Urinary system
High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule
Afferent arterioles
Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct.
Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
Peritubular capillaries
1) In contrasting urine and filtrate by the time it reaches the collecting ducts, it could be said that: 1) _______ A) filtrate contains almost everything that blood plasma does B) they contain essentially the same concentration of nutrients C) urine contains almost everything that blood plasma does D) filtrate contains more unnecessary substances than urine does E) they contain essentially the same amount of water
a
1) The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) nephron loop B) glomerular filtration membrane C) collecting duct D) distal convoluted tubule
a
42) Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A) macula densa B) principal cell C) vasa recta D) nephron loop
a
10. If the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus becomes constricted, A. Blood flow into the efferent arteriole increases B. The glomerular filtration rate decreases C. Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus increases D. The protein concentration of the filtrate increases
b
3) An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) decrease in the production of ADH B) increase in the production of ADH C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma
b
10) Which one of the following is NOT a substance typically reabsorbed by the tubules under normal healthy conditions: 10) ______ A) sodium B) water C) urea D) glucose E) amino acids
c
31) Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron? A) number of carriers. B) lipid solubility. C) molecule size relative to fenestrations. D) molecular complexity
d
4. Afferent arterioles are lateral branches of the A. Renal arteries B. Arciform arteries C. Interlobar arteries D. Interlobular arteries
d
39. The bundles of interlaced muscular fibers in the wall of the urinary bladder comprise the ______________.
detrusor muscle
T/F 7) Both the male and female urethras serve the urinary and the reproductive systems.
f
T/F 9) Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.
f
T/F 20) Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.
t
T/F 24. Glomerular filtrate has a composition similar to tissue fluid.
t
T/F 36. Urine is forced along the length of the ureter by peristaltic waves.
t
T/F 6) The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.
t
May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels
Efferent arterioles
Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells
Glomerular capillaries
Site of filtrate formation
Glomerulus
tubule extending from the renal cortex to the renal medulla and back to the renal cortex
Nephron loop
Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.
Peritubular capillaries
7. The __________ arteriole supplies blood to the capillary of the glomerulus.
afferent
88) Sodium ion content of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is largely regulated by an adrenal cortex hormone called __________.
aldosterone
9. _________________ __________________ is the hormone that regulates water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.
antidiuretic hormone/adh
1) ADH activated water channels called ________ are essential for water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
aquaporins
1. Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys? A. The right kidney is usually higher than the left one B. They are located behind the parietal peritoneum C. Their upper borders are about at the level of the third lumbar vertebra D. They are located against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity
b
14) Antidiuretic hormone prevents excessive water loss by promoting water reabsorption in the: 14) ______ A) distal convoluted tubule B) collecting duct C) glomerulus D) proximal convoluted tubule E) bladder
b
17. Aldosterone (a) is produced mainly in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, (b) increases sodium reabsorption by the nephron, (c) increases potassium reabsorption by the nephron, (d) tends to increase the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.
b
17. During a kidney transplant procedure, the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipient's A. Renal artery and vein B. Iliac artery and vein C. Aorta and inferior vena cava D. Aorta and portal vein
b
18) The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) active transport B) osmosis C) filtration D) cotransport with sodium ions
b
19) The percentage of filtrate eventually reabsorbed into the bloodstream is closest to: 19) ______ A) 50% B) 99% C) 10% D) 80% E) 25%
b
23) Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter in normal children is related to: 23) ______ A) hormone regulation B) nervous system development C) enzymatic regulation D) muscular development E) intelligence
b
26) A simple rule concerning water and electrolyte regulation is: 26) ______ A) salt actively follows water B) water passively follows salt C) salt passively follows water D) water actively follows salt E) potassium passively follows sodium
b
34) The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. A) colloid osmotic pressure of the blood B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure C) capsular hydrostatic pressure D) myogenic mechanism
b
36) The process of emptying the bladder is referred to as voiding or: 36) ______ A) tubular secretion B) micturition C) filtration D) incontinence E) tubular reabsorption
b
37) Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water C) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending nephron loop D) the presence of ADH
b
Tubular reabsorption ________. A) includes substances such as creatinine B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient C) by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood D) is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste
b
Urine passes through the ________. A) renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra C) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule D) hilum to urethra to bladder
b
84) The kidneys can help maintain a rising blood pH by excreting __________ ions and reabsorbing __________ ions by the tubule cells.
bicarbonate, hydrogen
Contains an area called the trigone formed by the openings of the ureters and urethra
bladder
In males, this organ is surrounded by the prostate
bladder
Muscular sac suitable for temporary urine storage
bladder
12. Which of the following cells secretes renin? (a) macula densa, (b) glomerular epithelial cells, (c) juxtaglomerular cells, (d) basement membrane cells
c
14. The largest quantity of hydrogen ions is secreted A. Passively into the proximal convoluted tubule B. Passively from the distal convoluted tubule C. Actively into the proximal convoluted tubule D. Actively from the distal convoluted tubule
c
15) The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A) the ionic electrochemical gradient B) protein-regulated diffusion C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
c
15) Urine is transported from the bladder to the outside of the body by the: 15) ______ A) prostate gland B) ureter C) urethra D) trigone E) collecting duct
c
17) The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A) glomerular endothelium B) podocytes C) renal fascia D) basement membrane
c
20. Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of A. Uric acid B. Calcium oxalate C. Cholesterol D. Magnesium phosphate
c
20. The macula densa is part of (a) the proximal convoluted tubule, (b) the afferent arteriole, (c) the distal convoluted tubule, (d) the efferent arteriole, (e) none of the preceding.
c
24) Uric acid, a nitrogenous waste product, results from the metabolism of: 24) ______ A) amino acids B) proteins C) nucleic acids D) creatinine E) salt
c
3. Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end? A. Proximal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of loop of Henle, descending limb of loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule B. Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of loop of Henle, descending limb of loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule C. Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of loop of Henle, ascending limb of loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule D. Descending limb of loop of Henle, ascending limb of loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
c
36) If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? A) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. B) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules. C) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. D) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult.
c
37) The proper pH for the blood is: 37) ______ A) 6.8-6.9 B) 7.0-7.35 C) 7.35-7.45 D) 7.5-8.0 E) 6.5-8.0
c
38) Which of the following is NOT an organ found in the urinary system: 38) ______ A) ureter B) urethra C) pancreas D) kidney E) urinary bladder
c
40) Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion? A) disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs B) eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes C) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions D) ridding the body of excessive potassium ions
c
44) Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) renal autoregulation B) neural regulation C) electrolyte levels D) hormonal regulation
c
46) Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? A) juxtaglomerular cells B) mesangial cells C) macula densa cells D) podocytes
c
47) The voluntarily controlled sphincter fashioned by skeletal muscle at the point where the urethra passes through the pelvic floor is called the: 47) ______ A) trigone B) internal anal sphincter C) external urethral sphincter D) detrusor sphincter E) internal urethral sphincter
c
5) The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated B) when the pH of the urine decreases C) by a decrease in the blood pressure D) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
c
8) The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. A) has a basement membrane B) is impermeable to most substances C) is drained by an efferent arteriole D) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems
c
Podocytes are specialized cells found within (a) the nephron loop, (b) the urinary bladder, (c) the glomerulus, (d) the urethra, (e) the glomerular capsule.
c (assist the diffusion from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule)
127) Cup-shaped extensions of the pelvis
calyces
11) Which one of the following is NOT true of urine under normal healthy conditions: 11) ______ A) it is sterile B) it typically contains ammonia C) it is slightly aromatic D) it is slightly alkaline E) it is more dense than water
d
19. Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine? A. Urea B. Uric acid C. Creatinine D. None of these
d
2) The most potent of all mechanisms and substances that the body uses to regulate blood pH are: 2) _______ A) the respiratory system controls B) the buffer system C) hormones D) the kidneys E) enzymes
d
20) The macula densa cells respond to ________. A) aldosterone B) antidiuretic hormone C) changes in pressure in the tubule D) changes in solute content of the filtrate
d
21) Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) Na+ B) K+ C) glucose D) creatinine
d
27) The peritubular capillaries arise from the __________, which drains the glomerulus. 27) ______ A) loop of Henle B) Bowmanʹs capsule C) afferent arteriole D) efferent arteriole E) glomerulus
d
31) Each kidney contains about: 31) ______ A) 100,000 nephrons B) 2 million nephrons C) 500,000 nephrons D) 1 million nephrons E) 3 million nephrons
d
32) Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) passive transport C) countertransport D) secondary active transport
d
38) Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate B) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions C) by producing new bicarbonate ions D) by secreting sodium ions
d
39) The results of the renin-angiotensin mechanism mediated by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the renal tubules include all of the following EXCEPT: 39) ______ A) increased peripheral resistance B) blood pressure increase C) blood volume increase D) suppression of aldosterone E) vasoconstriction
d
41) The tube connecting the renal hilus of the kidney to the bladder is the: 41) ______ A) collecting duct B) urethra C) distal convoluted tubule D) ureter E) proximal convoluted tubule
d
6) Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones C) maintains blood osmolarity D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
d
9) The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. A) is not permeable to water B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
d
9. Urine formation involves A. Filtration B. Reabsorption C. Secretion D. All of these
d
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________. A) the secretion of drugs B) the secretion of acids and ammonia C) reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water D) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
d
5. The feeling of thirst arises from (a) a decreased osmolarity of the body fluids, (b) an increased blood plasma volume, (c) hypervolemia, (d) an increased osmolarity of body fluids and secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
d (an increase in osmolarity or a decrease in total body water leading to ADH secretion will lead to increased thirst)
6. Regarding the kidney, which of the following is a false statement? (a) It is drained of urine through the ureter. (b) It consists of a capsule, renal cortex, and renal medulla. (c) It receives blood through a renal artery and is drained of blood by a renal vein. (d) It is suspended from the urinary bladder by the urinary ligament.
d (not supported by ligaments)
T/F 101) Urine moves down the ureters into the bladder due to gravitational pull alone
f
T/F 107) The region of the renal tubule closest to the glomerular capsule is the distal convoluted tubule.
f
T/F 11) The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
f
T/F 111) The peritubular capillary bed arises from the afferent arteriole.
f
T/F 114) Tubular reabsorption begins in the glomerulus
f
T/F 16) The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
f
T/F 17) Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.
f
T/F 23) The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.
f
T/F 26. When the concentration of water in body fluids increases, the secretion of ADH increases
f
T/F 35. The urethra transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
f
T/F 5. The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillary of the glomerulus.
f
T/F 94) Following the micturition reflex, it is impossible to postpone bladder emptying.
f
T/F 97) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes increased water loss through the urine.
f
T/F Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.
f
T/F Major calyces are large branches of the renal column
f
T/F 10. ADH is necessary for the reabsorption of Na+
f (adh=reabsorption of water not sodium)
T/F 6. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules to water only.
f (aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium, and water follows due to osmosis)
T/F 7. The kidneys regulate glucose levels by secreting any excess in the urine.
f (excess glucose is not reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules)
3. The ___________________________________ is a network of about 50 capillaries surrounded by the glomerular capsule.
glomerulus
67) The process of filtration occurs in a specific structure in the nephron called the __________.
glomerulus
8. The blood vessel located between the afferent and efferent arterioles is the ___________.
glomerulus
61) A strong acid will dissociate and liberate more __________ ions in water than a weak acid.
hydrogen (H+)
29. ADH is produced by cells within the _____________.
hypothalamus
80) The involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed is called the
internal urethral sphincter
6. The functional unit of the kidney is called a(an) ______________.
nephron
composed of the glomerular capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, nephron loop, and glomerulus
nephron
30. Uric acid results from the metabolism of ________________.
nucleic acids
3. Water is autonomically regulated by __________ located in the hypothalamus of the brain.
osmoreceptors
28. Water reabsorption occurs throughout the proximal tubule by the process of _______________.
osmosis
Vessels supplying each kidney with blood to be filtered
renal artery
79) Renal pyramids are separated by extensions of cortex-like tissue called the __________.
renal columns
Cortex-like extensions that separate the pyramids
renal columns
68) There are three regions of the kidney; the outermost region is known as the __________.
renal cortex
Outer, lighter region of the kidney
renal cortex
Flat, basinlike cavity medial to the hilus of the kidney
renal pelvis
5. Increased sodium stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete ___________________________________.
renin
secreted by juxtaglomerular cells
renin
77) As blood flows toward the kidney, it travels from the renal artery into vessels called the __________.
segmental arteries
T/F 10) In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.
t
T/F 100) The medial indentation of the kidney where several structures such as the ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the kidney is called the hilus.
t
T/F 102) The tiny filtering structures of the kidneys are called nephrons.
t
T/F 106) The urethra, which carries urine exiting the bladder by peristalsis, is typically shorter in females than in males.
t
T/F 108) The internal urethral sphincter is involuntary.
t
T/F 109) Tubular secretion, which seems to be important for removal of substances not already in the filtrate, is essentially reabsorption in reverse.
t
T/F 92) The lumen surfaces of the tubule cells within the proximal convoluted tubule are covered with microvilli
t
T/F 95) Nitrogenous waste products such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine are excreted from the body in urine rather than reabsorbed.
t
T/F Afferent arterioles bring arterial blood to the glomeruli.
t
T/F Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.
t
2) The area between the ureters and urethra is called the ________ in a bladder.
trigone
38. The triangular area on the internal floor of the urinary bladder with an opening at each of its angles is called the ___________________.
trigone
76) The smooth triangular region of the bladder base that is outlined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the __________.
trigone
8) The act of emptying the bladder is called ______
voiding
8) Of the capillary beds associated with each nephron, the one that is both fed and drained by arterioles is the: 8) _______ A) glomerulus B) Henle capillaries C) pyramidal capillaries D) Bowmanʹs capillaries E) peritubular capillaries
a
Which statement is correct? A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. C) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. D) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.
a
18) Which one of the following is NOT one of the major roles of the kidneys in normal healthy adults: 18) ______ A) excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes B) ensuring proper blood pH C) maintenance of water balance of the blood D) maintenance of electrolyte balance of the blood E) conversion of ammonia to bicarbonate ion
e
22) The portion of the renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus is the: 22) ______ A) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) B) loop of Henle C) distal convoluted tubule (DCT) D) collecting duct E) glomerular (Bowmanʹs) capsule
e
30) The average adult bladder is moderately full with __________ of urine within it. 30) ______ A) 2 liters B) 1 gallon C) 1 liter D) 100 mL E) 500 mL
e
45) Most nephrons are located within the renal: 45) ______ A) pyramids B) medulla C) calyces D) pelvis E) cortex
e
12) Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine: 12) ______ A) creatinine B) red blood cells C) blood proteins D) hemoglobin E) white blood cells
a
20) Which one of the following is NOT one of the functions of the kidneys: 20) ______ A) produce hormones that assist in digestion B) manufacture urine C) dispose of metabolic waste products D) convert vitamin D from its inactive to its active form E) regulate blood volume
a
28) The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called: 28) ______ A) filtration B) glomerular reabsorption C) tubular reabsorption D) secretion E) absorption
a
49) Starting from the glomerular capsule, the correct order of the renal tubule regions is: 49) ______ A) proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule B) distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule C) distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle D) loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule E) proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle
a
50) The average output of urine for a normal healthy adult is: 50) ______ A) 1500 mL/day B) 2500 mL/day C) 500 mL/day D) 2000 mL/day E) 1000 mL/day
a
51) As venous blood is drained from the kidney, which path does it follow: 51) ______ A) cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein B) arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein C) renal vein, segmental veins, interlobar veins, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins D) renal vein, interlobar veins, segmental veins, arcuate veins E) cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, segmental veins, renal vein
a
6. Approximately _____ % of the filtrate is reabsorbed from the renal tubules and returned to the blood.
99
Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
Proximal convoluted tubule
12) The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B) the descending nephron loop C) the renal pyramid D) the renal papilla
a
13) The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A) nephron B) nephron loop C) glomerular capsule D) capsular space
a
13. The hormone ADH functions to promote water reabsorption through the wall of the A. Distal convoluted tubule B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
a
15. Glomerular filtrate is least likely to contain A. Plasma proteins B. Glucose molecules C. Amino acid molecules D. Bicarbonate ions
a
16) Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the stretching of the bladder wall B) motor neurons C) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder D) the sympathetic efferents
a
2. A renal corpuscle includes the A. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule B. Glomerulus and renal tubule C. Bowman's capsule and renal tubule D. Renal tubule and collecting tubule
a
27) Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. C) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.
a
41) What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys C) help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys D) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
a
43) Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A) ADH B) thyroxine C) aldosterone D) atrial natriuretic peptide
a
7) The enlarged, cup-shaped closed end of the renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus is called the: 7) _______ A) Bowmanʹs capsule B) distal convoluted tubule C) proximal convoluted tubule D) collecting duct E) loop of Henle
a
8. Increased permeability of the renal tubules is due to (a) ADH, (b) renin, (c) aldosterone, (d) angiotensin I.
a
Collecting ducts A) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule. B) Site of filtrate formation. C) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D) Receives venous blood from the cortical radiate vein. E) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs.
a
Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) adrenal B) thymus C) pituitary D) pancreas
a
Transport of urine through the ureter is by (a) peristalsis, (b) the effect of gravity, (c) fluid pressure, (d) passive transport.
a (contraction of smooth muscle of the ureter causes peristalsis, which continuously moves urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the urinary bladder)
11) The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney
b
12. Whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, the chloride ions are A. Reabsorbed by active transport B. Reabsorbed by passive transport C. Secreted by active transport D. Secreted by passive transport
b
2) Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a podocyte B) a vasa recta C) a fenestrated capillary D) an efferent arteriole
b
28) What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Net filtration would increase above normal. B) Net filtration would decrease. C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. D) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change.
b
31. The ureter extends downward A. Behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above B. Behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below C. In front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above D. In front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below
b
33) Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? A) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine C) absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments D) absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network
b
Glomerulus A) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule. B) Site of filtrate formation. C) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D) Receives venous blood from the cortical radiate vein. E) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs.
b
A glomerulus is (a) located between a descending and ascending limb of a nephron, (b) composed of simple squamous epithelium, (c) located at the junctions of minute arteries and veins, (d) collapsed when not filtering urine.
b (simple squamous epithelium of the capillaries that form a glomerulus permits diffusion of fluid and dissolved substances into the glomerular capsule)
10) Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.
c
11. Reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the A. Bowman's capsule B. Loop of Henle C. Proximal convoluted tubule D. Distal convoluted tubule
c
16. If a substance is transported from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule, it is said to be A. Filtered by blood pressure B. Excreted by osmosis C. Secreted D. Reabsorbed
c
19) Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) not limited by a transport maximum B) in the distal convoluted tubule C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments D) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached
c
29) Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex? A) granular cells B) macula densa C) podocyte cells D) mesangial cells
c
Peritubular capillaries A) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule. B) Site of filtrate formation. C) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D) Receives venous blood from the cortical radiate vein. E) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs.
c
Which statement is true about urine? A) Urine is usually slightly alkaline. B) Urine has an ammonialike odor when fresh. C) Urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid. D) Urine has a yellow color due to the presence of hemoglobin.
c
Transitional epithelium is characteristic of (a) the nephron, (b) the glomerulus, (c) the urinary bladder, (d) the urethra.
c (permits stretching of the bladder)
The trigone is (a) a urine-filled cavity within the kidney, (b) a muscular sphincter at the neck of the urinary bladder, (c) a smooth connective tissue region in the urinary bladder, (d) a tunic of the ureter.
c (triangular sheet of connective tissue between the ureters and the urethra)
14) Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex? A) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation. B) It helps control systemic blood pressure. C) Its granular cells produce rennin. D) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.
d
22) The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) glucose B) hormones C) electrolytes D) plasma protein
d
22. As a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure A. Rises and filtration increases B. Rises and filtration decreases C. Drops and filtration increases D. Drops and filtration decreases
d
26) Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 B) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
d
30) Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? A) It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes. B) It is a reclamation process. C) It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts. D) It is a purely passive transport process.
d
34) The main hormone that acts on the kidneys to regulate sodium ion concentration of the extracellullar fluid (ECF) is: 34) ______ A) epinephrine B) secretin C) renin D) aldosterone E) ADH
d
39) In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________. A) thin segment is freely permeable to water B) thick segment is permeable to water C) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride D) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
d
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by (a) the kidney, (b) the adrenal gland, (c) the thyroid gland, (d) the hypothalamus.
d (ADH and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary gland)
The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts all secrete (a) aldosterone, (b) ADH, (c) bicarbonate ions, (d) hydrogen ions.
d (secreted from much of the epithelial cells of the nephron where they regulate the body fluid pH)
2. The ___________________________________ muscle within the wall of the urinary bladder forcefully contracts during micturition, forcing urine out of the urinary bladder.
detrusor muscle
13) In one 24-hour period, the kidneys of an average-sized healthy adult filter approximately __________ through their glomeruli into the tubules. 13) ______ A) 50-75 liters of blood plasma B) 10-15 liters of blood plasma C) 100-125 liters of blood plasma D) 200-240 liters of blood plasma E) 150-180 liters of blood plasma
e
4) The chemical buffer system that includes carbonic acid and its salt, which ties up the H+ released by strong acids, is called the: 4) _______ A) ionic buffer system B) carbonic buffer system C) protein buffer system D) phosphate buffer system E) bicarbonate buffer system
e
Proximal convoluted tubule A) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule. B) Site of filtrate formation. C) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D) Receives venous blood from the cortical radiate vein. E) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs.
e
T/F 3) The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.
f
T/F 3. Most water reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubules.
f (most water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules.)
52) Voiding, urination, and __________ are terms that indicate the passage of urine from the bladder.
micturition
70) Highly sensitive cells within the hypothalamus that react to changes in blood composition and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) when appropriate are called __________.
osmoreceptors
4. The inner visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of specialized cells called ___________________________________.
podocytes
27. Most sodium reabsorption occurs in the __________ portion of the renal tubule
proximal
Darker, reddish-brown internal area of the kidney
renal medulla
T/F 113) The kidneys help maintain acid-base balance of the blood by excreting bicarbonate ions.
t
T/F 12) The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.
t
T/F 25. If the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma is decreased, the glomerular filtration rate is increased.
t
T/F 9. A difference in hydrostatic pressure is one of the mechanisms for pushing blood fluid through the glomerulus to form the filtrate
t
T/F The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
t
The terminal portion of the urinary system is the urethra True False
t
37. The __________ transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
ureter
Tube that drains urine from the kidney to the bladder
ureter
Transports urine and sperm in males
urethra