US Diplomatic History - Exam 1

Creole -Then, just one month later, --Slaves aboard the US vessel Creole took control of the ship, and sailed to the Nassau. There they were given refuge by the British --Southerners demanded restitution Problems with Britain had to first be addressed in ______ -Authorities in Maine wanted the most favorable boundary possible, but they needed convincing ing on the wisdom of a compromise --Secretary Webster funneled money from the president's _____ funds (used for illicit purposes) into the pockets of FOJ Smith, a prominent Maine editor, who published essays which supported compromise It also helped that -Webster employed historian Jared Sparks who found a 1746 map of the region which showed the northern boundary of Maine and was able to locate a map belonging to a man who had fought the Revolution. Both maps had the boundary shown with a _____ line -Webster also spent $14,000 on Maine legislators to help them see that compromise in order Webster Ashburton Treaty -Maine received 7015 square miles of contested land / Canada 5012 - retaining enough territory to construct a military road between Quebec and New Brunswick -The US also pick up lands near Laker Superior, including the Mesabi Range -Owners of free slaves were paid for their losses Contest over the Oregon Country -In the 1840s, expansionists make the claim the US territory should reach to the southern border of Russian America - located at 54 degrees 40' N. Latitude (back in 1823, the Tsar had issued a ukase claiming the area for Russia) -In 1844, the Democratic platform called for the "reoccupation" of Oregon (reoccupation?) and candidate James Polk promised to make it so -Pushed this direction by campaign promises, he called in his State of the Union for the US to take all of Oregon -Eventually worked out a compromise with the British where the US would stay below the 49th Parallel (Lake of the Woods - West) -A third war with Britain was not to be The Pig War -Although the 49th Parallel served as the border between the US and Canada, a conflict arose in 1859 over ownership of the San Juan Islands --The conflict began when an American farmer shot a pig who belonged to an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company --The farmer offered to pay $10 in damages, but the owner of the animal demanded $100 -In time, the US sent over 400 troops with 14 cannon and the British sent 5 warships -When news of the incident reached London and Washington cooler heads prevailed -Eventually the Kaiser helped workout an amicable resolution (good offices!)

Maine, slush, red

Chapter 2 - Independence, Expansion, and War 1789-1815: Alliances and agreements after the Revolution -Hamilton's (Treasury) counsel was more often better accepted by Washington than was that of Jefferson (State), as the president believed his opinions most in tune with national interests --Funding the national debt improved the financial _______ of the US abroad --Support for a modest tariff to protect domestic manufacturing --favored close ties to Britain as the vast majority of goods went to and was purchased from Britain -Opposition to Hamilton included that which came from the South, who wanted to open greater trade opportunities for Southern tobacco, grain, and cotton As the politicians argued over trade, the French overthrew the monarch -High taxes and food prices -skyrocketing national debt -leadership perceived as aloof and uncaring -storming of the Bastille (a French July 4th) -Declaration of Rights (new Constitution) -25,000 executed (16,000 via the newly invented "humane" means of death - the guillotine) -attacked anything associated with tradition -Napoleon comes to power as a strong man Symbols -______ is one of the rare countries w/ a female as a symbol US Reaction -_________ --The terror in France might "disturb the repose of mankind" (Hamilton) --Murderous orgies of Paris --Jefferson and his friends harbored "a womanish attachment to France" --Believed that old treaties w/ France were now invalid -________ --Liberty of the whole earth depended on their victory (Jefferson) -Washington proclaimed neutrality and he replaced the US ambassador who had tried unsuccessfully to get the king and queen out of the country -Old treaties would be ________ even if a new government came to power -Quick recognition of governments in charge of their country

debts, France, Federalists, Jeffersonians, respect

Other problems for the new nation -Parliament put in place new trade restrictions against the US - only raw goods could be exported to Britain while Canadian and West Indian ports were closed to US vessels --New England shipbuilders suffered and Middle Atlantic states saw a glut of corn, pork and beef due to a lack of export markets -London enacted taxes against Southern tobacco and rice -Lack of agreement on the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick -Paris enacted stiff duties on salted fish bound for their colonies in the Mediterranean. Also, any time Jefferson asked for commercial concessions he was reminded of outstanding _______ -The young nation was battling not only with the British and the French, but with Spain as well --According to its treaty w/ Great Britain, the US would have free navigation of the Mississippi River, but Spain hadn't signed off on this --In 1784, Madrid closed the Mississippi to US river traffic --Don Diego de _____ arrives in New York in 1785 to offer ---Trade concessions w/ Spain and the Canary Islands ---Intercession w/ the sultan of Morocco (taking US vessels) ---Havana Segars ---A donkey to George Washington ---A favorite of the wife of John Jay Spain agrees to -Reopen the _______ after a special payment was made -Permitted American immigrants to settle in Spanish territory as long as they took an oath of allegiance Compromise on Trade -Delegates from ______ states wanted Congress to have the power to tax imports in order to protect manufacturing -_______ worried by giving Congress this ability, there might be a move to tax agricultural exports --Imports were taxed in order to protect Northern industry (now we could retaliate against Britain), and yet --Exports were not taxed, which protected the export of Southern cotton (cleared the way for greater trade with England)

debts, Gardoqui, Mississippi, Northern, Southerners

Chapter 5 - Establishing Regional Hegemony and Global Power 1865-1895: Let's take a moment to consider hegemony -A _____ is a state that holds most regional or global power -______ _______ Theory --reduction of international anarchy -Pax Romana becomes Pax Britannica becomes Pax Americana --fosters internation trade -Hegemons always have to deal with rising powers - at this point Britain was dealing with the US and Germany -Hegemons often decline when they become overextended --Great Britain lost its preeminent position after the enormous cost of blood and treasure incurred during WWI Even though the United States lacked global hegemony during the 19th century, it still wielded _____ hegemony and power -Regional hegemony --Sometimes a country needs just enough power to intimidate its neighbor. At this point in history the US had more than enough power to intimidate nearby nations --Leads us to a question of power - power may be thought of as the ability to get someone to do something that they wouldn't have done otherwise --Operates on an individual as well as on a _____ level -Power may be measured in terms of --Size of the economy --Amount of natural resources --Size of the population --Political will --Degree of nationalist feeling Nationalism -_______- devotion to the needs of your nation over the needs of others --Positives - encourages self-determination (if you don't have a country yet -> will help you out -> Bosques), it will strengthen a new country (had to invent a national mythology), boosts morale --Negatives - xenophobia (dislike of foreigners), leaders can use and exploit the masses Power is also linked to the notion of state sovereignty -_______ - govt., system of laws, political parties, borders -A government has the right, in principle, to do whatever it wants in its own territory (in theory) --In reality though, that sort of power tends to be held in check by other nations - mass genocide/mass murder -> Rwanda -_____ _____- not military (hard power) - persuasion to get other countries to do what we want The island was a hot property because it offered -Good sites for naval bases -Decent natural resources, including timber and minerals -Could be used as a sanitarium for canal workers -Places to sell exports, including New England textiles -1869 - President Grant sent his personal secretary to investigate the possibility of acquiring the island --General Orville Babcock - secretary --William Cazneau - speculator and diplomatic agent --Jane Cazneau - speculator and diplomatic agent --Joseph Fabens - speculator and diplomatic agent --Owned Dominican mines, banks and ports, also sought a steamship monopoly between New York and the island Sumner says no -Babcock befriends the trio, after which he then makes a deal with president of the DR --The US would annex the nation and then assume responsibility for its national debt ($1.5 million) -Grant came a-calling to the home of power Massachusetts's senator Charles Sumner, seeking his support, while the navy was sent to ensure that the government wouldn't fall to rebels (usurping the powers of congress to make war?) -Problem? Babcock had no official standing as a diplomat, and it was clear that he wanted to profit from the deal -The senate foreign relations committee, with Sumner in the lead, voted against the deal

hegemon, Hegemonic Stability, regional, state, nationalism, sovereign, soft power

Great Britain, Canada, and North American Disputes -Canada --Canadians disapproved of the political scandals, racial and ethnic prejudices, and flashy materialism of Gilded Age America --Relations with the US was strained when members of the Fenian Brotherhood (1866) used Vermont as a staging ground from which to raid the British - troops sent to the border to quell the violence --Relations strained again in the 1880s when the FB launched attacks on British buildings with "devilish inventions" --Disputes over fishing continued in the 1880s, with American vessels being seized by Canadian vessels --An American effort to halt the killing of fur seals was stopped when the Royal Navy sent four warships to the Arctic to ensure that fur seals could be shot at sea - an agreement to end the practice was worked out by Japan, the US, Russia, Britain in 1911 -Seward and Britain --During the Civil War Britain had outfitted Confederate vessels in British ports --Seward presented the British w/ a bill of $2.1 billion in damages/proposed taking British Columbia or Bermuda in exchange for the debt --In 1871 the British settled the claims for $15.5 million Americans in China -Most American diplomatic efforts with China came as a result of "_____-_____ diplomacy" -US trade with China revolved around cheap, heavy cotton cloth and kerosene -1000 foreign missionaries were in the country by 1900 / faced some. measure of violence -_________ - you establish a presence in foreign nations and your laws apply in your area Chinese in America -Immigration from China was slow to begin, as leaving the country was prohibited by law --Punishment - decapitation -Overpopulation of home (430 million by 1850), natural disasters, and an inexpensive one way ticket to the US helped fuel immigration -Gold Rush -1860s - railroad construction Chinese faced -1850 - Foreign Miner's Tax in California -1852 - 400 Chinese expelled from Marysville, WA by a white mob -1858 - 150 white miners drove 200 Chinese from their quarters in Folsom, CA -1866 - 1 killed after an anti-Chinese riot, San Francisco -1866 - Chinese barred admittance to the SF City Hospital -1867 - California Democrats swept state elections on an anti-Chines platform -1870 - SF Pole Ordinance - Chinese were prohibited from using poles to help transport laundry -1871 - 21 killed in a riot in Los Angles Riot -1873 - SF bans firecrackers and gongs -1876 - Queue Ordinance - all SF jail inmates had to have their heads shaved -1879 - only 15 Chinese could book passage on each ship bound for the US, even though the two nations had agreed to allow unfettered movement -1880 - The California Assembly passes legislation stating that no white person would be allowed to marry "a negro, mulatto, or Mongolian." -1882 - Chinese Exclusion Act -1885 - Rock Springs WY - 28 Chinese workers killed - US paid an indemnity of $400,000

hitch-hiking, Extraterritoriality

Grant tries again -Grant sends to congress a special message, outlining the case for annexation --Raw materials --Excellent harbors --Naval base --National Security --Market for American products --A site from which to help settle the anti-Spanish revolution raging in Cuba --Reported a nonsense plebiscite that showed support US annexation running 1500 to 1 --Senate failed to ratify The Culture of Expansionism -Nationalism -Capitalism -Exceptionalism -Paternalism -Scientific Racism Economic Expansion -The US economy surged after the end of the Civil War, and by the 1890s the US surpassed Britain in industrial might --Steel production increased from 77,000 tons in 1870 to 11,227,000 tons in 1900 --Foreign trade increased from $281 million in 1865 to $1.2 billion in 1898 -High farm production meant that agricultural exports were increasingly ______ --Production of wheat and corn doubled between 1865-1900, with half the cotton crop was exported annually --Gave rise to major meatpackers such as Swift and Armour In order to support enlarged trade networks -Congress funded a new navy --Newer personnel pushed to replace old vessels, some of which were still made of wood -Alfred T. Mahan and The Influence of Sea Power Upon History - A nation's greatness depended on its sea power -Seen as overly-cerebral by the old guard, Mahan proved influential --American production had grown to such an extent that we had to look outward in order to find new markets --A large merchant fleet was required to carry US goods and --A large navy was needed to protect those goods -7th largest navy in the wold by 1893 Seward projects the future -1865 - began negotiations with Denmark to acquire the Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands) --Excellent Harbors --Negotiated a $7.5 million deal in 1867 --After the islands were hit by a hurricane and tidal wave, congress cooled its interest, Johnson was being impeached, Grant shelved the deal Seward also had his eyes on -The Dominican Republic -Haiti -Cuba - fail - little desire to acquire an island where slavery still existed -Iceland -Greenland -Hawaii -Midway Islands - won - wouldn't be heard of again until WWII -Alaska - won - sold by Russia, as the tsar had no real means or protecting the territory from Britain The purchase of Alaska was no small accomplishment -In 1867, Seward presented to Congress a treaty along with a bill of $7.2 million dollars (a surprise to Congress) -The deal was mocked by editor Horace Greeley - Walrussia -After getting Sumner on his side, and after Russia helped move the deal along by distributing $100,000 in bribes to key members of congress, the deal went through

important

Coping with discrimination -Return to China or -Settling in Chinatowns Tensions with Japan -1863-64 - the US sent a warship to punish Japan for anti foreign riots - Western firepower destroyed forts and boats in Shimonoseki -Trade with Japan rose to two percent of the US total by the late 1890s Korea and the US -Although technically a Chinese dependency, the Hermit Kingdom isolated itself from the rest of the world between 1550-1850 --1860s - French gunboats attacked after missionaries targeted --1866 - General Sherman is burned and her crew killed after the trading vessels sailed up the Taedong River without permission --1871 - five US warships sailed up the Han River toward Seoul seeking retribution. When attacked, the US fired back and killed at least 300 defenders --1882 - Treaty of Chemulpo provided for diplomatic representation between the US and Korea -Between 1885 and 1905, 7226 Koreans came to the US to work on Hawaii's sugar plantations and eventually, 2000 men and 12 women immigrate to the mainland -Japanese takeover in 1905 Hawaii -Demographic collapse after the English landed -1843 - US declares "hands off" --Sugar --Pearl Harbor --Coaling station for ships heading to Asia --Missionaries -The sons of the ______ became the ruling elite, even though whites constituted just 2000 of the 90,000 inhabitants on the Islands -1893 - Sailors from the USS Boston help overthrow the queen -Harrison supported annexation, but incoming president Cleveland withdrew the treaty Samoa -International rivalry was also seen between the US, Britain, and Germany in the South Pacific --National pride and the need for a coaling station fueled the crisis --1872 - tribal chief granted the US the right to a naval base at Pago Pago, but the senate didn't take action --For a time the British, US, and Germany exercised what amounted to as a joint ________ --When the German chancellor threatened Americans on the island, Congress authorized $500,000 to protect US interests and Cleveland sent four US warships Things cooled down when -Bismarck called for a conference -A typhoon hit the island, destroying 3 German and 3 American vessels -Eventually Germany took control of two islands and the US took one island and Pago Pago Harbor Africa -Compared to the Europeans, the US displayed little interest in the region -Exports included kerosene, rum, tobacco and missionaries - Baptists in Nigeria and Lutherans in Madagascar -Imports included ivory -Special relationships w/ Liberia --1821 - American Colonization Society --Sent warships in 1875 and 1879 in order to defray indigenous uprising against American elites --Was enough to keep the nation independent - the only one

missionaries, protectorate

Spain -Spain wanted Gibraltar (still does), but Gibraltar was controlled by England (still is) -Spain eventually declared war on England in an alliance w/ France, in return for French assistance in Gibraltar -In the meantime, the US sent John Jay to Madrid in 1779 to draft a formal alliance, but the Spanish left him cooling his heels for 2.5 years -In 1781, Jay offered to relinquish claims of navigation rights on the Mississippi River, he promised to respect Spain land possessions in North America, and proposed a favorable boundary w/ Florida -The Spanish turned down the offer which was a big ______ The Treaty of Paris -After British defeat at Yorktown (1781), serious negotiations began, even though George III was worried about a domino effect - 1st American, then the West Indies, and then Ireland -Although the US had promised to seek French consent before a treaty was signed, Franklin hinted to the British that if they were to grant complete ________ and generous boundaries, the war could end -The new British Prime Minister, William Petty, the 2nd Early of Shelburne, was a big help -At the time Britain was prepared to accept --Full independence --fishing rights --reparations --an admission of war guilt --a cession of Canada -____ blows it -May 1782 - Jay arrives in Paris with an anti-European chip on his shoulder that had been growing for two years --Skeptical of the French --Pointed out that the British had never referred to Franklin and Jay as representatives of a "______ nation" --talks suspended

mistake, independence, Jay, sovereign

A "splendid little war" -New markets for US goods -Opportunities for missionaries -Justified a bigger navy -Possibility of ______ North and Southing with the war and help w/ unemployment -Repudiate those "old women of both sexes, shrieking cockatoos" who made virile men"wonder whether" they lived "in a free country or not" -Excitement -Buffalo Bill Cody offered to win the war with 30,000 Native American soldiers -Martha Chute from Colorado offered an all-female regiment -Hearst offered to send a regiment of athletes -Edison footage - troops go ashore The war progressed quickly -Spanish soldiers manned antique guns and old wooden warships were sent quickly to the bottom -Puerto Rico, Guam, and Wake taken -379 died in combat / 5383 died from causes such as malaria and yellow fever Should the US annex the islands (_________)? -No - anti-Imperialists -No - racists --Samuel Gompers - hordes of semi-savage races --Rep Champ Clark - could not stomach the prospect of "almond eyed, brown skinned United States Senators" --Yes - those who wanted empire --Yes - those who were concerned that Japan might step in and seize the islands Resistance in the Philippines -February 1899 - military action began against Philippine rebels --Homes burned / livestock belonging to rebels was slaughtered --Villagers placed in reconcentration camps --Water cure applied to prisoners - fill you full of water then hit you with rifle butts in order to make you vomit --Criticism of the US = sedition --Eventually the US used the carrot and stick approach, building roads, schools, and in 1916 promised independence at some point in the future --4165 US troops perished in the action / 200,000 Filipinos Events on the Asian Mainland -Foreign occupation of China eventually boiled over in the Boxer Rebellion --Hundreds of missionaries killed / Chinese were trying to end Britain's role as drug pusher --Laid siege to foreign legations in Beijing --Foreign troops eventually put down the rebellion Chapter 7 - Managing, Policing, and Extending the Empire 1900-1914: The United States and Mexico -1910 - Toppling of Porfirio Diaz --Diaz had been in power some 40 years, and during that time he had been a great friend to the US and to Europe, but not so much toMexico --Defeated by Francisco de Madero who promised ---labor reform ---free education ---judicial and agrarian reform ---More than half of Mexico's oil, 2/3s of its railroads, and 3/4s of its mines and smelters were owned by Americans -US ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, meddled in the situation by voicing support to Victoriano Huerta. -Huerta asked Ambassador Wilson what he should do with Madero once he was ousted -Wilson replied "Take whatever steps are necessary to bring peace" -Madero was later murdered as he "tried to escape"

uniting, Philippines

War on the Rio Grande -Taylor camped his forces across the river form Matamoros, which was staffed with 3000 Mexican soldiers -Taylor told the Mexicans that this was no invasion, but General Arista still called in an additional 2000 troops, and Arista informed Taylor that hostilities had started -Then, after some of Taylor's men rode into an ambush, Polk asked for a declaration of _____ Congressional Democrats ensure war is declared -Debate was limited to just 2 hours in the House and the Speaker refused to recognize any House member who wanted to discuss how the war started -The resolution for war passed the house 174/14 and the Senate 40/2 --The Whigs remembered what had happened to Federalists who had opposed war in 1812, so they went along -Polk's actions would enable all future Presidents to bring about a state of things, in which Congress shall be forced, without deliberation, or reflection to declare ______, however opposed to its convictions of justice or expediency - John C. Calhoun Santa Ana dupes the US -Santa Anna - who was exiled in Cuba - made a deal with the US -In return for safe passage back to Mexico, he promised to help make a quick end to the war -After the leader returned to his home country, he led a _____ and became president, and after, he led his army north to fight Taylor The US-Mexico War -Winfield Scott was in command of US forces, and by September 1847 he had fought his way to Mexico City -Polk sent Nicholas Trist, a clerk at the State Department, to accompany Scott --Wanted someone to keep an eye on Scott --The two disliked one another, but when Trist fell ill, Scott sent him a gift box of jelly --The gift helped warm the relationship between the two men With military success, Polk though that perhaps -The US could seize more territory --Northern Mexico? --Naja? -Trist thought this too much, and he refused to advance Polk's demands -Instead, Trist negotiated: The Treaty of _______ _______

war, war, revolution, Guadalupe Hidalgo

Jackson's invaded -Monroe forced Jackson to back away and return the forts to the Spanish (stopped short of censuring the general), but by 1819 the Spanish were forced to cede East Florida to the US (______-_____ ______) --In return, the US gave up on it s claims to Texas (some had made the charge that TX was part of Louisiana) --The US assumed claims for losses of US shipping in 1798-1800 (US ships seized by Spain) --Most telling of this entire affair was the fact that Congress allowed Jackson to wage war without their approval. But its failure to act, Congress abrogated its power to declare ____, which established a precedent this seems to be followed to this day -The treaty could have gone by the wayside due to actions by the Spanish King Ferdinand VII --As a child he hated his parents and they hated him --Imprisoned by his father for the murder of his mother and her lover --When Ferdinand refused to sign the treaty the army mutinied and forced the king to turn over most of his power The Monroe Doctrine Sets the Compass -Revolutions in Latin America proved successful enough for Jefferson to rhapsodize "Behold...another example of man rising in his might and bursting the chains of his oppressor" -The US though held to its word and refused to grant recognition to these new republics until Spanish armies were ousted from Argentina, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico --Adams cautioned the US to stay out of these conflicts, and to "not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy" In Europe -Members of the Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Britain; joined by France in 1818) bound themselves to collective security -After revolutions were put down in Naples and Spain, the British expressed little appreciation for counterrevolutionary activities, and so it chose to leave the alliance -At the same time, Britain established trade ties with the new republics in Latin America and they proposed that they and the US work together to oppose any French expansion in the region -Jefferson and Madison urged the Monroe administration to sign on, but Secretary of State Adams distrusted the British, The proposal morphed into the _______ _______

Adams-Onis Treaty, war, Monroe Doctrine

An American victory came Oct 1777 at Saratoga -The British loss had them sending out peace feelers which Franklin used as a lever to push the French into closer alliance --Treaty of _____ and __________ ---Each country became the other's most-favored-nation ---Accepted definitions of contraband and neutrality as set forth in the _____ Treaty ----A neutral flag protected noncontraband cargoes from capture at sea ----Freedom of neutrals to ride in noncontraband between ports of belligerents ----Restricted and narrowly defined list of contraband ---Alliance ----Franklin agreed to no negotiations w/ the British without French Consent ----US would recognize French claims in the Caribbean and France agreed to recognize territories the Americans would take from Britain ----48 million lives were eventually provided to the US ($500 million) Suspicious Suitors in Europe -Even though Franklin argued that "A virgin state should preserve the virgin character, and not go about suitoring after alliances, but wait with decent dignity for the application of others," (17) the United States sought out agreements with other European countries -Prussia's Frederick the Great declined, as he feared revolution at home and British retaliation from abroad -Catherine the Great, who'd organized a league consisting of Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, Austria and Portugal, turned away an offer of American membership as she too was unwilling to risk English retaliation --Made no sense for a country at war to be accepted into an alliance with neutrals (after the war the US refused to join) -The Dutch provided loans of 9 million guilders ($3.6 million) -Spain - the most frustrating diplomacy of all

Amity, Commerce, Model

October 1782 - Talks Reconvened -The US gained the area between the Great Lakes and the Ohio Rivers, w/ the Mississippi River as the Western boundary -Was "recommended" but not "guaranteed" that states reimburse Loyalists for lost property -Right to fish off Newfoundland was secured, but the ability to dry fish was not The French -Let the foreign policy insult go --Already knew that a separate peace was being drafted --The English were embarrassed --The peace let France off the hook w/ Spain The Articles of Confederation -During the Revolution, Congress saw to the governance of the country, but after the war ended the country operated under the ______ ____ _______ (1781-1789) --Each state retained a high degree of ________ --One-chamber congress, each state possessed one vote, no executive branch, no judicial branch -> difficult to use today -Congress had the power to --Maintain an army and navy --Conduct foreign policy --Send and receive ambassadors Problems with the Articles -No provisions for a common currency -Little emphasis on funding the military - Congress had to beg states to send the troops it needed to fend off foreign aggressors --Army shrank to 3000 - of little help when the British refused to evacuate the first of the Northwest --Scrapping the Navy left no means of dealing w/ the Barbary pirates, who were harassing shipping in the Mediterranean -Allowed states to place duties on goods that were traded from state to state --Each state had its own customs service and tariff schedules...American diplomats could not threaten commercial retaliation against England -High debt which was leftover from the war > poor credit > forced the government to pay high rates of interest to lenders > high ______ rates for all > ______ hardships

Articles of Confederation, sovereignty, interest, economic

New French ambassador - _____ _____ -Jefferson noted that Genet asked for nothing from the US, but instead offered trade with the French West Indies. In time, however, he --outfitted 14 US vessels to be used as privateers. In time, they captured British ships Little Sarah to leave Philadelphia as a privateer only hours after promising he wouldn't do so --Purchased space in US papers to ask Americans to ignore Washington's proclamations on neutrality --Shipped arms to Kentuckians who wanted to fight the Spanish in Mississippi -Problems were resolved after the _____ replaced Genet Jay's Treaty -In 1794, the British seized 250 merchant vessels bound for France after the Admiralty decreed that corn, meal, and flour were to be considered _______ (in the past, food had never been seen as a weapon of war) -Congress responded by placing a limit on exports for 30, and then 60 days, and some called for raising an army of 80,000 to prep for war --Federalists cooled the situation by sending John Jay to England as a special envoy. Jay went to London with wide discretion, and the result was Jay's Treaty which led to the British finally evacuating the forts of the Northwest and opening the British Indies for trade --In return, the US signed off on the taking of foodstuffs headed to France --When the sellout of France was leaked to the press, Jefferson was incensed, Jay was hanged in effigy in Philadelphia, and Hamilton was hit by a rock, but the treaty won the Senate's approval Pickney's Treaty with Spain -The Us won the right to free navigation of the Mississippi River, to deposit goods of New Orleans for transshipment, and the northern boundary of Florida set at 31 degrees -Spain also came away a winner, as it no longer had to be so concerned an attack Louisiana -Native Americans were sold out - a Chickasaw chief lamented that their Spanish "Father...abandons us like small animals to the claws of tigers and the jaws or wolves."

Citizen Genet, French, contraband

-1801 - Sent a squadron to the region after the pasha of Tripoli stormed the US consulate and cut down the flagpole (!) -1803 - the Philadelphia ran aground near Tripoli. The commander was forced to surrender, but the ship was burned by an American raiding party to ensure that it not be used by the enemy -1805 - 400 soldiers of fortune and seven marines marched from Egypt and captured the port of Derma "on the shores of Tripoli" -American hostages were eventually freed in exchange for $60,000 -The situation calmed after the US and Royal Navy joined forces to defeat the aggressors after the war of 1812 Renewed problems over shipping -According to a 1756 decree by Great Britain, a neutral carrier, such as the US, could not transport goods directly from French and Spanish ports in the West Indies and French or Spanish ports in Europe -However, such transport could occur if vessels stopped at a US port first (this "broke" the voyage and the cargo was considered "neutral") -In 1805, the British, who were flush with victory after sending both the Spanish and the French fleets to the bottom, sent their navy to the US coast in order to stop this practice --Thereafter, American shippers had to prove that importation of enemy goods into the United States was not merely a legal subterfuge --British cruisers lurked outside American harbors, practically blockading the entire coastline --At the same time, Britain began a blockade of Europe -Napoleon responded with the _____ _____ which dictated that any ship that docked in an English port could be taken by France -The _____ answered by decreeing that neutral ships had to pass through British ports and pay taxes before sailing to Europe -Napoleon responded with the _____ _____ which stated that any ship that did so would be treated as an English ship, and treated as such -Which nation was the biggest threat to US? ________ --The French rarely struck American vessels outside French waters, while the British lurked just outside US harbors --Jefferson commented that Europe was a "madhouse"

Berlin Decree, British, Milan Decree, Britain

Texas -1820s - large-scale settlement from the US began when Moses and Stephen Austin were given permission to bring 300 families - supposed to swear allegiance to Spain and convert to Catholicism -In time, the number of migrants grew to 20,000 -Remained overwhelmingly Protestant and few thought of themselves as anything but American -1830 - ________ Law --Mexico forbade further immigration and pushed to develop closer trading ties between Texas and Mexico City -1834.- Santa Ana seized power, with the aim of establishing a strong, centralized government and to dissolve all state legislatures -Texans responded by raising an army under the command of Sam Houston -March 1836 - Santa Anna marched a large army across the Rio Grande, and his forces defeated 200 Texans at the _____ -April 1836 - Houston attacked Mexican forces as the San Jacinto River. Screaming "Remember the Alamo", his force of 800 men routed the Mexicans and captured the Mexican leader while he napped -A treaty guaranteeing the independence of Texas was forced from the leader and Texas requested immediate annexation, but the US said no...until... 1844 -British recognition and the possibility that Texas might replace the South as the source for cotton -The Democrats pushed to annex Texas --The Whigs believed that annexation meant war, but Polk (d) won the presidency -War with Mexico wasn't an inevitability, but Polk did his best to get us there --Supported Texas' claim that the Rio Grande should serve as the Southern Border (the Nueces was typically seen as the accepted border) --Commodore John Slot sent to California to capture major points Polk and Texas and California -Polk sent a special emissary to Mexico City with instructions to buy California and New Mexico for $25 million, but leaders can't really sell parts of their country -At the same time, the US Consul in Monterey informed Polk that the British were attempting to turn California into a protectorate (they weren't, but this caused American settlers to agitate for close ties with the US) -Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to occupy the territory near the Rio Grande

Colonization, Alamo

Article I -Section 8: Powers of ______ --Tax, borrow money, and pay debts --Provide for the common defense --To regulate trade --To establish laws pertaining to immigration and bankruptcy --To coin money --To declare war and to raise an army and a navy Article II -Section 2: Powers of the _______ --Commander in Chief --Has the power to make treaties and to nominate ambassadors with 2/3s consent of the Senate

Congress, President

Moves toward an independent foreign policy could be found in the conventing of -September 1774 - The First _______ Congress --Put together a list of grievances --Called for a total boycott of British goods --Considered the possibility of independence --Still hoped for better relations w/ English -May 1775 - The Second _______ Congress --Approved the raising of a militia --Influential delegates were given the responsibility of writing of statement of independence --Drafting of the Articles of Confederation which would give to Congress the power to conduct foreign affairs Common Sense - Thomas Paine -Published in January 1776, Paine's pamphlet demanded --The building of a ____ --That American ports be opened to the _____ --That the colonists should "_____ the world again" --The formation of a large National Assembly with short terms and frequent elections --Government even in its best state is but a necessary _____ -Sold 300,000 copies -Problems with his argument --We'd lost British protection --We'd lose access to credit --We'd lose access to race w/ the West Indies

Continental, Continental, navy, world, begin, evil

The US responded with the ______ _____ -Banned the export of American goods anywhere, but the measure was aimed at Britain, as it was believed that Britain couldn't survive without American goods --Hurt US shipping --Tobacco and cotton prices fell dramatically --Talk of secession in New England Replaced with the _____-_____ _______ -Allowed trade w/ all countries except Britain and France - ended up hurting the US even more as Britain expanded its trade w/ Spain and w/ Spain's possessions in the New World The Non-Intercourse Act was replaced in 1810 by _______ _____ -Removed all restrictions on commerce. with other countries -Gave the president the power to renew nonintercourse against one belligerent if the other gave up its punitive decrees --this meant that when Napoleon promised to repeal decrees that hurt the US, and release American vessels from French ports, the US renewed nonintercourse against Britain --France failed to uphold its end of the bargain, and Britain began seizing US vessels The US moved slowly towards war, without realizing that the British were almost ready to give in -In 1810 ______ was suffering from --economic depression --crop failures --bread riots --the effects of steep declines in exports to the US -June 16, 1812 Parliament was set to repeal earlier orders, but two days later, the United States declared war --_______ - West and South (War) --_______ - North and East (Peace) --_________ - No --_________ - Yes

Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act, Macon's Bill, Britain, Hawks, Doves, Federalists, Republicans

Early American Diplomacy - The Alliance with France: Asking the French for Help -Adams worried that the French might ask for too much in return --Maybe Canada? --Perhaps access to fishing grounds off Newfoundland? ---US wanted those for itself ---But we had to have help and after France lost almost all of its possessions in North America in 1763, the overriding sentiment was one of revenge, and revenge could be sought with the help of colonists --"There will come in time a revolution in America...which will put England into a state of weakness where she will no longer be a terror in Europe" An Alliance with France -Aid to the colonists had to wait until Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais traveled to London, where he made contact with some American rebels -de Beaumarchais set up a dummy trading house through which military supplies could be shipped; bankrolled by the Crown - the 22-year old king wasn't wild about an idea which involved revolution, but he eventually approved a loan of a million livres ($70 million in today's money) -Spains Charles III kicked in a similar sum, but more overt assistance would have to wait until an American victory December 1776 - "Dr. Fatsides" (_______) goes to Paris -Talked physics with the queen -Played chess with the Duchesse de Bourbon -Kissed Madame Helvetius in Public (scandalous) -Played the rube (country bumpkin) and the public loved it. Franklin's image was displayed on medals, snuffboxes, and his fur cap created a fashion sensation among the aristocracy

Franklin

Chapter 4 - Expansion, Sectionalism, and Civil War 1848-1865: Sectionalism and Sputtering Expansionism -By the 1850s, the notion of conquering Canada was done, but more land was obtained from Mexico in 1853 (______ Purchase) -Those in the South dreamed of a Southern Empire - saw the Caribbean as a Great Southern Sea --How maps impact our worldview Individuals... -Would-be leaders such as Narciso Lopez wanted to take _____ away from the Spanish and turn it over to the US --In 1849 he promised his men that after the invasion they would receive "plunder, women, drink, and tobacco", and $1000 - the plan fizzled when the US Navy prevented his troops from leaving Louisiana --In 1850 he gathered another group together, disguised them as emigrants bound for California, slipped out of New Orleans, and landed in Cuba --However, the locals failed to rise against the Spanish, and Lopez fled to Key West ---Tried and acquitted for violating the Neutrality Act of 1818 ---Not a man to be denied, he tried to invade Cub again in 1851 - this time he was captured and executed by the Spanish Another drive to take Cuba was orchestrated by _____ _______, former governor of Mississippi and general in the War w/ Mexico -Conquer Cuba -Establish a republic (like Texas) -Then, ask for annexation on the condition that Cuba enter the US as a slave state -Organized an expedition, but the venture failed when the president warned against such a move Other attempts to gain possession of Cuba included -1848 - Purchase for $100 million --refused/opposed by Britain and France -1854 - Purchase for $130 million -Continued attempts under the Buchanan administration fizzled -_______ election ended the drive to annex Cuba Diplomatic Relations w/ Japan -Japan was a country that _______ closed itself off from the rest of the world between 1603 - 1854 --Suspicions about missionaries led to a ban on Christianity --Closed Japanese ports to nearly all foreign vessels (Dutch / Nagasaki Bay) --1853 - Commodore Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay with two steam-driven warships, handed puzzled officials a letter written by Millard Fillmore, and demanded open trade ---When he sailed into Tokyo Bay with his frigates belching black smoke...in all directions were seen mothers flying with their children on their backs...the parade of firemen, the incessant tolling of bells..." --The Japanese didn't throw open trade immediately, but the following year, revolvers, telegraph sets, and 100 gallons of bourbon were sent to Japan

Gadsden, Cuba, John Quitman, Lincoln, voluntarily

Chapter 1 - Embryo of Empire - Americans and the World Before 1789: Reaching for Independence -Prior to revolution, control of the region that was to one day to become the United States was under competition by powers waning and powers waxing -_____ _____ --A small club of nations whose membership changes slowly -for example, in its heyday, Rome was a Great Power for at least 200 years --Great Powers generally possess ---the world's strongest _____ forces ---large _______ ---large _______ ---plentiful natural ______ --At one point Portugal and Spain were Great Powers, and both jockeyed for position in the New World --In 1494, Papal authority established the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence Great Power Competition: The Dutch -Even though the Dutch relinquished their claims to New Amsterdam early on, their influence may still be heard today ---Breukelyn - Brooklyn ---De wal - Wall Street ---The Bouwerij - The Bowery ---Jan Keese - Yankees Great Power Competition: Sweden -One of the most powerful nations of the day, Sweden sought to profit from the trade in fur and tobacco -Confined to the border region between what is now Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the Swedes did well until war broke out in Europe. At that point the colony was seized by the Dutch, and later the British

Great Powers, military, economies, populations, resources

________ was another problem -The Royal Navy required 30,000 new sailors annually but finding sailors was a tough proposition --Serving in the British Navy was akin to a stay in prison ---Sauerkraut, hard biscuits, and salt meat were most common foods ---Lots of scurvy ---Corporal punishment, flogging --It's no wonder that desertion rates were high, and with liberal immigration laws, it was easy for a British subject to become "Americans" ---According to Britain, 9,000 of the 24,000 sailors on US merchant ships were British subjects ---In addition, Britain considered those who had moved to the US after 1783 to be English citizens --In time, over 6,000 American seamen were forced into service on English vessels June 22, 1807 -The frigate Chesapeake headed out of port in Hampton Roads on its way to the Mediterranean on a mission to protect merchant vessels from the Barbary Pirates. The vessel was a fast ship, manned by 329, some of whom were deserters from the Royal Navy -A larger British vessel - the HMS Leopard - was waiting for the Americans --Commodore Barron was asked by the commander of the Leopard if he could come alongside and send along some mail --Barron allowed --When an English Lieutenant came aboard and demanded the ship be searched for deserters, Barron finally woke unto what was going on and refused, but it was too late. The Chesapeake was hit point blank from less than 200 feet away -The Chesapeake surrendered after firing just one shot - at that point the English searched the ship, and seized 4 sailors, 3 of whom were Americans who had deserted the Royal Navy after deserting an American merchant ship --The English sailor was hanged in Halifax --The three Americans were imprisoned

Impressment

March 1854 - Treaty of _______ -Protection for shipwrecked seamen -Opened two ports for obtaining coal -Japan granted the US most-favored-nation treatment -Perry envisioned American expansion and settlement on Formosa Dreams of an Isthmian Canal -In 1846, the US negotiated a treaty with Columbia that granted transit rights across the country - RR and a canal -The British resented this attack on their naval hegemony, so they responded by expanding their presence in Nicaragua - which was also a potential canal route Tensions cooled after the ______-_______ Treaty - 1850 -The US and Britain promised that neither country would monopolize or fortify a canal -Promised no new colonies in the region --We are far away, weak from Distance, controlled by the Indifference of the Nation...and by its Strong commercial Interest in maintain Peace with the US ---Lord Palmerston _______-_______ Treaty, 1854 -US could sail the St. Lawrence w/o restriction -Fishing rights affirmed -Canada could sell agricultural goods to the US The Civil War Lincoln's Secretary of State had a rather interesting approach to the conflict - he proposed war against Britain, France, Russia, and Spain, as in this way internal hostilities would evaporate -"Wrap the world in flames" --Decent sociological theory Southern Aims -Desire to conquer the North? No. The goal was to hold out agains the North long enough for it to realize that the _____ of war were to high to bear (almost became a reality if Lincoln wasn't reelected) -The South also believed that Britain (and to a lesser extent France) could not survive without ______ cotton --4-5 million would be thrown out of work (in reality, 27,000 lost their jobs) --English economy would fail It seemed as if Britain might back the South -When the Union blockaded Southern ports, this was interpreted by Britain that the North recognized Southern independence - you can't blockade yourself -As such, the British recognized the belligerency of the South, but they stopped short of formal recognition -The British forbade the selling of ammunition or outfitting privateers to either side -Seward still suggested war w/ Britain but Lincoln responded "one war at a time..." But what of other nations...Russia? -The only major power to support the US fully during the Civil War -Slavery / Serfdom -Diplomatic relations with the US by 1809; notable persons sent to St. Petersburg included John Q Adams and James Buchanan -Saw the US as a counter-balance to Britain's dominance of the seas -Cassius Clay - Southern abolitionist from Kentucky -Economic links between the two nations included railways built by American interests -Scientific exchange (translations of Russian journals) -Mikhail Bakunin - Russian anarchist in the US when the war broke out -Both Tsar Alexander II and Abraham Lincoln and progressivism -Civil War --Solid support for the North (not so from France of GB) --100 Russians served in the Union Army (0 in the Confederacy) --Two naval squadrons sent to US - NY and SF ---Dined with Seward --Fox Mission to Russia - thanks sent to Russia for support -After the war, many admirers in the US - inc TR -Today - US history continues to be studied in Russia (not so much here)

Kanagawa, Clayton-Bulwer, Marcy-Elgin, cost, Southern

Chapter 3 - Extending and Preserving the Empire 1815-1848: Expanding the Continental Empire -After the close of the War of 1812, expansion was the rule --Trade - From 1815-1847, trade with Latin American nations increased from $53 million to $159 million annually, and a treaty was signed with Ottoman Turkey in 1830, which enabled the sale of American products in the Middle East --Farm production - $338 million worth of crops left the fields in 1820, increasing to $904 million by 1850. Cotton production went from 209,000 bales in 1815 to 2,615,000 in 1847 --The population expanded as well - 8,000,000 in 1815; 22,000,000 in 1848 -Expansion of international power - Jackson wrested from the French an indemnity of 25 million francs for cargoes which were taken between 1805 and 1812 -Territorial expansion - In September 1810, American settlers in West Florida declared themselves independent from Spain (afraid that the territory might be ceded to a more powerful nation such as France nor Spain) --Annexed a month later Territorial Expansion -And what about East Florida? --The Monroe Administration made the case that Spain ought to cede the territory to the United States, as Spain hadn't prevented attacks from Native Americans, as required in ______ Treaty and it was a place where escaped slaves found refuge --Spain, however, wanted assurances from the US that it would not encourage rebellion in Spain's Latin American territories, and that the US would refuse diplomatic recognition of those nations --Settlement proved elusive until Jackson's invaded -Sent to Florida to punish the Seminoles for sheltering runaway slaves, but Jackson used the occasion to also go after the Spanish -Along the way, he captured and hanged Arthur Arbuthnot, a man who was guilty only of treating Native Americans fairly in business dealings, as well as Robert Ambrister, another British subject -Captured Pensacola in one day; had the Spanish governor replaced w/ one of his colonels -In 2 months Jackson controlled all important forts except St. ________

Pickney's, Augustine

Great Powers: Russians in America -Russian influence in what is now Alaska - seen as an extension of ______ Waning Spanish Influence -18th (1700s) century decline of the empire And France was a great power as well... -_____ wars were fought between Great Britain and France between 1689 and 1763, the most important of which was the _____Years' (French and Indian) War (1754-1763) -The end of the war nearly ended French ______ in the region --Canada and the Ohio Valley went to the British --Louisiana to Spain --Floridas to England -This fact was celebrated by Franklin - The future grandeur and stability of the British empire lay in America. (5) Reaching for Independence -In order to pay for troops and weapons used in the war against the French (with a 10,000 man standing army was placed in the colonies as well), the British enacted a tax on _____ and on ______, and London forbade direct trade w/ the _____ _____ --Sugar, which was used to make rum, dipped into the purses of distillers and merchants --The _____ Act required that stamps be placed on newspapers - this would be akin to taxing internet use today -______ ___ ______- limited settlement to the headwaters of rivers which flow into the Atlantic -At the same time, English ____ were decrying taxation without representation, and French philosophies were making the case that commerce is more important than borders as commerce = ________ -Some believed that America had a special destiny -And that great civilizations move from ______ to _______

Siberia, Four, Seven, influence, sugar, documents, West Indies, Stamp, Proclamation of 1763, Whigs, peace, east, west

Why War? -Impressment -British menace to US shippers -Belief that the British were providing aid to Native Americans -Canada -National Honor War of 1812: Advantage US -Oliver Hazard Perry's decisive victory on Lake Erie -Recapture of Detroit -Death of ______ in 1813 effectively thwarted British and Indian efforts to roll back American expansion in the Old Northwest -Nationalism War of 1812: Advantage Britain -Canada held -Northeastern governors refused to send troops and New England's investors refused to purchase government securities -High rates of desertion from the US army -Royal Navy able to land troops and burn Washington -After the European war ended, Britain could send shiploads of seasoned troops to North America Peace Negotiations -Tsar Alexander offered to provide his good offices to work out a peace (Britain decline) -Great Congress of ______ - brought peace to Europe -Little Congress of _____ - brought peace to America --The British asked for a buffer state for Native Americans in the Old Northwest, adjustment to the border (Maine and areas near the Great Lakes), as well as compensation for fishing rights --Demands for territorial gains fizzled with the British defeat at Plattsburgh, NY What came of the war? -Status quo ante bellum, but for the most part, impressment ended -2260 American fatalities / 1600 British -Costs of $158,000,000 (including veteran's benefits) -Now had a navy that could protect trade, whaling and missionaries -______ held - meant American expansion would turn south and west rather than north -Native Americans lost ____ support -______ of those who favored peace over war - continues to this day

Tecumseh, Vienna, Ghent, Canada, English, Criticism

Britain did, however, build the -Florida and the Alabama -These two ships were disguised as merchant vessels, but once they left British ports they converted over to use as commerce raiders -Blockade runners were also built in Britain (didn't really help the South very much, as luxury goods were often the focus Other Events -The ______ Affair --In November 1861, two Southern emissaries - James Mason and John Slidell - were on their way to Britain to negotiate possible agreements --In order to avoid Northern harassment, the two made their way to Havana and there they boarded the British ship Trent --The ship was stopped by the USS San Jacinto, and the pair were taken to the US ---Most Northerners were happy - Congress awarded the captain a gold medal ---The British demanded that the two be let go, but Prince Albert (believed in close US / British ties) intervened and created a loophole for the US - the administration could simply say that the captain made a _______ ---Seward responded that the American captain had the right to seize the Trent, but she should have been taken into port for hearings ---The two were later freed In time, the European view of the war was affected by -Northern victories -New cotton areas in India and Egypt -French fumbling in Mexico --Britain, Spain, and France put a landing party ashore at Veracruz in order to collect some debts (given a nod of approval from the US) --Once these debts were paid, Britain and Spain left, but French forces stayed on, and by 1863 the French army occupied Mexico City, installing the Archduke Ferdinand Maximillian as leader --Once the French realized the North was sure to prevail, they quit Mexico -US Support from _____ - more support for the North than any other European nation -Emancipation Proclamation Results? -Ended Slavery -600,000 Dead -$20 billion in losses -Seward...reversed the hallowed American doctrine that neutral shipping was immune to capture when moving between neutral ports

Trent, mistake, Russia

Latin America moves into the Yankee Vortex -Mexico --After the Civil War, President Johnson moved 52,000 troops to the border in order to encourage the French to leave --Napoleon III removed his troops from the country and Emperor Maximillian fell to a firing squad -1868-1878 - Creole rebellion in Cuba --Petitioned DC for ________ - denied due to racism (in the US) and slavery -1873 - Virginia's Affair --Gun-runner captured by the Spanish - 53 executed (including Americans) --Madrid apologized and paid $80,000 -1880 - Cubans turn increasingly to the US - marriage, kids to US colleges, ever-more industries US-owned -1884 - in violation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty - the US signed an agreement with Nicaragua for a canal -In 1873 and 1885, US troops moved ashore in Panama in order to protect US assets there -All these tumultuous phenomena demonstrated how dramatic had been the transformation of the United States from a regional to a global power in a short span of thirty years Chapter 6 - Imperialist Leap 1895-1900: Relations with Britain and the Venezuelan Crisis of 1895 -Involved a boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela -1840s - Britain established a line between the two countries that no one liked, but it didn't seem to matter very much until.. -____ was discovered in the disputed region -The Venezuelans hired a PR expert - William Scruggs, former minister to Caracas, to plead the nation's case to the American people -He put together a pamphlet entitled British Aggression in Venezuela or the Monroe Doctrine on Trial - painted the picture of an unfair fight between a defenseless nation a bully Venezuelan Crisis -FEb 1894 - Congress passed a resolution calling for arbitration -July 1895 - President Cleveland warned that the US wouldn't allow a partition of South America such as that taking place in ______ -Demanded a response from London by early December 1895 --Ignored by the PM - believed it to be the usual American bombast -Cleveland gets "mad clean through" and threatened that the US would intervene by "an means in its power" -When British Investors started taking funds out of the marker, cooler head prevailed -End result? US and Britain pretty much agreed that the old boundary was ok, but _______ did come to control the mouth of the Orinoco River A Growing Nation -At the same time the US was growing in scope and in power --Navy Act of 1896 - 3 new battle ships --Output of steel and iron equaled that of Britain and Germany combined Cuba Libre -Although the Cubans had fought an unsuccessful war for independence which ended in 1878, the movement revived under_____ _____, who plotted war from the Key West and NY -Martí was always cautious about the US, warning his followers that if the US was invited to help the movement, they may not leave --The monster --Aggressive --Full of hate -Martí died in battle, but the revolution carried on without him --Insurrectos - burned cane and blew up mills, guerrilla warfare --By 1896 the rebels controlled the countryside / Spain the cities

annexation, Gold, Africa, Venezuela, José Martí

Governor Weyler's response? -Instituted reconcentrado --Island divided into _____ --500,000 placed in camps were 200,000 died of starvation, poor sanitation, and those found outside the camp were killed --Also killed livestock, polluted wells, burned crops The Cleveland Administration -Didn't want to recognize Cuban independence - distrusted the rebels more than the ______ --Destroyed 80 percent of the island's sugar cane / 90% of its tobacco - tried to blame Spain, but Cleveland denounced the "Rascally Cubans" --Also feared a "revolution within a revolution", as some Cubans wanted to seize foreign assets and redistribute land -Encouraged the Spanish to recognize independence 1897 - McKinley takes charge -President ______ was a man had seen war for himself, and so he possessed no real desire to go to war over the island -McKinley promised no annexation By mid-1897, McKinley sends Stewart Woodford to Madrid with the following demands -End reconcentration -Work out a plan for Cuban autonomy within the Spanish Empire -Stop the fighting -Allow the US to send aid to those who were suffering Problems for McKinley -Anti-Spanish riots in Havana demonstrated that reforms hadn't gone far enough -A private letter from the Spanish minister had been intercepted, and it it he called McKinley "weak" The Maine -On January 25, 1898, on a mission to protect Americans on the island, the Maine dropped anchor in Havana -Three weeks later, an explosion tore through the ship, killing 266 sailors - probably caused by a spark in the coal bunker -McKinley called for an official investigation, and even though no hard evidence existed that linked Spain to the disaster, the calls for ____ were loud and strong 1898 -Explored buying Cuba -March 6 - requested $50 million in new military spending -TR - "no more backbone than a chocolate eclair" -March 27 - the following demands were sent to Madrid --Armistice and negotiations between Spain and the Cuban rebels --Arbitration by McKinley --End reconcentration --Provide relief to the Island -PROB? The Spanish ______ give in - the monarch may have fallen - the war and honor were preferable to peace and dishonor War -April 11 - McKinley asked Congress to approve military action --Made no mention of independence - instead McKinley focused on humanitarian reasons for the intervention --Congress passed the ______ Amendment - a public proclamation stating that the US had no interest in going to war to seize Cuba -Spain declared war on April 24 and the US followed up the next day

districts, Spanish, McKinley, war, couldn't, Teller

Washington and alliances -Admonished to steer away from _______ A New President, Old Problems -With John Adams, problems with _____ reached a nadir when French privateers started taking US vessels in the West Indies, and they refused to recognize the new American ambassador -Adams responded by sending a three-man commission to France in October 1797 --Charles Pinckney - moderate from SC --John Marshall - conservative from VA --Elbridge Gerry - old friend of Adams -The commissioners were met by three French agents who were sent by Talleyrand, who was the chief diplomat of France. These agents, identified as X, Y, and Z demanded that a ________ bribe be paid by the US, and that a large loan be offered to the French government before any negotiations could commence -Sent a beautiful woman to bend the ears of the three representatives - Why will you not lend us money...When you were contending your Revolution, we lent you money." -Such methods were common enough in Europe, but the three Americans had no instructions to offer the French such a deal -The French responded by proclaiming that they would _____ any cargo carried by US vessels -News of the difficulties faced by the American representatives filtered back to the US, and Adams responded by going before Congress to ask for the authority to arm merchantmen -Suspicious Representatives asked to see all diplomatic correspondence, and Adams complied, passing along the information concerning X, Y, and Z -Calls for _____ abounded, and Adams promised that the US would never send another representative to France unless the French promised to treat that person w/ respect (Jefferson called Adams' response "insane")

entanglements, France, $250,000, seize, war

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -California and New Mexico were ceded to the US -Texas added to the US with the southern border set at the Rio Grande -The US paid Mexico $15 million and assumed the claims of the US citizens against Mexico -Costs of War --1548 US troops died in battle; 10,970 from other causes --$100 million --Deaths of at least 50,000 Mexicans, and decades of political unrest --Trist - the man who ended the war - _____ for his actions Expansion and trade wasn't confined only to the south and west Contacts in Asia -February 22, 1784 the Empress of China set sail for China with a hold filled with ginseng and other exports. Two years later it cam back with porcelain, silk, tea, and other valuables -Merchants made their way to China settling in a hong (ghetto) outside Guangzhou -In the 1830s, due to a severe drain on the English treasury, the British began selling opium to the Chinese, as most other English goods were spurned Opium War -The Emperor tried to stem the sale of the drug and they walled up the hong where the foreigners lived -The British responded by shelling the coast of China -The war ended when the Chinese's conceded defeat, ceded Hong Kong to the British, and allowed the British to trade in ______ treaty ports US trade with China expanded as well -Treaty of ______ (1844) --MFN status - Southerners saw China as a massive potential buyer of ______ --Led to exploitation of a nation that would last a century Contacts with Hawaii -Stripped of sandalwood by the 1820s -Missionaries -Whales -Sugar -Tyler Doctrine (1840s) - other nations warned away Displacement of Native Americans continued -______ Act of 1830 --Trail of Tears --Creeks - population collapsed by 60% in 30 years

fired, five, Wangxia, cotton, Removal

The Monroe Doctrine -The US declared a "hands off" policy for the western hemisphere and we promised not to interfere in Europe (this was a _____) -Doctrine was that of "no transfer" - no transfer of territory from one European power to another (worries about the British taking Cuba) Measuring John Bull (he's like Uncle Sam) -In the years following the Monroe Doctrine, most Americans continued to view Britain as America's preeminent threat, even as trade between the two countries continued to increase -1817 _____-______ Agreement --After an arms race between the two nations, the US and Britain pledged to keep no more than one armed ship on Lake Champlain, another on Lake Ontario, and two on all the other Great Lakes --One of the 1st disarmament treaties in world history Convention of 1818 -As the northern limit of Louisiana Purchase was somewhat fuzzy (the US wanted them to follow the ___th parallel from the Lake of the Woods west to the sea, while Britain still laid claim to the Columbia River region) the 2 nations decided to keep the Oregon Territory open to American and British settlers -The convention also addressed fisheries, where the US won the right to fish off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador "for ever" Canadian Rebellion of 1837 -An American named Rensselaer Van Rensselaer was leading raids into Canada, then retreating to the US -December 1837 - pro-British forces struck the supply vessel Caroline, burning the ship near Niagara Falls -After an American died in the melee (Amos Durfee), there was angry protests against the British - in Lewiston, NY a mob burned books by English authors, and the following May, Americans looted and burned a Canadian steamboat -It took the arrival of General Winfield Scott and the arrest of Van Rensselaer to restore order Aroostook War -Next, Scott had to be sent to Maine in 1839, in order to quell problems over Maine's northern boundary - Maine and New Brunswick had mobilized their militias -A temporary armistice was worked out in time to cool the heated atmosphere Amos Durfee -Problems with Canada continued t fester and erupted yet again in 1840 when a Canadian grocer named Alexander McLeod came to Niagara and bragged that he had killed Amos Durfee -After McLeod was arrested for murder, the British foreign secretary made it clear that executing McLeod might lead to dire consequences -McLeod recanted his story, witnesses disappeared, and was let go --Another crisis avoided

lie, Rush-Bagot, 49

Summer 1798 - Congress Responds -Declared all French Treaties null and void -Funded the construction of new warships -Increased the regular army -Washington came out of retirement to lead the new forces -This was worrisome to Jefferson as all of the above appeared to be targeting _______ _____ -In time, the Navy captured 85 French merchantmen -And Hamilton went so far as to plan an alliance with Great Britain, whereby the two nations would attack French and Spanish forces in the Americas -Adams thought this as akin to traveling to the moon in a cart drawn by geese - have to cool the situation down -Talleyrand also helped settle things down, as he assured the US that France wanted peace. To emphasize the point, the French repealed their decrees against American shipping and reined in their privateers -Adams astounded his supporters in the Senate when he nominated a new envoy to France --Political _____, as many Federalists wanted war 1800 - Treaty of Mortefontaine -By 1800, Napoleon had ascended to power, and he put his brother Joe is put in charge of negotiations with the US. Bonaparte wanted to reestablish a North American _____, and he knew that couldn't happen without peace with the US --The nation that hangs onto their friendship will be the last to retain colonies in the New World --The French re-established their American empire after a horse trade w/ Spain - France exchanged Tuscany for Louisiana In 1801, Thomas Jefferson became president after a brutal campaign -These were in their own words! -Jefferson foresaw an America with a long reach - Florida, Cuba, Central American Canal as he believed Spain to be "a huge, helpless, and profitable whale" Not a man to stand on diplomatic ceremony -The president...often shambled about dressed in an old bathrobe and worn slippers --When a British minister arrived as the White House, he was treated by the president "standing in slippers down at the heels, and both pantaloons, coat, and under-clothes indicative of utter slovenliness"

political opposition, suicide, empire

US / Mexico Relations -President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the new government and called Huerta's government a "government of butchers" and called Huerta a "drunken brute" --In retaliation, a pro-Huerta newspaper branded the president "that Wicked Puritan from the North with the Sorry Horse Teeth" ---Many European nations, however, _______ the Huerta government, w/ the Kaiser celebrating resistance against "the Yankee" ---Britain had no desire to upset Wilson, and even though British subjects had a great deal of money in Mexico, they held off on official recognition -After peasants in several provinces rebelled against Huerta, a Constitutionalist army formed around the leader Venustiano Carranza -President Wilson lifted an arms embargo on the country, in order to ensure that the rebels received guns and ammo Tampico Incident April 1914 -Appeared that a major battle was going to be fought between rebel forces and Huerta -On April 9 the crew of a US Navy whaleboat went ashore in an area that had been declared off limits by the local commander -As the sailors loaded drums of gasoline, they were arrested and marched to the local garrison -The men were quickly released, but... US /Mexico Relations -The commander of the Dolphin demanded --Discipline for the officer who had arrested the sailors --A written apology --The hoisting of the American flag in a prominent place, along w/ a 21-gun salute -Huerta said he'd discipline the officer, and offer an apology, but he wouldn't do the salute -When Huerta refused, President Wilson ordered the blockade of Veracruz and the landing of troops -800 sailors and marines landed -Huerta fled to Europe -December 1914 - one of Carranza's northern generals - Pancho Villa - broke ranks with the new leader -Since Villa hadn't criticized US military action at Veracruz, Wilson saw him as a _______, and now he refused to recognize Carranza -Carranza drove Villa north, turning the region into a no-man's land --Bread riots and near-starvation --Refugees flowed across the border -Villa was hoping for material support from the United States, but when none arrived, he ordered a train carrying American engineers invited by Carranza to reopen abandoned mines, and summarily shot all but one of them (Conlin, 599) -Encouraged by German agents, Villa raided Columbus, NM, leaving 17 Americans and 100+ Mexicans dead -Wilson sent 7000 soldiers 350 miles into Mexico in an unsuccessful search for Villa -Wilson considered asking Congress for the authority to occupy northern Mexico, but the _______ Note forced Wilson to grant recognition to the Mexican government in order to assure Mexican neutrality during the war

recognized, friend, Zimmerman

Russo-Japanese War -Russia in Manchuria - 175,000 troops threatened Japan's regional hegemony --Potential naval menace --Endangered the Japanese... in Korea -Japan destroyed Russia's Asiatic fleet -97,000 Russian soldiers killed at Mukden -The Baltic Fleet was sent to the bottom as well TR (Theodore Roosevelt) brokers peace -Japan demanded that Russian troops leave Manchuria, recognize Japanese control of Korea and Sakhalin Island. The Japanese also wanted money -Russia ______ to pay anything to Japan, also refused to give up Sakhalin -TR offered a division of Sakhalin, and that the Tsar consider an indemnity -Japan agreed and TR won the _____ ______ US / British animosity again... -In 1903 Canada claims a large section of the Alaskan panhandle -TR sends 800 troops to the region -Problems worked out with a boundary commission -Then, Newfoundland placed restrictions on US fishing vessels --Senator Lodge demanded warships --The matter was worked out at The Hague American / British Animosity finally died away -Britain removed its North Atlantic naval station from Jamaica -By 1902, the Royal Navy sent just a token force of cruisers to the Caribbean -London retreats from the Western hemisphere

refused, Nobel Prize

Summer 1801 - troubles with France re-emerged -When French troopers were sent to Hispaniola to put down a rebellion led by Toussaint L'Ouverture -Initially, Jefferson supported French action (called him Toussaint "cannibal"), but then he worried that these same troops might be used to occupy New Orleans or the Floridas Why Jefferson's Concerns? -The rebellion could spark _____ revolts in the US -French control of the Miss River might cause those on the frontier to go to war or even secede from the Union -A reinvigoration of the French Empire in the New World --Fallback plan was to "marry" the nation to Britain Instead, the French decided to sell ______ to the US -French forces in Haiti succumbed to yellow fever and military attack --"Damn sugar, damn coffee, damn colonies." -And Napoleon needed money for his European wars -After the US approached France with an offer to purchase New Orleans for $10 million, France offered the entire territory for $15 million. After unloading Louisiana, France went to war w/ England for the next decade --Napoleon knew that Louisiana would help make the US a powerful nation, and that he had "just given England a maritime rival that sooner or later would law lower her pride." -Incredibly, a handful of senators balked at purchasing such a "wilderness", but eventually the purchase was secured Jefferson also extended American power to the Mediterranean -The new Navy was employed against the Barbary pirates who were based in Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis, and Morocco -Since the 1780s, American shipping had faced peril in this region - the only deal that had been struck was with Morocco where the US paid a tribute of $10,000, and it was the least threatening of the North African states -Jefferson decided to make war by ______ order

slave, Louisiana, executive