Urinary
CORRECT 19 : Of the filtrate that enters the nephron about what percent is reabsorbed during urine formation? a. 99% b. 95% c. 80% d. 65% e. 19%,
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: 99% of the filtrate that enters the nephron is reabsorbed.
CORRECT 20 : A decrease in plasma proteins results in a. decreased colloid osmotic pressure. b. increased colloid osmotic pressure. c. increased glomerular capillary pressure. d. decreased filtration pressure. e. increased tubular reabsorption.
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: A decrease in plasma proteins causes a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure.
CORRECT 28 : The permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct is controlled by a. ADH. b. aldosterone. c. atrial natriuretic factor. d. carrier molecules. e. sodium ions.
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: ADH controls the permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct.
CORRECT 5 : Given these parts of a nephron: <br></br><br></br> 1. renal corpuscle <br></br> 2. collecting duct <br></br> 3. loop of Henle <br></br> 4. distal tubule <br></br> 5. proximal tubule<br></br><br></br> Arrange the parts in order as fluid flows from the filtration membrane through the nephron. a. 1,5,3,4,2 b. 2,4,1,3,5 c. 2,1,4,5,3 d. 4,2,3,5,1 e. 5,1,3,4,2,
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: Beginning at the filtration membrane, the sequence of parts of a nephron through which fluid flows is: 1, 5,3,4,2.
CORRECT 32 : Which of these substances is actively transported into the filtrate in the proximal and distal tubule? a. H+ ions b. Na+ ions c. glucose d. amino acids e. Cl- ions
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: H+ ions are actively transported into the filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules.
CORRECT 18 : Which of these substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane? a. hemoglobin b. water c. sodium ions d. bicarbonate ions e. glucose
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: Hemoglobin, a protein found on erythrocytes does not normally pass through the filtration membrane. Water, sodium ions, bicarbonate ions, and glucose do pass through the filtration membrane.
CORRECT 27 : These ions are cotransported across the apical membrane in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. a. K+ ions and Cl- ions b. K+ ions and Mg2+ ions c. Ca2+ ions and K+ ions d. Ca2+ ions and Cl- ions e. Ca2+ ions and Mg2+ ions
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: K+ ions and Cl- ions are cotransported across the apical membrane in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. fructose, Na+ ions, and Ca2+ ions would all be reabsorbed from the filtrate
CORRECT 25 : The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is __________ to water. a. impermeable b. moderately permeable c. permeable
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
CORRECT 8 : Collectively the capillary epithelium, basement membrane, and podocytes form the a. filtration membrane. b. glomerulus. c. juxtamedullary nephron. d. nephron. e. renal corpuscle.,
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: The capillary epithelium, basement membrane, and podocytes form the filtration membrane.
CORRECT 13 : Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor is the a. external urinary sphincter. b. internal urinary sphincter. c. trigone.
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: The external urinary sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it makes it way through the pelvic floor.
CORRECT 17 : The part of the plasma volume that passes through the filtration membrane is the a. filtration fraction. b. plasma clearance. c. renal blood flow rate. d. renal fraction. e. tubular maximum.
The correct answer is a Your answer is a Feedback : Correct Answer: The filtration fraction is the part of plasma flowing through the kidney that is filtered through the filtration membrane into the lumen of Bowman's capsule to become filtrate.
CORRECT 22 : During tubular reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the nephron most solutes are moved across the apical membrane by __________ , and across the basal membrane by __________ . a. cotransport, cotransport b. cotransport, facilitated diffusion c. counter transport, cotransport d. facilitated diffusion, cotransport e. primary active transport, cotransport,
The correct answer is b Your answer is b Feedback : Correct Answer: During tubular reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the nephron, most solutes are moved across the apical membrane by cotransport, and across the basal membrane by facilitated diffusion.
CORRECT 11 : Given these vessels: <br></br><br></br> 1. arcuate vein <br></br> 2. afferent arteriole <br></br> 3. efferent arteriole <br></br> 4. interlobular vein <br></br> 5. peritubular capillaries<br></br><br></br> Arrange the vessels in the order in which a drop of blood from the interlobular artery passes through them. a. 1,2,4,5,3 b. 2,3,5,4,1 c. 3,5,4,2,1 d. 4,2,5,3,1 e. 5,2,4,1,3,
The correct answer is b Your answer is b Feedback : Correct Answer: In sequence, the vessels that a drop of blood travels through, beginning at the interlobular artery is: 2,3,5,4,1.
CORRECT 37 : Which of these conditions increases the amount of urine produced? a. increased ADH secretion b. increased atrial natriuretic hormone secretion c. increased aldosterone secretion d. decreased blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries e. sympathetic stimulation of the renal arteries
The correct answer is b Your answer is b Feedback : Correct Answer: Increased atrial natriuretic hormone secretion would increase the amount of urine produced as it inhibits ADH secretion and Na+ ion reabsorption at the kidneys.
CORRECT 31 : Renal tubules are __________ permeable to urea than they are to water, therefore urea concentration in the tubules __________ . a. less, decreases b. less, increases c. more, decreases d. more, increases
The correct answer is b Your answer is b Feedback : Correct Answer: Renal tubules are less permeable to urea than they are to water, therefore urea concentration in the tubules increases.
CORRECT 3 : The major calyces of the kidney converge to form an enlarged channel called the a. renal fascia. b. renal pelvis. c. renal pyramids. d. renal papillae. e. renal sinus.
The correct answer is b Your answer is b Feedback : Correct Answer: The convergence of the major calyces forms the renal pelvis.
CORRECT 33 : The countercurrent multiplier mechanism of the nephron is in the a. proximal tubule and distal tubule. b. loop of Henle and vasa recta. c. distal tubule and collecting duct. d. glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. e. glomerulus and collecting duct.
The correct answer is b Your answer is b Feedback : Correct Answer: The countercurrent multiplier mechanism of the nephron is in the loop of Henle and vasa recta.
CORRECT 6 : The tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle is called the a. podocytes. b. glomerulus. c. calyx. d. renal pyramid. e. renal sinus.
The correct answer is b Your answer is b Feedback : Correct Answer: The tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle is called the glomerulus.
CORRECT 26 : The percentage of filtrate volume reabsorbed in the proximal tubule is a. 99%. b. 80%. c. 65%. d. 19%. e. 15%.
The correct answer is c Your answer is c Feedback : Correct Answer: 65% of the filtrate volume is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
CORRECT 21 : As filtrate moves through the thin segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle water moves __________ the nephron, and solutes move __________ the nephron. a. into, into b. into, out of c. out of, into d. out of, out of,
The correct answer is c Your answer is c Feedback : Correct Answer: As filtrate makes its way through the thin segment of the loop of Henle, water moves out and solutes move into the nephron.
CORRECT 12 : The triangular area of the urinary bladder between the two ureters posteriorly and the urethra anteriorly is the a. external urinary sphincter. b. internal urinary sphincter. c. smooth muscle. d. transitional epithelium. e. trigone.
The correct answer is e Your answer is e Feedback : Correct Answer: The trigone is the triangular area between the two ureters posteriorly and the urethra anteriorly in the urinary bladder.
CORRECT 39 : When the tubular load of a substance exceeds the tubular maximum, that substance will a. be actively transported into the blood. b. diffuse into the blood. c. appear in the urine. d. cause a backflow of filtrate from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus. e. be broken down by carbonic anhydrase.
The correct answer is c Your answer is c Feedback : Correct Answer: Because tubular load is the total amount of a substance that passes through the filtration membrane into nephrons each minute, and the tubular maximum is the rate at which a substance can be actively absorbed, when tubular load exceeds tubular maximum that substance will not be completely reabsorbed and will therefore appear in the urine.
CORRECT 35 : Juxtaglomerular cells secrete a. ADH. b. oxytocin. c. renin. d. aldosterone. e. angiotensin
The correct answer is c Your answer is c Feedback : Correct Answer: Juxtaglomerular cells secrete the enzyme rennin.
CORRECT 2 : The apex of the renal pyramid is called the a. major calyx. b. minor calyx c. renal papilla. d. renal pelvis. e. ureter.
The correct answer is c Your answer is c Feedback : Correct Answer: The apex of the renal pyramid is called the renal papilla.
CORRECT 4 : The basic histological and functional unit of the kidney is the a. glomerulus. b. filtration membrane. c. nephron. d. podocyte. e. renal corpuscle.
The correct answer is c Your answer is c Feedback : Correct Answer: The histological and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
CORRECT 30 : At which of these locations is the osmolality of the filtrate the highest? a. Bowman's capsule b. proximal tubule c. bottom of the loop of Henle d. distal tubule e. top of the collecting duct
The correct answer is c Your answer is c Feedback : Correct Answer: The osmolality of the filtrate is highest at the bottom of the loop of Henle
CORRECT 14 : Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called a. filtration. b. tubular reabsorption. c. tubular secretion.
The correct answer is c Your answer is c Feedback : Correct Answer: Tubular secretion is the active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron.
CORRECT 29 : All of these compounds are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood EXCEPT a. amino acids. b. fructose. c. Na+ ions. d. penicillin. e. Ca2+ ions.
The correct answer is d Your answer is d Feedback : Correct Answer: Amino acids penicillin however would not. Penicillin is actively secreted by active transport or counter transport processes into the nephron. approximately 1200 mOsm/L.
CORRECT 1 : Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney is the a. cortex. b. hilum. c. medulla. d. renal capsule. e. renal pyramids.
The correct answer is d Your answer is d Feedback : Correct Answer: The fibrous connective tissue which surrounds each kidney is the renal capsule.
CORRECT 7 : The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed where the __________ projects between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole next to Bowman's capsule. a. glomerulus b. arcuate arteries c. proximal tubule d. distal tubule e. collecting duct
The correct answer is d Your answer is d Feedback : Correct Answer: The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed where the distal tubule projects between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole next to Bowman's capsule.
CORRECT 40 : The micturition reflex a. can be stimulated or inhibited by higher centers in the brain. b. is stimulated by increased pressure in the bladder. c. can be stimulated by irritation of the bladder or urethra. d. all of these
The correct answer is d Your answer is d Feedback : Correct Answer: The micturition reflex can be stimulated or inhibited by higher brain centers, is stimulated by increased pressure in the bladder, and can be stimulated by irritation of the bladder or urethra.
CORRECT 16 : The part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is called the a. filtration fraction. b. plasma clearance. c. renal blood flow rate. d. renal fraction. e. tubular maximum.
The correct answer is d Your answer is d Feedback : Correct Answer: The renal fraction is the part of the total cardiac output passing through the kidneys, 12-30% of cardiac output.
CORRECT 15 : The movement of substances from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries is called a. filtration. b. tubular secretion. c. backflow. d. tubular reabsorption. e. micturition.
The correct answer is d Your answer is d Feedback : Correct Answer: Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from the filtrate back to the blood of the peritubular capillaries.
CORRECT 36 : Drinking a large amount of beer results in a. increased aldosterone secretion. b. increased permeability of the collecting ducts of the nephrons. c. decreased urine osmolality. d. increased urine volume. e. both c and d
The correct answer is e Your answer is e Feedback : Correct Answer: Alcohol acts as a diuretic since it inhibits ADH secretion, which causes increased urine volume and decreased urine osmolality.
CORRECT 38 : Angiotensin II causes a. increased ADH secretion. b. increased thirst. c. increased salt appetite. d. increased peripheral resistance. e. all of these
The correct answer is e Your answer is e Feedback : Correct Answer: Angiotensin II causes increased ADH secretion, increased thirst, increased salt appetite, and increased peripheral resistance.
CORRECT 24 : In kidney nephron epithelial cells __________ are moved by counter transport through the basal membrane in exchange for K+ ions. a. Ca2+ ions b. Cl- ions c. H+ ions d. Mg2+ ions e. Na+ ions,
The correct answer is e Your answer is e Feedback : Correct Answer: In kidney nephron epithelial cells, Na+ ions are moved by counter transport through the basal membrane in exchange for K+ ions.
CORRECT 23 : In kidney nephron epithelial cells solutes are cotransported with a. Ca2+ ions. b. Cl- ions. c. K+ ions. d. Mg2+ ions. e. Na+ ions.,
The correct answer is e Your answer is e Feedback : Correct Answer: Solutes are cotransported with sodium ions in the nephron epithelial cells.
CORRECT 9 : The part of a nephron between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle is the a. collecting duct. b. distal tubule. c. juxtaglomerular apparatus. d. macula densa. e. proximal tubule.
The correct answer is e Your answer is e Feedback : Correct Answer: The proximal tubule is the part of the nephron between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle.
CORRECT 34 : Urea diffuses out of the __________ , and into the __________ . a. proximal tubule, distal tubule b. proximal tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle c. descending limb of the loop of Henle, ascending limb of the loop of Henle d. ascending limb of the loop of Henle, descending limb of the loop of Henle e. collecting duct, descending limb of the loop of Henle
The correct answer is e Your answer is e Feedback : Correct Answer: Urea diffuses out of the collecting duct, and into the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
CORRECT 10 : The __________ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney. a. interlobar arteries b. arcuate arteries c. efferent arterioles d. afferent arterioles e. vasa recta
The correct answer is e Your answer is e Feedback : Correct Answer: Vasa recta are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney.