most pop city will have ___ people. List some countries that follow rank-size (4) does the US?
NYC has larger pop (pop outweighs distance), today: assumers interaction people/goods between cities generally proportional to output goods, model based on assumption that 2 cities on flat surface w/out natural/ political/ cultural barriers, doesn't consider pol borders, useful in make generalizations but other factors come into play when applying to real-world scenarios, rank: how pop size cities within country may be distributed (largest= baseline and ranks all others in relation to it, 2nd= 1/2 largest, 3rd= 1/3, so on), 3M, follow: Libya/ Nigeria/ Australia/ Brazil, yes
Explain how telephones and later, high-speed internet and wi-fi services, influenced the growth of cities. What is just as important to future growth as access to rivers and highways had been in the past? Where do high-tech computer companies locate?
Phone= business more efficient, factories in cities took orders from far away customers= production up= need more workers, inter/wifi: businesses can instantly communicate internally+ w/customers, advances= cost transmit/communicate info over distances down a lot, important: access internet (more customers in urban= com companies serve there 1st, now businesses want location w/strong com networks), high: where access to educated workforce, now tech draws workers from other areas like factories used to, contributing to urbanization
Gravity model (don't describe). Who created it? What's another name for it? What does the focus seem to be on? What cities follow this model? What's it a picture of, what's in it, and what trans routes are in it?
Pierce Lewis, peripheral model, suburbs/ N Amer edge cities, modern cities US while other models historical, Detroit, Los Angeles, pic of larger metropolis, has suburban office areas, trans: radial highways and ring roads
List 10 things that count as infra from a variety of categories. How does infra vary between core and peri and even with single region of same country?
Police+ fire stations/ hospitals/ schools/ emergency services/ gov, includes mass transit systems (subway/ bus/ light rail)/ energy generating facilities (power stations/ wind farm/s hydroelectric plants)/ power lines/ phone cables/ ports, airports, waterways, canals/ road/ water supply systems, sewage system, wastewater treatment facilities, vary: core w/powerful econs have best infra, wealth/expertise let build strong/ efficient frameworks/infra, peri/semi don't have $ build good infra= many unable improve standard living, core/peri single country: Philadelphia: extreme wealth inequality= poor have unsafe while wealthy have safe, India: poor security on public trans discourages from work b/c commute to work could put in danger
Most of the world's largest cities are ___ cities, located on or near the sea. Why? What's the largest city in the pre-Columbian America? Describe its site and situation that allowed it to thrive. What was the silk road?
Port, globalization fuels trans goods/people across ocean, growth in ports b/c where goods/people depart+ arrive from numerous origins, large: Tenochtitlan, site: marshy island near W shore Lack Texcoco, building needed tech ingenuity: 3 causeways connect city to mainland w/bridges that removed for boats/attack, canals built trans goods, waterways= trans/trade in city + communities beyond it, silk: network trade routes that contributed to exchange ideas among diverse cultures Europe/Asia for >1.5kyrs
Explain how envir injustice is present in poor neighs located by industry, waster disposal facilities, and busy highways. What else is part of envir injustice, besides water and air pollution?
Presence contaminant= nearby housing cheaper= affordable to low income, residents lack political/ economic power oppose harmful indust facilities being built nearby, low income neigh in inner city/ near busy highways can't avoid exhaust from traffic, poor/minority neighs= older housing= envir health risks (mold/ lead based paint/ leaky roofs/ old infra like lead water pipes), residents can't repair to combat hazards, besides: food deserts place poor/ minority in envirs where struggle meet basic needs (local food movements help fight this)
Give exs of qualitative and quantitative data in the urban setting.
Qual: based on description/ narratives, data about observable phenomena, use field studies w/ tools like interviews/ focus groups/ surveys, researchers make own observations too (i.e what activities look popular in park), quant: quantifiable data (can be measured/ counted/ put into numerical context), include measurement (i.e air quality)/ examine test results/ conduct questionaries/ use data from existing database (i.e census), use primary/ 2ndary data: prim: info directly from source (count # bikes on a road for own study), 2ndary: data from other source (census data), 4 types data: nominal (named/ labeled)/ ordinal (ranked)/ interval (order + difference w/ meaning, i/e temp and yr)/ ratio (same as interval but has zero (i.e distance/area)
What does reducing a city's ecological footprint mean? What are the different strategies urban planners are employing to make cities sustainable? (Envir + diversity). Identify 2 envir consequences urban sprawl. What's the intended goal of all mixed use developments (MUDs)? Give an example of a MUD.
Reducing its impact on the envir, expressed as amount land needed to sustain its use natural resources, strats: mixed land use/ walkability/ trans- oriented develop/ smart growth initiatives (greenbelt/ slow growth/ new urbanism), cons: loss rural land, pollution from excessive car use in areas w/poor public trans, goal: limit sprawl + design livable urban spaces, range in scale but intend increase residential densities + minimize need travel outside development so reduce trans+ commute distance + costs, ex: single building or group multistory building w/ retail/com on ground floors w/ apartments on upper (vertical mixed), some= 1+ city blocks, some cover 1/2 square miles w/variety buildlings
How do govs influence urbanization (what regional + local do)? How do they seek to improve the livability in a city? What were the changes in trans that allowed cities to 1st grow outward? What did this decentralization create?
Region: city govs compete w/each other by offer tax/financial incentives businesses relocate, local: govs join together in region alliances to market region's advantages for econ develop, may create indust parks/zone tracts land for indust/other commercial uses, govs: enact land use plans + zoning to separate heavy industry from residential areas while provide trans linkages for workers (road/rail), improve: provide access public trans/ quality education/ reliable + efficient city services/ assure availability affordable housing, 1st: 19th/20th centuries: develop network trolleys/streetcars= workers no longer need live within walking distance work, create: new areas called "streetcar suburbs" to develop outside core areas cities, commuter rail lines gave cities more access surrounding areas= "railroad suburbs", now highway develop connect central cities w/ outlying areas= growth + expansion more suburbs
How have urban planners addressed urban sprawl? Why do they use infills?
Revitalization/ redevelop decaying areas helped lure people back in city, revit: focus put new life in community by reuse/renovate building + beautify area w/landscaping, redevel: converts existing property to more desirable use, can help address sprawl by create new mixed use neighs where people walk to public trans/ retail/ entertainment, infill: redevelop that develops vacant land within previously built areas, helps counter b/c focus on areas already w/trans + public infra
What's a greenbelt, and how do they contribute to smart growth and the ecological health of a city? Explain London's green belt. Who created the 1st preserve in the early 1900s that's still the biggest in the US with nearly _____ acres? List the envir benefits of the smart growth movement. How's smart-growth enhance residents' quality of life? Give 3 exs.
Ring parkland/ ag land/ other open space maintained around urban area to limit sprawl, serve as growth boundaries b/c convert rural-> urban prohibited in them, ecolog: limit pollution/ promote plant growth/ protect wildlife habitats, London: 1930s, today has golf courses/ farms/ parks/ rundown buildings, 70k, cook county IL, envir: reduce negative envir impact cities (slow sprawl, better land use, promote sus options), focus density/ mix use develop/ preserve land reduces city's ecological footprint, more trans options lowers car traffic/ fuel consumption/ air pollution, 1: trans-oriented develop= commute times+ costs down so personal time+ $ up, 2: mix use= convenient access services/job, 3: measures manage/ slow growth= strain city's infra down + ensures residents have services need for good quality life
How have women in Namibia been empowered with more land rights? What's envir injustice? How's GIS used to map occurrences of envir injustice?
Shack Dwellers Federation Namibia (SDFN), just under half pop country urban, 40% households headed by women, SDFN has helped community led groups (mostly driven by women) build almost 3.5K homes, empower women to acquire housing especially meaningful for poor, many African shantytown see % households headed by women up, envir: AKA envir racism, used to describe how communities color/poor more likely exposed to envir burdens (pollution/ bad water), concept encompasses unequal envir protection provided through laws/ gov policies/ enforcement, GIS: mapping tools show areas prone to aire/water pollution from manuf processes/ waster disposal/ other contaminants often located near poor/ minority neighs
What's it mean if a city has a favorable situation? What site features gave Athens an advantage? Provide the site features for the following cities (key resources): San Fransisco, Cali, Kimberley, S Africa. How did the invention of the railroad dictate the site of new communities?
Situation: connections between its site and other sites, fav: easy access trading partners/ resources/ other connections which fuels growth/ econ develop, built on hill: view into distance= detect advancing armies, if attacked easier defend when foe has to climb up slope, Cal: gold, SA: Some Africa's richest diamond mines, rail: businesses wanted strategic location on trade routes for time+ cost down, cities arose where good moved 1 mode trans to another: workers for labor, warehouses to house goods until next leg journey
Threshold and range are important in understanding central place theory. Explain the meaning of these 2. Why do higher- order goods and services have larger thresh and ranges than lower-order goods? Where are higher- order goods located? List examples. Where are lower- order goods and services found? Why? According to central place theory, ___ serve larger pops and are located ___ from one another, while ___ and other, smaller communities are ___ together and distributed in a pattern between the cities.
Size/ location central place determined by these, thresh: # people needed to support certain good/ service, range: distance people willing travel for a good/ service, high: more expensive/ desirable/ unique, located: cities w/min threshold to support them, include items like luxury cars/ high end fashion/ works art and services like pro sports events/ museums/ cultural festivals, lower: grocery stores/ other common retail stores, services include hair salons/ barber shops/ post offices, why: consumers less willing travel further for these, low: hamlets/ villages, high: towns/ cities, cities, far, towns, closer
Why would someone from a village or hamlet travel to a city? Explain why there's more hamlets than villages, more villages then towns, and more towns than cities.
Smaller settlements only offer goods/services for everyday needs, cities have >variety= cities core (center), people travel to city to take advantage higher- order shopping/ cultural events, why: smaller settlements provide lower goods/services= smaller area influence= smaller distance willing travel, close together b/c lack distance while larger have more distance b/c variety/ higher goods= larger area influence, more hamlets for everyday needs, fewer larger b/c luxury
What're inclusionary zoning laws, and how do they seek to address the issues of affordable housing? Provide a pro and a con view on inclusionary zoning laws. What's land tenure?
Strategy start in 70s counter effects exclusionary + seg zoning, create affordable housing by offer incentive developers set aside min % housing construction to be allocated for poor, pro: needs fewer gov subsidies than other policies, promotes economic/ racial/ cultural integration in urban neighs, con: may= overall increase cost housing for most pop as those pay market price must subsidize lower cost housing, believe this zoning= disincentive developers + burden for buyers, reduces overall supply housing, land: legal rights associated w/owning land, concept encompasses who can use land/ for how long/ under what conditions
SE Asian city model (know shape). Who made it? What's unique about it? What's the "alien commercial zone"? What do SE Asian cities have that other models don't? What're the shortcomings?
T.G McGee, lack clearly defined CBD, only 2 zones remain constant: port zone + zone intensive market gardening on periphery, alien: non indigenous Asian commercial zone, have: larger middle class than Africa/L Amer= larger suburbs, short: cities in region changed radically since model made, many cities now have CBDs as globalized economy fueled rapid urban growth, quick growing econs also= develop metro regions= former rural regions to urban landscapes
List the iconic or symbolic place that comes to mind for each of these: NYC, Paris, Tokyo, Singapore. What's significant about Shanghai's situation? What let Shanghai transform from a small village to the economic center of China and one of the 10 most pop cities? Describe Shanghai's varied urban landscape. Explain the social and envir consequences of Shanghai's develop and growth.
Times Square, Eiffel Tower + Arc de Triomphe, Shibuya crossing, Buckingham Palace + Big Ben, Merlion Park, Shanghai: site: E C China on coast China Sea between mouth river and bay, situation: Yangize river connects to resources/ markets in China's interior + E China Sea connects to global markets, transform: opening to foreign trade (1840), W part Huangpu river grew fast while E slower, 1930s: important trade center, another boost after China adopted open door policy (trade w/other countries up, 1980s), spurred develop E part by reduce restrictions foreign trade (1990), land: downtown spans both sides Huangpu River, colonial era buildings on waterfront towered over by new develop built in last 2 decades on rice paddies/ ag land, cheap housing torn down for housing for middle class, consequences: housing shortage + prices up, gov restricts who lives in city, Ms residents moved to suburbs, tear down cheap house pushes poor into congests slums on outskirts, many come to city from rural for work and often poor at edges city, envir: are quality poor b/c car/construction projects
Traditionally, what were the most important linkages for urban places to evolve? What about today? The ancient cities of Mesopotamia competed for ___ and ___, as did the city-states of ancient Greece. Why were trans routes critical to the Roman empire? What's the gravity model used for? What 'things' are affected by how large each city is? Explain the gravity model in terms that will help you apply it.
Trans routes between cities, today com linkages almost equally important, power, wealth, Rome became center vast territory, control trans routes critical to secure/ protect power city, routes brought wealth to Rome through trade + used move armies + come w/and control cities at outskirts empire, gravity: used to predict interaction based on pop/ distance, pop more important, cities' area influence based on size: commerce/ flow traffic/ # visitors/ # phone calls or other com linkages between people in 2+ cities affected by size each, apply:level spatial interaction between 2 cities depends on size cities+ distance between them, larger cities interact w/ more distance interact more than smaller cities w/less distance, larger draw interaction from smaller nearby
One of the most influential factors in urban growth is _____. Why? What allowed earlier colonial cities to thrive? What site features influenced Chicago's location? How did Chicago become the central connecting point between the farms and ranches of the west and markets in the eastern US and Europe? Today, ___% rail freight in the US continues to pass through Chicago.
Trans, waterways/ railroads/ highways= how raw materials get to factories/ good to market/ workers access jobs, advance in trans/comm techs influences urban growth, trans systems let manuf facilities/ retail + office envirs relocate to suburbs where residential areas plentiful, early: sites on Atlantic coast/ along rivers for trade, econ develop/ settlement expanded= interior cities on rivers w/good access coast, large cities grew on rivers b/c access to trans for trade, Chicago: site chosen for defensive position, inconsequential till Erie Canal connected Great Lakes to Hudson River and thus Atlantic, route gave Chicago access E coast/ transaltantic shipping routes, central: railroad (was meeting point rail stretch E + W), 50
provide characteristics of exurbs. What do critics argue are the negs of suburbanization? Define tax base.
Typically fast- growing community outside/on edge metropolitan area where residents + community closely connected to central city/ suburbs, lie beyond suburbs (more rural), often low density residential communities that more wealthy estates or small rural towns, critics: suburb communities lack identity/ sense of place, dependence cars= congestion/ air pollution/ envir issues, many cases people who stay in city= those too poor leave= lower tax base in city + can add to econ decline and urban decay, def: total amount income/ assets/ transactions/ etc. subject to taxation by tax authority
What was the most important city of Mesopotamia and why? In what other places did urban settlements arise? Explain how the industrial rev led to urbanization. Today, according to the UN, ___% of the world's pop lives in urban areas. The UN projects by 20150, ___% of the world's pop will be urban. The growth of cities has occurred quickly, rising from ___M urban dwellers in 1950 to ____B in 2018.
Uruk (4500 BCE): along banks Euphrates River (Iraq), why: located on river critical for trans, location caused its rise as trading center to become largest/most important, other: Nile River Valley/ Indus River Valley/ Wei River Valley (China)/ Mesoamer (all in ag areas) (1000s yrs small minority world pop urban) Rev= factories which attracted those in search jobs, since then new cities developed+ existing cities up in area/pop, 55, 68, 751, 4.2
What are the 2 most serious challenges cities face in planning for a sus future? List the different causes for water pollution in both the peri and core. Include India, Brazil, and Flint, Michigan. What produces air pollution and what affect has it had on cities like Shanghai and Jakarta?
Water + air quality, water: peri: domestic sewage + indust water, India: rivers/streams hurt by urban pop explode, sanitation systems overwhelmed, Brazil 2019: 27 pesticides in water 1.4k towns/ cities, core: age infra, Flint: water has unacceptable levels lead from water system's older lead pipes, air: factories/ businesses/ power plant/ vehicle exhaust, in fast expand laws regulate pollution can't keep up, out of 125 cities Shanghai has highest % new asthma cases in kids <18 b/c traffic pollution, Jakarta: pollution levels from coal combustion far above WHO's Air Quality Guideline
How does income affect density and why? How does inner city density in the US compare to Europe? Explain the difference.
Wealthy: lower density (further from CBD), trade expense longer commute for larger living space in suburbs, poor: higher density, those w/jobs in CBD can't afford cost trans so live denser closer to CBD, may put strain on household b/c closer= cost land up (housing cost reflects), inner: Europe much denser, US has relatively dense core but not as dense as other countries, NYC: 27K per square mile, Paris: 56k, density varies w/living space per person, new home US: 2164 square ft vs 1023 Japan and 646 China, also difference housing types: NYC: skyscrapers but mostly lowrise (1/2 floors) and mid rise (3-6), single fam common, Paris: almost only apt buildings, most in Paris basically stacked atop each other= higher density
When do neighs become gentrified (what's the intention)? Provide 3 pros and 3 cons of gentrification
When developers/ middle+ upper income people buy deteriorated buildings to restore/ renovate, intent: improve/ rebuild downtown areas, pro: property values up= tax revenue up, higher income residents + tourism up to newly renovate areas attracts new businesses + investors, neigh improve include infra upgrades (sidewalks + parks)/ repaved roads/ fiber optic internet installation, rehab historic buildings restores visual appeal + enhances cultural landscape, con: displaces poor/ elderly/ marginalized groups b/c property values + taxes up, homelessness up as low income housing scarcer, can push property prices so high middle class forced out, cultural landscape harmed
Explain the process of redlining and how it led to the decay of African Amer neighs. Is redlining a thing of the past? Explain. What was blockbusting, and what'd it lead to?
When lending institution (i.e bank) refuse offer home loan on basis neigh's racial/ethnic makeup, 1930s: gov made maps w/areas considered poor investments for banks, areas in red mostly black, redlined properties fell into disrepair/ abandoned b/c residents couldn't get loans for new house/ fix house live in, no, Fair Housing Act 1968 made illegal but many cities (i.e Atlanta/Detroit) still approve black loans at lower rates than white, block: real estate agents stirred up fear that black fams move to neigh, got whites sell house below market price then sold to black above market price, promoted fear minorities+ belief houses in diverse neigh not as valuable as other areas, led to racial makeup residential blocks change fast