urinary quiz exam 5
Which structure is composed of a layer of collagen fibers that covers the entire outer surface of the kidney? fibrous capsule renal fascia peritoneum perinephric fat capsule
fibrous capsule
Which component, of those listed below, has the lowest concentration (mEq/L or mg/dL) in both plasma and dialysis fluid? Cl- K+ glucose Na+
K+
Which of the following is not a general characteristic of normal urine? osmolarity of 855 to 1335 mOsm/L zero bacterial content a volume of 100 to 250 mL/day an average pH of 6.0
a volume of 100 to 250 mL/day
What mechanism is used to adjust the osmotic concentration of tubular fluid in the DCT and collecting system? filtration active transport continuous osmotic flow of water simple diffusion
active transport
Which blood vessel(s) deliver(s) blood to the glomerulus? efferent arteriole arcuate arteries peritubular capillaries afferent arteriole
afferent arteriole
Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances? filtration pressure capsular colloid osmotic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure
capsular colloid osmotic pressure
Which buffer system is most important in the ECF? phosphate buffer system hemoglobin buffer system amino acid buffers carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla? proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct distal convoluted tubule nephron loop
collecting duct
Variable secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is a specific function of which renal structure? proximal convoluted tubule collecting system distal convoluted tubule nephron loop
collecting system
Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra? internal urethral sphincter trigone external urethral sphincter detrusor muscle
detrusor muscle
Which event does not occur when the normal GFR is decreased? dilation of efferent arterioles contraction of mesangial cells dilation of afferent arterioles constriction of efferent arterioles
dilation of efferent arterioles
When the pH of body fluids decreases, which of the following are secreted in exchange for sodium ions reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule? potassium ions glucose hydrogen ions toxins and drugs
hydrogen ions
Hypertensive kidney failure would most likely result in which of the following conditions? Increased retention of amino acids Increased retention of creatinine Increased retention of lipids Increased retention of glucose
increased retention of creatine
Which is true regarding respiratory acidosis? It is a very uncommon, but rarely severe, condition. Elevated PCO2 results in an increase in plasma pH. It develops if the rate of CO2 generation exceeds the rate of CO2 removal. Alveolar and plasma PCO2 decrease when respiratory activity does not keep pace with the rate of CO2 generation.
it develops if the rate of co2 generation exceeds the rate of co2 removal
Metabolic complications of the urinary system associated with diabetes result in: dysuria polyuria urinary retention anuria
polyuria
Which metabolite(s) or nutrient(s) is/are not present in normal urine? nitrogenous wastes glucose lipids proteins
proteins
In which region of the nephron is tubular fluid first formed? nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
Which nephron part do you think will be most at risk of damage due to chronic hypertension? Collecting duct Nephron loop Proximal convoluted tubule Renal corpuscle
renal corpuscle
Part complete Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______. ADH aldosterone angiotensin II renin
renin
Which ionic compound is described as consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion? buffer base acid salt
salt
Which nitrogenous waste has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine? creatinine uric acid ammonia urea
uric acid
Neural responses triggered by angiotensin II stimulate the release of ______. renin urea aldosterone ADH
ADH
When someone's blood pressure rises slightly, the function of their urinary system will probably most immediately change in which of the following ways? Urine production will decrease GFR will rise Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule will rise Water reabsorption in the collecting duct will increase
GFR will rise
Metabolic acids __________. are acid participants in, or by-products of, cellular metabolism can leave the body by entering the atmosphere at the lungs are metabolized slowly are generated in small amounts during the catabolism of amino acids
are avid participants in, or by-products of, cellular metabolism
As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream? bicarbonate ions potassium ions phosphate ions sulfate ions
bicarbonate ions
Which transport mechanism(s) results from blood pressure that forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space? reabsorption secretion filtration reabsorption and secretion
filtration
The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow. mesangial cells collecting duct cells podocytes dense layer
mesangial cells
The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe. renal papilla major calyx renal pelvis minor calyx
minor calyx
Which structure reabsorbs 25 percent of the water in the nephron? distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop collecting system
nephron loop
Which event does not occur in the distal convoluted tubule? A combination of secretion and reabsorption further alters the solute composition of the tubular fluid. Sodium ions are reabsorbed in exchange for potassium ions. Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption occurs. Osmosis pulls water out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid.
osmosis pulls water out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid
The urethral lining consists of: stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice. stratified columnar epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder. transitional epithelium at the midpoint of the urethra. stratified squamous epithelium at the neck of the urinary bladder.
stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice
Which nervous system structure(s) inhibits micturition by relaxing the detrusor and contracting the internal urethral sphincter? Baroreceptors stimulate the pontine reflexes. efferent fibers in the pelvic nerves parasympathetic afferent impulses Stretch receptor impulses activate sympathetic outflow.
stretch receptor impulses activate sympathetic outflow
Which event correctly occurs under maximum ADH stimulation? Facultative water reabsorption occurs in the PCT. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the DCT. The DCT and collecting system become impermeable to water. The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water.
the dct and collecting system become more permeable to water
Which statement accurately describes responses to metabolic acidosis? Conversion of water to carbonic acid occurs. The renal response to acidosis involves secreting HCO3-. The respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2. The renal response to acidosis involves absorbing H+ ions.
the respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2
Which statement regarding the kidneys is false? The right kidney lies slightly superior to the left kidney. The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs. Each kidney is stabilized and protected by three concentric layers of connective tissue. The kidneys lie between vertebrae T12 and L3.
the right kidney lies slightly superior to the left kidney
The filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle has: a lower osmotic concentration than plasma. a higher osmotic concentration than plasma. the same osmotic concentration as plasma. the same composition as plasma and contains plasma proteins.
the same osmotic concentration as plasma
What is the function of the vasa recta? to collect water and solutes reabsorbed by the nephron and deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron to collect blood from the capillaries of nephrons to return blood to the inferior vena cava
to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron
