urinary system part II
______________ is defined as the return of substances to the body via the bloodstream.
Reabsorption
__________ are the functional units of the kidney
nephrons
Dietary calcium is initially __________ in the gastrointestinal tract and reabsorbed from the filtrate in the kidneys.
absorbed
Dietary calcium is initially ___________ in the gastrointestinal tract and reabsorbed from the filtrate in the kidneys.
absorbed
If the glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure drops to 50 mmHg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure stay at their normal values, the net filtration rate will be _____ mmHg.
answer: 5
Three pairs of kidneys form within the intermediate mesoderm of the embryo, the ____________ mesonephros, and metanephros.
pronephros
When blood pressure is too high in the heart and the atrial walls stretch, ________________ is secreted; this hormone promotes an increase in glomerular filtration rate to decrease blood volume.
atrial natriuretic peptide, anp
The kidneys help to synthesize ___________ the active form of vitamin D.
calcitriol
The ureteric bud forms the collecting ducts, _____________ renal pelvis, and ureter.
calyces
The ureteric bud forms the __________ calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter.
collecting ducts
In the kidney, 85% of the nephrons are classified as _________ nephrons.
cortical
____________ is a muscle metabolism waste product and is eliminated by the kidneys.
creatinine
A ___________ in blood pressure will result from an increase in urine elimination.
decrease
The kidneys respond to low levels of oxygen in the blood by producing ____________________________
erythropoietin
The secretion of __________ from the kidneys causes an increase in red blood cell production
erythropoietin
The kidneys release __________ the hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.
erythropoietin, EPO
____________ occurs in the glomerular capsule
filtration
A kidney abnormality in which the two developing kidneys fuse, usually inferiorly, into a single U-shaped kidney is called a ___________
horseshoe kidney
The kidneys differentiate from the ___________ along the posterior aspect of the embryo.
intermediate mesoderm
The kidneys cooperate with the __________ in adjusting the pH of body fluids.
lungs, respiratory system
Three pairs of kidneys form within the intermediate mesoderm of the embryo, the pronephros, ____________ and metanephros
mesonephros
Three pairs of kidneys form within the intermediate mesoderm of the embryo, the pronephros, mesonephros, and ____________
metanephros
___________ is the term used for the return of substances from the filtrate to the bloodstream.
reabsorption
The ureteric bud forms the collecting ducts, calyces, ___________ and ureter.
renal pelvis
The secretion of __________ from the kidneys stimulates vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in blood pressure.
renin
__________ refers to the movement of wastes, drugs, and excess ions from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule.
secretion
Cortical nephrons can be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons because cortical nephrons have _________ nephron loops
short
When a person takes medications, metabolites that are too large to filter are moved into the filtrate via the process of ________ __________
tubular secretion
Mary was born with only one kidney. Mary most likely has experienced the condition called ___________
unilateral renal agenesis
____________ is the breakdown product of proteins (amino acids) and a waste eliminated by the kidneys.
urea
The ureteric bud forms the collecting ducts, calyces, renal pelvis, and ___________
ureter
_____________ is the breakdown product of nucleic acids and a waste eliminated by the kidneys.
uric acid
The kidneys help to regulate blood volume by the excretion or conservation of _____________
water
How much does the weight of the kidneys weight decrease in an 80-year-old person compared to a 20-year-old?
A 1/10 B 1/5 C 1/3 D 1/2 answer: C
Unilateral renal agenesis occurs about once in every __________ newborns
A 10 B 100 C 1,000 D 10,000 answer: C
By age 80, about which percentage of the glomeruli are not functioning?
A 10% B 20% C 40% D 70% E 90% answer: C
Between the ages of 40 and 70, the filtration rate will decline by how much?
A 10% B 20% C 50% D 70% E 90% answer: C
Correctly trace the path of urine through the following structures 1. papillary duct 2. nephron 3. minor calyx 4. major calyx 5. renal pelvis
A 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 B 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 C 2, 1, 3, 4, 5 D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 answer: C
Renal blood flow through the kidneys is
A 2000 ml/min B 2400 ml/min C 1200 ml/min D 800 ml/min answer: C
Choose the correct order of filtrate flow through the nephron. 1. distal convoluted tubule 2. proximal convoluted tubule 3. nephron loop 4. collecting duct 5. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
A 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 B 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 C 2, 5, 3, 1, 4 D 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 answer: A
As a person ages, what happens to the size of the urinary bladder?
A It enlarges. B It shrinks. C It maintains its size. D Its size is highly erratic. answer: B
As a person enters old age, what happens to the kidney's filtration rate?
A It goes up. B It goes down. C It stays about the same. D It becomes highly erratic. answer: B
Which of the following are typical aging changes in the kidney?
A Kidneys shrink in size. B Kidneys produce more nephrons. C Kidneys have decreased blood flow. D Kidneys filter less blood. answer: A, C, D
are large pores that allow glomerular capillaries to be leaky
A Slit membranes B Pedicels C Fenestrations D Podocytes answer: C
Which is true concerning the blood vessels as the kidney develops and ascends?
A The original blood vessels move along with the kidney. B Usually new blood vessels will develop. C Blood vessels randomly develop. answer: B
Increased levels of the enzyme renin increase blood pressure
A True B False answer: A
Intercalated cells in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct function in maintaining blood pH.
A True B False answer: A
Structurally, each kidney has 1 million nephrons.
A True B False answer: A
The flow rate of filtered fluid through both kidneys each minute is called the glomerular filtration rate.
A True B False answer: A
The mass of the two kidneys decreases from an average of nearly 300g in a 20-year-old to less than 200g in an 80-year-old.
A True B False answer: A
The metanephric kidneys form initially in the pelvis before ascending into the abdomen.
A True B False answer: A
A collecting duct can drain only one nephron.
A True B False answer: B
As we age, one kidney becomes dominant over the other, resulting in one functional kidney by age 80.
A True B False answer: B
Nephrons are constantly being replaced in the kidneys.
A True B False answer: B
The cortical radiate (interlobular) veins empty directly into the renal vein
A True B False answer: B
The fetal kidneys begin to excrete urine by the second month of development.
A True B False answer: B
The outer region of the kidney is the renal medulla.
A True B False answer: B
The urinary system contributes to
A all 11 body systems B 10 of the 11 body systems C 9 of the 11 body systems D 8 of the 11 body systems answer: A
What is the name of the condition when one or both kidneys are in an abnormal location?
A alport syndrome B lupus nephritis C solitary kidney D renal dysplasia E ectopic kidney answer: E
When the hilum of the kidney faces anteriorly, posteriorly, or laterally instead of medially, it is called
A an ectopic kidney B a horseshoe kidney C a malrotated kidney D unilateral renal agenesis answer: C
The functions of the nephron include
A arterial secretion B arterial reabsorption C glomerular filtration D tubular secretion E glomerular reabsorption F tubular reabsorption G venal filtration asnwer: C, D, F
As a person enters old age, what happens to the kidney?
A atrophy B hypertrophy C maintains its size D its size is highly erratic answer: A
The kidneys regulate calcium homeostasis by releasing the hormone
A calcitriol B calcitonin C renin D erythropoietin answer: A
Two hormones produced by the kidneys are
A calcitriol and erythropoietin B glucagon and insulin C calcitriol and glucocorticoid D calcitonin and thyroxin answer: A
Kidneys support proper contraction of muscle by helping to adjust the level of blood
A calcium B glucose C ATP D sodium answer: A
Which of the following is not formed from the ureteric bud?
A calyces B collecting ducts C mesopnephros D renal pelvis E ureter answer: C
Identify all of the structures that develop from the ureteric bud
A collecting ducts B calyces C renal pelvis D testes E ureter F rectum answer: A, B, C, E
Which is not an age-associated change in the renal system?
A decreased filtration B decreased renal mass C increased blood flow D glomerular functional decline answer: C
By contributing to the synthesis of calcitriol, the kidneys interact with which of the following systems?
A digestive B cardiovascular C muscular D lymphatic E integumentary F respiratory G endocrine answer: A, E, G
By adjusting blood calcium levels, the kidneys directly affect the function of which of the following systems? Select all that apply.
A digestive B cardiovascular C muscular D lymphatic E skeletal F respiratory G reproductive answer: C, E
What is clinical term for painful urination?
A dysuria B enlarged kidneys C urinary tract infections D urinary incontinence E hematuria answer: A
Which of the following is not a common condition among the elderly?
A dysuria B enlarged kidneys C urinary tract infections D urinary incontinence E hematuria answer: B
What is the term for having blood in the urine?
A dysuria B enlarged kidneys C urinary tract infections D urinary incontinence E hematuria answer: E
What is the clinical term for excessive urination at night?
A dysuria B nocturia C urinary tract infections D urinary incontinence E hematuria answer: B
The kidneys develop from which germ layer?
A ectoderm B endoderm C mesoderm D exoderm E myoderm answer: C
When releasing the hormone erythropoietin, the urinary system can be considered part of the
A endocrine system B respiratory system C digestive system D skeletal system answer: A
Elderly individuals may suffer dehydration due to
A excessive perspiration B increased urine output C decreased sense of thirst D increased physical activity answer: C
Which is not a primary function of the kidneys?
A excreting wastes B transporting and storing urine C regulating blood volume D assisting vitamin D synthesis answer: B
The collecting ducts
A filter solutes out of the bloodstream B gather fluid from the renal tubules C empty into the glomerular capsule D reabsorb glucose from the filtrate answer: B
Which of these is NOT a part of the nephron?
A glomerulus B nephron loop C proximal convoluted tubule D papillary duct answer: D
During fasting or starvation, the kidneys provide glucose for ATP production via
A gluconeogenesis B glycolysis C glycogenolysis D hydronephrosis answer: A
Kidneys perform gluconeogenesis which provides
A glucose B urobilin C calcitriol D erythropoietin answer: A
Which of the following substances would NOT normally be found in the filtrate?
A glucose B vitamins C amino acids D albumin answer: D
The kidneys are responsible for gluconeogenesis which is necessary to maintain normal blood ___________ levels.
A glycerol B glucose C glucagon D insulin answer: B
From the list below, choose the only regulatory mechanism that increases glomerular filtration rate.
A increased levels of norepinephrine B atrial natriuretic peptide C erythropoietin D angiotensin II answer: B
The age-related changes that occur in a kidney are due to a progressive reduction in what?
A innervation B hormone interactions C blood flow D stem cell activity answer: C
Which renal hormone stimulates production of red blood cells?
A insulin B calcitriol C glucagon D erythropoietin answer: D
The kidneys contribute to the ________ by helping to adjust blood calcium and phosphate levels.
A integument B skeletal system C respiratory system D nervous system answer: B
The kidneys and which system significantly affects phosphate levels?
A integumentary B muscular C skeletal D lymphatic E respiratory answer: C
The kidneys and which system significantly affects interstitial fluid levels?
A integumentary B muscular C skeletal D lymphatic E respiratory answer: D
Which organ system assists the kidneys in adjusting pH?
A integumentary system B lymphatic system C endocrine system D respiratory system answer: D
The _________ artery is found along the border between the renal cortex and medulla.
A interlobar B segmental C arcuate D renal answer: C
Select all of the kidney diseases that are more common in the elderly.
A malrotated kidneys B kidney inflammation C kidney stones D ectopic kidneys E unilateral renal agenesis answer: B, C
The nephrons of the kidney are formed from which embryonic structure or tissue?
A mesonephric duct B pronephric duct C metanephric mesoderm D ureteric bud E urogenital sinus answer: C
From what embryonic structure does the urinary bladder develop?
A mesonephric duct B pronephric duct C metanephric mesoderm D ureteric bud E urogenital sinus answer: E
What is the second embryonic kidney, which begins to degenerate by the sixth week and is almost gone by the eighth week?
A mesonephros B metanephros C urogenital ridge D pronephros E ectopic kidney answer: A
Which of the following is the first of the three pairs of kidneys that develop in the embryo?
A mesonephros B metanephros C urogenital ridge D pronephros E ectopic kidney answer: D
What are the paired elevations in which the intermediate mesoderm forms the three pairs of embryonic kidneys called?
A mesonephros B metanephros C urogenital ridges D pronephros E ectopic kidneys answer: C
Because the sensation for thirst diminishes with age, older individuals are more susceptible to which of these conditions?
A nocturia B edema C dysuria D chronic renal failure E dehydration answer: E
Gluconeogenesis is primarily performed in two organs. They are the
A pancreas and stomach B stomach and kidney C kidney and liver D liver and pancreas answer: C
The renal system contributes to homeostasis in all of the following ways except
A performing glycogenolysis B synthesizing calcitriol C adjusting levels of serum phosphates D adjusting acid/alkaline balance answer: a
Which vessel brings blood to the glomerulus?
A peritubular capillaries B efferent arteriole C afferent arteriole D vasa recta answer: C
The most important ions regulated by the kidneys include
A potassium B lithium C iron D sodium E calcium F fluoride G magnesium answer: A, D, E
Which of the following are NOT components of the renal tubule?
A proximal convoluted tubule B nephron loop C distal convoluted tubule D glomerulus answer: D
Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
A raises blood pressure B lowers blood pressure C flushes microbes out of the urethra D helps synthesize calcitriol answer: A
The collecting ducts
A reabsorb glucose from the filtrate B gather fluid from the renal tubules C filter solutes out of the bloodstream D empty into the glomerular capsule answer: B
The main difference between tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion is that
A reabsorption increases urine output while secretion decreases urine output B reabsorption removes substances from the blood while secretion adds substances to the blood C reabsorption removes substances from the filtrate but secretion adds substances to the filtrate D reabsorption requires ATP but secretion does not answer: C
Materials that have no use within the human body are termed
A reductions B eliminations C wastes D reactants answer: C
The urinary system contributes to all of the body systems by doing all but which of the following?
A regulation of pH of body fluids B removal of excess substances from the blood C removal of wastes from the blood D conversion of wastes from one form to another for storage answer: D
The ________ carries blood away from the kidney to the inferior vena cava
A renal artery B vasa recta C efferent arteriole D renal vein answer: D
By age 80, the kidneys produce less urine. Which of the following conditions is most likely the direct result of this reduced urine flow?
A renal calculi B nocturia C polyuria D urinary incontinence E hematuria answer: A
The renal pyramids are located in the ___________ of the kidney
A renal columns B renal cortex C renal medulla D renal pelvis answer: C
The water that returns to the bloodstream from the filtrate is primarily reabsorbed in the
A renal tubule B collecting duct C glomerular capsule D glomerulus answer: A
All of the following are factors in renal control of blood pressure, except
A renin B calcitriol C aldosterone D angiotensin answer: B
The renal corpuscle is the site where blood plasma is
A secreted B concentrated C reabsorbed D filtered answer: D
The kidneys and which other organ significantly affects the pH of body fluids?
A skin B skeletal muscles C colon D pituitary gland E lungs answer: E
Kidneys release erythropoietin, a hormone that
A stimulates production of red blood cells B helps synthesize calcitriol C raises blood pressure D provides glucose for ATP production answer: A
Synthesizing new glucose molecules is a function of
A the kidneys alone B the muscle C the pituitary gland D the liver and kidneys answer: D
Your patient is 81-year-old Mrs. Greene. She is taking a medication known as aripiprazole, which helps slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Aripiprazole is excreted through the kidneys; however, kidney function is reduced in the elderly. Which of the following would be a consideration to take into account when determining Mrs. Greene's aripiprazole dose?
A the rate of glomerular filtration B the rate of tubular secretion C the rate of tubular reabsorption D the last meal that she consumed answer: B
The kidneys originally develop in which location?
A thorax B pelvis C abdomen answer: B
During development, the kidneys ultimately move to which location?
A thorax B pelvis C abdomen answer: C
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher because the afferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the efferent arteriole.
A true B False asnwer: B
Which condition occurs when only one kidney develops?
A unilateral renal agenesis B malrotated kidneys C ectopic kidney D horseshoe kidney answer: A
Which condition occurs when the kidneys face an unusual direction?
A unilateral renal agenesis B malrotated kidneys C ectopic kidney D horseshoe kidney answer: B
Which condition occurs when one or both kidneys are in an abnormal position?
A unilateral renal agenesis B malrotated kidneys C ectopic kidney D horseshoe kidney answer: C
Which condition occurs when the kidneys fuse?
A unilateral renal agenesis B malrotated kidneys C ectopic kidney D horseshoe kidney answer: D
Which of the following are wastes excreted by the urinary system?
A urea B All of the choices are correct. C bilirubin D creatinine answer: B
Regulation of blood pressure in the kidney is due to the release of an enzyme called
A urease B angiotensin C renin D glutamine answer: C
Which develops from the urogenital sinus?
A urethra of the male B urethra of the female C urethra of the male and the female D neither the male nor the female urethra answer: C
Which of the following increase with aging?
A urinary bladder size B urinary bladder capacity C rate of urinary tract infection D strength of urinary bladder muscles answer: C
Unilateral renal agenesis occurs
A usually in the left kidney B usually in the right kidney C equally often in the right or left kidney answer: B
Podocytes are found in the
A visceral layer of the proximal convoluted tubule B visceral layer of the glomerulus C visceral layer of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule D parietal layer of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule answer: C
Calcitriol is a form of which of the following vitamins?
A vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin B vitamin D, a water-soluble vitamin C vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin D vitamin A, a water-soluble vitamin answer: C
The macula densa is the region where the distal convoluted tubule comes in contact with the afferent arteriole.
A : True B : False answer: B
The renal nerves that supply the kidneys are a part of the ___________ division of autonomic nervous system.
A : enteric B : motor C : parasympathetic D : sympathetic answer: D
Tubular secretion of substances can occur from the _____________ into the distal convoluted tubule
A : nephron loop B : proximal convoluted tubule C : glomerular (Bowman's) capsule D : peritubular capillaries answer: D
Renal reabsorption of substances into the bloodstream occurs via the
A : peritubular capillaries and vasa recta B : peritubular capillaries and duct cells C : collecting ducts and duct cells D : vasa recta and collecting ducts answer: A
Renin is secreted by the kidneys; an increase in renin levels is associated with
A : the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin B : a decrease in systemic blood pressure C : the production of bicarbonate in the pancreas D : the excretion of dilute urine answer: A
Kidneys and skin both contribute to synthesis of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin
A: C B: B C: D D: A answer: C, vitamin D
The kidneys respond to a decrease in blood pH by excreting more hydrogen ions and conserving more ______________ ions.
Bicarbonate
The __________ is the major organ of the urinary system
Kidney
The normal blood osmolarity is nearly 300 milliosmoles per liter; this differs from osmolality, which is measured per ____________
Kilogram, kg
When solutes are excreted, ___________ is also excreted so that blood osmolarity is maintained.
Water, H2O
