US Ch. 4: Civil Liberties: Protecting Individual Rights

Law enforcement officials sometimes controversially rely on the practice of _____ ______, the assumption that certain groups of people are more likely to commit particular crimes.

Racial Profiling

According to the establishment clause, the government is required to ______.

Remain neutral toward all religions

What unique circumstance existed at the time of the Korematsu v. United States decision?

The nation was at war.

In which decade did the election of "tough on crime" candidates lead to state legislatures enacting stiffer penalties for crime while also limiting judges' abilities to reduce sentences for nonviolent crimes of first-time offenders?

1990s

In which 2014 case did the Supreme Court rule that companies that are "closely held" (only a few owners) are not required to provide their employees with birth control if they object on religious grounds?

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby

Constitutional guarantees that protect citizens from arbitrary government action are known as ______.

Civil liberties

The USA Patriot Act was passed in order to ______.

Combat terrorism

The exclusionary rule restricts the ability of ______.

Courts to admit illegally obtained evidence during a trial

The Eighth Amendment protects people convicted of crimes from ______.

Cruel and unusual punishment

In following the Eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court has used which of the following tests to determine if an action constitutes cruel and unusual punishment?

Determining if a punishment is "unnecessarily cruel" Determining if a punishment violates "fundamental standards of good conscience and fairness" Determining whether a punishment is "disproportionate to the offence"

Which of the following is likely to convince a judge that police should be issued a search warrant?

Establishing probable cause for believing a crime has been committed

In Engle v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court ruled against the reciting of prayers in public schools on grounds it violates the ______.

Establishment clause

Based on the exclusionary rule, evidence that is illegally obtained can normally be used in a trial.

False

True or False: The Supreme Court recently ruled that a Maine program that excluded religious schools from participating in a state tuition program did notdiscriminate "against religion."

False

True or false: According to the Supreme Court, police can search a person's home merely on the basis of a hunch that the owner might be breaking the law.

False

Under the Fifth Amendment, suspects charged with a ______.

Federal crime cannot be tried unless indicted by a grand jury

The Bill of Rights initially applied to which level or levels of government?

Federal only

Which amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals from testifying against themselves in a court of law?

Fifth

What constitutional amendment is of special significance for the Supreme Court when considering how to best protect individual rights from action by state and local governments?

Fourteenth

The First Amendment protection that makes it illegal for the government to enact laws that restrict the free practice of religion by any individual is known as the ______.

Free-exercise clause

Which of the following statements is true regarding freedom of the press?

Freedom of the press receives strong judicial protection.

The barrier to restrict speech established in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) is best described as ______.

Imposing

The Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners should generally appeal their cases first ______.

In state courts

Which of these groups is typically more protective of individual rights?

Judges

The Supreme Court upheld the forced relocation of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans during World War II in which of the following cases?

Korematsu v. United States

Which of the following cases established that law enforcement officers must advise detainees of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney, before beginning questioning in a criminal investigation?

Miranda v. Arizona

The Bill of Rights protects a number of civil liberties, including freedom ______.

Of the press Of speech

The Supreme Court has generally held that those convicted in state courts and who appeal on the grounds that their federal constitutional rights were violated are limited to ______.

One appeal

In the case of New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that ______.

Prior restraint is unconstitutional without a compelling argument for the restriction

The right of an individual to be left alone without any interference from others is known as the right to ______.

Privacy

Identify the rights that the federal government is obliged to protect according to the Bill of Rights.

Right to jury a trail, right to legal council, and right to unreasonable searches

The constitutional right to bear arms is found in which of the following amendments?

Second Amendment

In a 2010 CNN survey, 2 in 5 Americans stated that individuals arrested by police on suspicion of terrorism ______.

Should not be read their Miranda rights

The Supreme Court has ruled that the right of free assembly ______.

Takes precedence over the mere possibility that the exercise of the right might have undesirable consequences

Which amendment to the Constitution contains the establishment clause and the free-exercise clause?

The First Amendment

In Schenck v. United States (1919), Justice Holmes used which analogy in upholding the government's right to restrict speech that poses a clear and present danger?

The First Amendment does not permit a person to falsely yell "Fire" in a crowded theater.

True or false: Although it is a core principle for most Americans, the right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.

True

What was the name of the 1798 law that criminalized any speech or writings critical of the national government's authority?

The Sedition Act

Which of the following amendments contribute to ensuring criminal due process?

The Sixth Amendment The Fourth Amendment The Fifth Amendment The Eighth Amendment

In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that enemy combatant detainees were protected by which of the following?

The U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice The Geneva Conventions

Which of the following acts of legislation after the September 11 terrorist attacks gave government greater surveillance power to monitor phone calls and emails without a warrant or court order?

The USA Patriot Act

What are the religious clauses in the First Amendment?

The establishment clause The free-exercise clause

What are the religious clauses in the First Amendment? (Choose every correct answer.)

The establishment clause The free-exercise clause

Today, most of the guarantees in the Bill of Rights are protected from action by which of the following?

The federal and state governments

The Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States established which principle?

The federal government can restrict free expression, but it does not have unlimited authority to do so.

In Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) the Supreme Court developed which of the following tests that expanded protections for Americans to voice political opinions?

The imminent lawless action test

The 1977 Supreme Court case that provided guidance on the allowable restrictions on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly upheld which of the following?

The right of an American Nazi Party group to hold a parade in Skokie, a city with a large Jewish population that included Holocaust survivors

The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects ______.

The right of the people to keep and bear arms

Which of the following is not considered a Sixth Amendment protection?

The right to bear arms

What is the purpose of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

They provide that no person can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

Passed by Congress soon after the 9/11 attacks, the law that allows the FBI and other intelligence agencies to access personal information and records without consent from targeted individuals is known as the ______.

USA Patriot Act

The Supreme Court consistently ruled that the George W. Bush administration's practice of denying constitutional and legal protections to enemy combatants was ______.

Under the jurisdiction of the United States courts

Freedom of expression, provided by the First Amendment, allows Americans to ______.

Write or publish almost anything, with some limits Communicate thoughts of their choosing