US Government class

Which statements about the colonist response to the Boston Massacre are accurate?

Correct Answers: - Support for the British among some Bostonians increased - Prominent Bostonians defended the soldiers who participated Incorrect Answers: - Bostonians abandoned their radical efforts to oppose British Authority - Bostonians immediately raided tea-carrying ships in Boston Harbor

What were some of the major points of disagreement during ratification of the constitution?

Correct answers: - how to prevent tyranny - limits on the power of government - how much representation the people should have in government Incorrect answers: - how to amend the constitution

How are cases on affirmative action different from those such as Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia?

Correct: - Affirmative action programs disadvantage those in dominant majority groups. - Affirmative action programs are designed to assist victims of past injustices. Incorrect: - Affirmative action programs are designed to prevent harm to minority groups. - They are motivated by a desire to promote civil rights.

Which of the following agencies were created by Congress to give them information independent of the information it gets from the executive branch?

Correct: - Congressional Research Service - Congressional Budget Office - General Accounting Office Incorrect: - Office of Management and Budget - Federal Reserve

Which statements describe limits to presidential power?

Correct: - The president might face Congress being controlled by the opposition party. - Congress has the power of the purse. - The president does not control foreign leaders' actions. - The Senate must confirm many of the most important presidential appointments. Incorrect: - The public pays attention to the president

Which of the following statements about religion in America are correct?

Correct Answers: - The percentage of Americans identifying as Protestant has declined substantially since 1900. - There has been a sizable increase in number of Americans identifying as belonging to no organized religion. Incorrect Answers: - The percentage of Americans identifying as Jewish has increased substantially since 1900. - Americans identifying as Muslims now outnumber Catholic Americans.

Which of the following were tensions at the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

Correct Answers: - large states versus small states - slave states versus nonslave states - national power versus state power Incorrect Answers: - amending the Articles of Confederation versus replacing them completely - city power versus state power

Washington, D.C., is home to many different interest groups. Place the interest groups in order from those with the most presence in the nation's capital to those with the least.

1. corporate groups and trade associations 2. citizen groups 3. government groups 4. professional associations 5. labor groups

Imagine that the nation of Bermuda was trying to develop the ability to manufacture nuclear weapons, and the United States did not want them to do so. Order the following possible responses the United States could use, from the one that is likely to be tried first to the one that is likely to be used only as a last resort.

1. diplomacy 2. sanctions 3. military force

During the Cold War, the United States balanced between two extremes. On the one hand, the United States built a huge military force. On the other hand, it frequently stated that it had no intention of attacking the Soviet Union, though it did engage in several proxy conflicts such as the wars in Vietnam and Korea. What two principles did the U.S. adopt with the Soviet Union?

Correct: - deterrence - containment Incorrect: - appeasement - preventive war

When politicians fight over calling a bill "health care reform" or "health care rationing," what are they trying to shape?

Correct: - how the media frames the bill Incorrect: - the public's ability to use certain criteria when considering the politicians - the media's willingness to report about the bill

Did the following Supreme Court cases grant power to the states or to the federal government? Match the case to the outcome.

Gibbons v. Ogden: - gave power to the federal government United States v. Lopez: - gave power to the states

---- generally support laws requiring voters to show identification before voting, claiming such laws help deter voter fraud. ---- generally oppose such laws, claiming they are designed to discourage poor and minority voters from participating. Each party sees an electoral advantage in their positions, because ---- tend to benefit from voter ID laws and ---- tend to be hurt by such laws.

Republicans, Democrats, Republicans, Democrats

What is the method by which the United States selects its president?

electoral college

How did the Civil War and Reconstruction affect the rights of Blacks in the United States? Complete the following statement. After the Civil War, three amendments to the Constitution ---- civil rights for African Americans. Once Reconstruction ended, however, ----severely restricted the rights of African Americans, with ---- states taking the lead in segregating many public facilities.

expanded, Jim Crow laws, southern

Match the type of campaign with the campaign characteristics that describe it.

grassroots campaign: - local campaign - organizationally driven mass media campaign: - statewide campaign - money-intensive

Whereas ______ limits the role of government, ______ implies an obligation of the government to the people.

- liberty - equality

How many senators are needed to carry out the each of the following actions?

67: - overturn presidential veto 51: - pass a bill 60: - invoke cloture

The original purpose of the Second Amendment was to provide for an individual right to bear arms.

False

An economic "carrot," or incentive, is -----. An economic "stick," or punishment, is ----.

foreign aid, sanctions

What is the difference between the implied and inherent powers of the presidency?

Implied powers are needed to carry out a president's expressed powers, whereas inherent powers go beyond implied ones.

Why might Congress prefer to exercise "fire alarm" oversight rather than "police patrol" oversight?

It is more efficient and less time consuming to engage in "fire alarm" oversight

Why do interest groups try to develop a "pattern of cases"?

It makes it more likely that the Supreme Court will hear their case

How are the various successful constitutional amendments similar?

Many tend to be concerned with the structure of government.

What powers did the Constitution grant to the judicial branch and the Supreme Court?

Powers granted by the Constitution: - lifetime appointments - power to resolve conflicts between state and federal laws Powers NOT granted by the Constitution: - judicial review - authority to determine its own size and composition

Complete the following statement to accurately describe aspects of congressional oversight. The ---- alone has the right to approve or deny the president's appointments of -----. Approval for these nominees requires ----.

Senate, federal judges, a simple majority

Rules made by the bureaucracy of one administration can easily be reversed by the next administration.

True

The Constitution provides a basis for a right to privacy.

True

How has the government protected the right to privacy?

Various Supreme Court cases have recognized the right to privacy.

The ---- Plan pushed for representation based on population, whereas the ---- Plan called for equal representation for all states. The Great Compromise, proposed by ---- split the difference between the two and saved the Constitutional Convention from dissolving.

Virginia, New Jersey, Connecticut

Match the groups with their positions during the Constitutional Convention and ratification.

both: - wanted a limited government Federalist only: - believed the Bill of Rights was unnecessary Antifederalist only: - argued that representatives must be "a true picture of the people" - attacked the elastic (or necessary and proper) clause

Ballot initiatives and referenda in the United States are examples of what kind of democracy?

direct

Foreign policy, especially such issues as declaring war, is primarily conducted at the ---- level. The only level of government not mentioned in the Constitution is the ---- level.

federal, local

Match the type of power to the correct level of government.

federal: - expressed - implied state: - reserved federal and state: - concurrent

You've just been assigned a group project. There is one person in your group who does none of the work but is happy to take the "A" you all earn for the final product. This person's behavior is an example of what concept?

free riding

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution primarily addresses which core American value?

liberty

Complete the following statement. The media have been ---- aggressive in investigating the government in recent years than it used to be.

more

Some Americans believe that America's human rights and humanitarian policies serve American interests by winning friends and demonstrating our concern for the oppressed and less fortunate. They believe that human rights and humanitarian policies are a form of what?

soft power

Match each policy area with the level of government that was responsible for it under dual federalism.

state government: - property laws national government: - tariffs local government: - public works

Which level of scrutiny must affirmative action policies now meet?

strict

Match each economic philosophy with the statement that best represents it.

supply-side economics: - Lower taxes lead people to work harder, which increases overall revenue for the government. Keynesianism: - The government can control the business cycle by strategically spending or changing the tax rate. laissez-faire capitalism: - The best thing the government can do for the economy is stay out of it as much as possible.

On which of these issues is public opinion less likely to affect policymaking?

taxation

Match each group or organization with its correct category.

terrorist: - non-state actor World trade organization: - international organization canada: - nation-state

Identify the forms of political participation as traditional or digital.

traditional political participation: - voting in an election - participating in a protest - attending a campaign event digital political participation: - writing a blog post

Identify the primary beneficiaries for each program.

working poor: - Earned Income Tax Credit elderly: - social security nonworking poor: - medicaid

Suppose a journalist hears a rumor that a U.S. ambassador spent public money on travel and lavish meals for his visiting family members. The journalist files a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request that shows the State Department knew about this infraction but ignored the fact that it was against the rules. A member of Congress learns about the ambassador's conduct and immediately decides to investigate. What kind of oversight best characterizes this investigation?

"fire alarm" oversight

The ability of people to choose their leaders in free and fair elections is called ______, whereas ______ refers to freedom from government control.

- democracy - liberty

People who are politically active tend to have a ______ sense of political efficacy. Political efficacy is the belief that one can ______ the government.

- high - influence

Place the events in chronological order.

1. Stamp Act 2. Boston Tea Party 3. Declaration of Independence 4. Articles of confederation adopted 5. Constitution adopted

Match each feature to either the Articles of Confederation or the Declaration of Independence.

Articles of Confederation: - limited the powers of the national government - allowed states to retain sovereignty Declaration of Independence: - emphasized importance of unalienable rights - sought to develop a unified national identity

Label the following descriptions as applying to the Executive Office of the President (EOP), the Cabinet, or both.

Cabinet: - composed of the heads of all major federal government departments Both: - is part of the executive branch Executive office of the President: - perform defined management tasks for the president

In 1883, the ---- was passed in order to create the merit system for staffing the bureaucracy. It required appointees to be qualified based on ----.

Civil Service Act, competitive examinations

Who, or what, dictates the number of justices that sit on the Supreme Court?

Congress

Which of the following are examples of the powers of Congress under the Articles of Confederation?

Correct Answers: - make treaties - coin or borrow money - appoint senior officers of the United States Army - declare war Incorrect Answers: - appoint a president - levy taxes - regulate commerce between the states

Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

Correct: - The Pendleton Act replaced the spoils system with a merit-based system. - Not all political appointees require Senate confirmation. Incorrect: - Bureaucrats serve at the pleasure of the president and can be fired without cause. - Bureaucrats have little power due to congressional oversight.

Which of the following organizations or agreements are primarily related to free trade?

Correct: - World Trade Organization - United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Incorrect: - World Health Organization - North Atlantic Treaty Organization

What services and protections does the United States provide to unauthorized immigrants?

Correct: - access to K-12 education - access to emergency medical care Incorrect: - pathway to citizenship - receiving social security

During the Trump administration, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos came into the position with strong support for which of the following?

Correct: - charter schools - vouchers Incorrect: - strengthening teachers unions - increased funding for public education

The foreign policy section of the bureaucracy has changed since the September 11 attacks, including the creation of several new posts. Which of the following posts or departments were part of this expansion?

Correct: - director of national intelligence Incorrect: - Department of State - Secretary of State - director of the Central Intelligence Agency

Which of the following are examples of a member of Congress performing "police patrol" oversight?

Correct: - interviewing senior bureaucratic personnel - initiating a bureaucratic audit Incorrect: - responding to reports by journalists about bureaucratic actions - responding to calls from lobbyists and concerned citizens

What resources do the most successful groups have?

Correct: - staff - members - money Incorrect: - corporate sponsors

In which way does the use of signing statements by presidents differ from the use of executive orders?

Executive orders usually create new policies, whereas signing statements alter a policy already passed by Congress

Broadly speaking, Congress has actively opposed the expansion of presidential authority.

False

Civil rights are what the government must not do.

False

Over the past few decades, Americans have left the South and Southwest and moved to the Midwest and Northeast. As a consequence, the Midwest and Northeast have seen increased political representation in Congress.

False

The threat of massive retaliation is more useful in combating terrorism than in fighting traditional nation-states.

False

Both the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and the Republican National Committee (RNC) do which of the following?

Correct: - work to enhance how the party is portrayed in the media - give money to candidates they want to see win a primary - set rules for elections and caucuses - minimize disputes within the party

Which federal department is responsible for diplomacy?

Department of State

The ---- Amendment's ---- is primarily concerned with Congress sponsoring or favoring a specific religion, whereas the ---- has to do with Congress prohibiting or interfering with the practice of religion.

First, establishment clause, free exercise clause

Which statement about the committee deliberation of a bill is accurate?

Floor action on bills cannot proceed without deliberation by the committee that has jurisdiction

Which case formally established the right to privacy?

Griswold vs Connecticut

How does internet access affect political participation?

Internet access tends to increase political participation.

Which of the following statements best characterizes people's attachments to political parties?

Party attachments tend to be stable emotional and rational ties

What congressional action did the Supreme Court use as their foundation for opposing sexual harassment?

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A key challenge with the Articles of Confederation was the inability of Congress to act decisively during a crisis.

True

Although most presidents attempt to use their party to implement their legislative agenda, the ability of presidents to use their party as tools to achieve their policy objectives is limited.

True

Which power is granted to the Senate but not to the House?

the power to approve treaties

In the history of American foreign policy in the twentieth century, which came first: American isolationism or American engagement?

isolationism

How did the Supreme Court gain the power of judicial review?

Judicial review was established in the decision of Marbury v. Madison

Since the 1920s, immigration to the United States has _______. This has been particularly true of people emigrating from _______.

- increased - Latin America and Asia

Place these events surrounding the creation of the U.S. system of government in chronological order.

1. Delegates gather at the Constitutional Convention 2. The Federalist Papers are published 3. The constitution is ratified by the states 4. The Bill of Rights is adopted

Place these major moments from civil rights history in order from earliest to most recent.

1. Dred Scott v. Sanford is decided 2. Fourteenth Amendment is ratified 3. Plessy v. Ferguson is decided by the Supreme Court 4. Brown v. Board of education is decided by the Supreme Court 5. The Voting Rights act is passed

Properly order the steps a case typically goes through in the federal court system.

1. US district courts 2. US court of appeals 3. US Supreme Court

Which amendment specifies the right to bear arms?

2nd Amendment

Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

Correct: - The reliance on contractors raises a variety of challenges with oversight and accountability. - Privatization downsizes government. Incorrect: - Contractors are generally more skilled and have greater expertise than career bureaucrats. - Contracting always leads to lower costs.

Sort the following into descriptions of de facto or de jure segregation.

De Facto Segregation: - segregation resulting from housing patterns - schools where students are predominantly of one race because of who lives in the neighborhood De Jure Segregation: - laws mandating separate dining facilities for minorities - policies restricting who can sit where on a public bus

What is the difference between the inherent and delegated powers of the presidency?

Delegated powers are given by Congress, whereas inherent powers are inferred from the constitution as being a necessary part of the office

How have the following Supreme Court decisions influenced how affirmative action policies are evaluated?

Grutter v. Bollinger (2003): - The Court ruled that diversity in education is a compelling state interest, and thus admissions committees may use race as a factor so long as it is not "mechanical" in application. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978): - The Court ruled that quotas for minority students were unconstitutional.

What 1890s Supreme Court case limited the influence of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Plessy v. Ferguson

In the context of understanding public opinion, which of the following is the best definition of values?

basic principles that shape a person's opinions about issues and events

According to the Constitution, which type of bills can be introduced only in the House of Representatives?

bills involving the spending or raising of revenues

Match each task or characteristic to whether it is reserved for the Senate, the House of Representatives, or both chambers.

both: - approval required to enact laws Senate only: - chosen for six-year terms - approve presidential appointments - ratify treaties House only: - write revenue bills - more responsive to public

The ---- of the Constitution grant specific powers to Congress. They ---- Congress's power. The ---- of the Constitution grants Congress the power to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its duties. It ---- Congress's power.

expressed powers, limits, elastic clause, expands.

What does it mean for a member of Congress to represent her constituents as a trustee?

the representative votes based on what she thinks is best for her constituency

Put the items related to the evolution of the right to privacy in order from oldest to most recent.

1. (oldest) The supreme court ruled in favor of marital privacy in contraceptive use 2. The Supreme Court expanded the right to privacy with regard to abortions 3. The Supreme court ruled that LGBTQ persons have a right to privacy

Comparing the 1900s to 2010s, order the continents from those that experienced the greatest growth in proportion of the U.S. immigrant population to those experiencing the least growth (or greatest decline).

1. Americas 2. Asia 3. Africa 4. Europe

Place in chronological order the events that led up to the end of the Articles of Confederation.

1. Annapolis Convention 2. Shay's Rebellion 3. Constitutional Convention

Place these major moments in the history of American foreign relations in chronological order from earliest to most recent.

1. George Washington gives his farewell address 2. President Monroe issues his Monroe Doctrine 3. The united states enters WWII 4. The US and the soviet union engage in the cold war 5. The September 11 terrorist attacks occur

Place these actions in order from the earliest to the latest in the lawmaking process of a House bill (assuming all actions occur).

1. House bill proposed 2. bill is referred to committee 3. bill receives a committee markup 4. bill goes to the rules committee 5. bill receives a vote on the floor of the House 6. bill goes to the senate floor 7. president signs into law

What is a consequence of Americans' lack of political knowledge?

It undermines popular control of government.

Epic Games filed a lawsuit after Apple removed a version of its battle royale game Fortnite from the App Store. Epic Games is seeking injunctive relief to "allow fair competition" in mobile app distribution. What is the basis of their lawsuit?

antitrust policy

Freedom of the press is found in the ______ Amendment.

1st amendment

Conflict over the direction, identity, and resources of an organization is _______. The ability to influence that process is _________.

- politics - political power

Which amendment provides the most substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?

14th

Which of the following aspects of bureaucratic rule-making are accurate? Which aspects are inaccurate?

Accurate about rule-making: - Bureaucratic rule-making can have the same impact on policy as legislation. - Congress tends to delegate the responsibilities of lawmaking to the administrative agency. Inaccurate about rule-making: - Before being implemented, bureaucratic rules must be approved by Congress. - The longer rule-making process demonstrates how inefficient the bureaucracy is.

Which of the following is the best example of stare decisis?

An attorney uses a previous state court ruling to argue his client's case

Imagine that you have been arrested for a speech criticizing the government. In which years and at which levels of government would this be an unconstitutional violation of your civil liberties?

Arrest would be unconstitutional: - The year is 1986, and you were arrested by the federal government - The year is 1886, and you were arrested by the federal government - The year is 1986 and you were arrested by the state government Arrest would be constitutional: - The year is 1886, and you were arrested by the state government

Which of these companies would likely win their lawsuits over commercial speech rights?

Company would win the case: - Delectable Edibles, which sells legal cannabis-infused products - A company is suing after being blocked from distributing mailers about various contraceptive options Company would lose the case: - Peak Pleasure, an adult novelty store, has sued the city over a local ordinance banning all commercial advertising

Select the principal in the passage that illustrates an example of the principal-agent problem. In 1970, Congress passed the Clean Air Act and further amended the Act in 1977 and 1990. Seventeen years after the Act was considered, the Court ruled that the definition of "air pollutant" was sufficiently broad enough to encompass greenhouse gases. This was something unforeseen at the time Congress passed the legislation, yet now this ruling conferred the authority upon the Environmental Protection Agency to address climate change. This set into motion actions that Congress had never contemplated or endorsed at the time.

Congress

Which reasons help to explain why military force is often the last resort for America?

Correct: - American use of military force is potentially costly in terms of human life. - American use of military force becomes politically unpopular very quickly. - American use of military force is financially costly. - Use of military force is risky. Incorrect: - America's military is insufficient for most conflicts.

Which of the following are mechanisms found in the Constitution that limit the national government's power?

Correct Answers: - Bill of Rights - checks and balances Incorrect Answers: - the supremacy clause - judicial review - the elastic clause

Why is political knowledge necessary for citizens?

Correct Answers: - It helps protect their rights. - It can advance citizen interests. - It increases knowledge of available services. Incorrect answers: - It means that government will always act in citizens' best interest.

Why is political knowledge necessary for citizens?

Correct Answers: - It increases knowledge of available services. - It helps protect their rights. - It can advance citizen interests. Incorrect Answers: - It means that government will always act in citizens' best interest.

What was the significance of the Boston Tea Party in the run-up to the American Revolution?

Correct Answers: - It provoked the British government to take action against the colonists Incorrect Answers: - It ended the East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade - It reversed the Tea Act - It eased tensions with the British

Which statements accurately describe the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

Correct Answers: - Many of the delegates were concerned with the protection of property - The convention was primarily organized by the merchants and large planters Incorrect Answers: - The delegates were not interested in fundamentally changing the structure of government - The delegates were only interested in personal financial gain

How did the Articles of Confederation limit the powers of the national government?

Correct Answers: - There was no president - All 13 states had to agree to amend the Articles after it was ratified - Laws passed by the Congress were required to be carried out by the states Incorrect answers: - The president had a veto over all decisions made by the congress - The national army was given very limited funding

When have Americans typically been supportive of giving the national government power?

Correct Answers: - periods of economic downturn - periods of war Incorrect Answers: - periods of economic prosperity - periods of peace

Which amendments, according to Supreme Court arguments, have elements of the right to privacy?

Correct: - 3rd, 9th, 5th, 4th Incorrect: - 2nd, 6th

In which way do executive agreements differ from executive orders?

Executive agreements related to the foreign policy realm; executive orders apply to domestic executive management

How did each of the following contribute to the expansion of civil rights in the United States?

Fair housing act: - allowed the government to initiate legal action in cases of housing discrimination 14th amendment: - guaranteed equal protection under the law Brown v. Board of education: - ended the era of "separate but equal" schools Civil Rights Act of 1964: - outlawed job discrimination based on gender and race

Match each entity on the left to the correct establishment on the right.

Foreign relations committee: - Senate National security council: - executive office of the president Committee of Foreign Affairs: - House of representatives Amnesty International: - interest group

How did the Telecommunications Act of 1996 change the media landscape?

It accelerated the consolidation of media ownership

The two most generous and politically popular social policy programs are ---- for health care and ---- for cash benefits, which primarily benefit ----.

Medicare, Social Security, senior citizens

Upon the adoption of the Stamp and Sugar Acts, which sectors of society opposed the taxes and which supported or were indifferent towards the taxes?

Supported the Taxes or Indifferent: - royalists Opposed the Taxes: - shoekeepers, artisans, and town workers - small farmers - southern planters - New England merchants

Which of the following best describes the Supreme Court's stance on public displays of religious symbols?

The Court's rulings have been inconsistent

New York state enacted the Excelsior Scholarship program, which provides low- and middle-income families free college at New York public universities (i.e., SUNY and CUNY). According to the concept of policy feedback, what effect would the Excelsior Scholarship program have?

The Excelsior Scholarship program would cause New Yorkers to have a more favorable view of "free college" public policies

How has the power of the federal government developed over time?

The power of the federal government has increased

Most leaked confidential information comes from senior government officials, who have long-term relationships with journalists.

True

One of the major strengths of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was to give the federal government the authority to initiate enforcement of court orders or civil rights legislation, rather than wait for a claim to be brought by affected individuals or groups.

True

The Bill of Rights includes both liberties and rights.

True

The U.S. Constitution lays out a system of limited government.

True

The United States has passed laws that make it illegal to say anything that might challenge the government.

True

The public will have less influence on policy issues that are more complicated, such as taxation or foreign policy regarding trade and tariffs.

True

It's 1968, and although you had previously been forced to pay a poll tax to vote, that requirement has now been ended. What directly caused this change?

a constitutional amendment

Match each Supreme Court document to its definition.

amicus curiae brief: - interest-group-written brief that advises the Court on how to rule on a case dissenting opinion: - document laying out the legal belief of a minority of the Supreme Court justices about the case in question opinion: - document laying out the legal belief of the Supreme Court justices about the case in question brief: - attorney-written document arguing why the Court should agree with their client

Which term describes news reported and distributed by ordinary people, rather than professional journalists?

citizen journalism

One of the disadvantages of digital media is that it has made it easier for ---, false news stories intended to be read as factual, to circulate more readily. The ---- government was involved in generating many of these sorts of stories during the 2016 campaign.

fake news, Russian

The division of power, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments is known as ----. The division of power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision-making is known as ----.

federalism, separation of powers.

The trend in campaign finance law over time has been toward which of the following?

fewer restrictions on campaign donations

What is incumbency?

holding the political office for which one is running

Match each type of power to the relevant example.

presidential emergency power: - President Eisenhower sends federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, against the wishes of the governor. judicial power: - President Ford pardons former president Nixon for his Watergate-related crimes. executive privilege: - President Obama denies a congressional request for records concerning Operation Fast and Furious.

The ---- or caucus votes determine the allocation of ---- at the party's convention. In addition to selecting the party's nominee, delegates also vote on the ---- at the convention.

primary, delegates, party platform

Match each First Amendment concept to its definition.

prior restraint: - government efforts to block the publication of material speech plus: - speech accompanied by actions such as protesting public forum doctrine: - protection of public spaces traditionally used for assembly

How does the Fourth Amendment protect citizens from the government? Complete the following statement. The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable ---- by making illegally obtained evidence ---- court.

search and seizures, inadmissible

How do most Americans get their political news?

skimming headlines on the internet

As a result of the profit motive, news media in America present more ---- news—such as entertainment, sports, and celebrity news—than do their European counterparts, which tend to focus on ---- news such as coverage of politics and government.

soft, hard

Label each action as an example of either the trustee or delegate model of representation.

trustee: - Although she knows it will be very unpopular at home, a representative votes to close a defense industry factory in her district. - A representative pays fairly little attention to polling or to the requests of constituents and votes in accordance to his own personal preferences on most bills. delegate: - A representative is aware that most of his constituents support rules allowing school vouchers; he votes for those rules despite his own reservations. - A representative is petitioned by a vocal minority of her constituents to vote in a certain way; though the majority opinion in the district is unknown, the representative votes as that minority wants.

Which of these have been ruled by the Courts as constitutional and which have been ruled by the Courts as unconstitutional?

unconstitutional: - the display of religious symbols, like the Ten Commandments, on public grounds if erected more recently and with a purely religious purpose - moment of silence for prayer at a school event - prayer in public school - requiring employers to provide female employees with birth control coverage

The inclusion of expressed powers in the U.S. Constitution resolves any ambiguity in the powers of the three branches of government.

False

The trend in congressional oversight has been toward more "police patrol" oversight, and less "fire alarm" oversight.

False

Match each amendment to its specific goal.

14th: - guaranteed equal protection of the laws 15th: - guaranteed voting rights for black men 13th: - abolished slavery

During which period of time has the United States had a system of dual federalism?

1789-1937

Put these steps of the impeachment process in order from first to last.

1. The house of representatives impeaches a federal official 2. The senate holds a trial related to the impeachment 3. The senate votes to convict a federal official 4. The federal official is removed from office

Rank each court based on the number of cases it hears, from the court that hears the most cases to the court that hears the fewest.

1. US district courts 2. US courts of appeals 3. US Supreme court

Place in order, from first to last, the process by which the Supreme Court accepts and reviews a case. Note that this list represents only a few of the overall sequence of steps in this process.

1. a petition for a writ of certiorari is filed 2. The court grants a writ of certiorari 3. oral arguments commence 4. The justice convene a conference

Order these types of speech from most protected to least protected.

1. freedom of the press 2. speech plus 3. commercial speech 4. fighting words

Put these groups in the order in which they gained the right to vote from earliest to most recent.

1. white men with property 2. Black men 3. women 4. people aged 18-20

Which amendment to the Constitution is most frequently cited to bolster arguments in favor of states' rights?

10th amendments

How did the Constitution differ from the Articles of Confederation? Match the correct document to its features.

Articles of Confederation: - State laws and the state constitution are supreme - Amendments require unanimous support of the states Constitution: - The national government is granted the authority to maintain an army and navy - It created an executive branch of government

Match the U.S. Supreme Court case to the effect it had on campaign spending.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010): - gave rise to SuperPACs - government could not restrict independent expenditures by corporations or unions Buckley v. Valeo (1974): - introduced idea that campaign contributions count as speech

What effects did British taxes have on the American colonists before the Revolution?

Correct answers: - They hurt the economic interests of southern planters and New England merchants - They foster an alliance between merchants and laborers Incorrect Answers: - They divided American colonists, with Middle Atlantic colonies benefiting at the expense of the southern colonies - They led to colonial representation in the British Parliament

Which of the following statements are true regarding political independents?

Correct: - A bit more than one-third of the electorate identifies as independent. - Most independent voters tend to support one party more than the other. Incorrect: - Roughly one-half of the electorate identifies as independent. - Each independent voter is as likely to vote for one party as the other.

Which of the following are limitations on the power of the federal courts?

Correct: - Courts lack enforcement powers. - Judges must wait for cases to come to them. - Courts can only offer limited forms of relief. Incorrect: - Courts lack appellate jurisdiction.

An election poll of 1,000 people indicates that 48 percent of voters favor Candidate Smith and 50 percent of voters favor Candidate Jones, with a 3 percent margin of error. What can one conclude from this poll?

Correct: - Either Candidate Smith or Candidate Jones could win this election since they are in a statistical tie. Incorrect: - Candidate Smith is projected to win the election assuming the poll used a random sample. - Three percent of the voters in the poll remain undecided between the candidates. - Candidate Jones is projected to win the election.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about executive orders.

Correct: - Executive orders have been behind major government policies. Incorrect: - The courts have no authority to void executive orders. - Executive orders are only derived from the president's commander-in-chief powers. - Executive orders have only been issued in the modern era.

How did the Great Depression influence the power of the federal government?

Correct: - Federal grants-in-aid became a powerful tool to redirect state governments' policy - The federal government took a more active role than before in providing economic security for Americans Incorrect: - President Roosevelt limited the power of the states based on the rationale that they were no longer politically stable - Congress reacted to a weak economy by limiting the power of the federal government, turning over responsibilities to combat the Great Depression to the states

Which of these factors contribute to the gender gap in elections?

Correct: - Female voters are generally increasing in their support of Democratic candidates. - White male voters are generally increasing in their support of Republican candidates. Incorrect: - Women register to vote at a lower rate and have lower turnout in elections. - Female voters nearly always support female candidates, and male voters nearly always support male candidates over female candidates. - A majority of White female voters (53 percent) supported Donald Trump in 2016.

What challenges did African Americans face in the years immediately after the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954?

Correct: - Housing remained racially segregated - Many African Americans still could not exercise their right to vote - Employment discrimination against African Americans persisted Incorrect: - De jure school segregation continued in the North and South

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about the 2020 presidential election.

Correct: - Ideological moderates and independents supported Joe Biden over Donald Trump. - There was a sizable gender gap among voters. Incorrect: - Trump carried non-college-educated voters by 10 percentage points. - Suburban voters supported Donald Trump over Joe Biden, similar to the 2016 election.

Which of the following are consequences of the current increase in media monopolies?

Correct: - Individuals expressing less popular viewpoints may find it difficult to get media exposure. Incorrect: - It is easier for the government to censor the media because there are fewer sources. - There are too many diverse viewpoints for viewers and readers to choose from. - With less competition, the existing media is thriving economically.

What effect did the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 have?

Correct: - It called for making all public businesses accessible to those with disabilities - It called for employers to make reasonable accommodations for workers with disabilities Incorrect: - It outlawed discrimination against individuals on the basis of disabilities - It imposed quotas on the number of individuals with disabilities in a company

Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

Correct: - It is possible to estimate the country's opinion based on a small sample of 1,000 to 1,200 people. Incorrect: - For a public-opinion survey to be accurate, it only needs to have more than 20 respondents. - It is impossible to collect a random sample. - Public-opinion surveys only tell you what the sample's opinions are, without providing any insight into the general population.

What effect(s) did the Telecommunications Act of 1996 have on the Federal Communications Commission?

Correct: - It loosened restrictions on media ownership Incorrect: - it allowed radio stations to refuse someone's right of rebuttal. - It prohibited TV stations from airing explicit sexual content. - It relaxed regulations on the equal time rule.

Why might digital media be more effective than television ads?

Correct: - It offers more possibilities for free advertisement. - It is cheaper. - It may be more effective with viewers because internet users seek out information. Incorrect: - The online audience is more susceptible to persuasive messages.

Which of the following statements about the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) are accurate?

Correct: - It prepares the national budget for the president. - It is located within the Executive Office of the President (EOP). Incorrect: - It is a Cabinet-level position. - Heading the OMB is a lifetime appointment.

Which programs are part of the American welfare state?

Correct: - Medicare - Medicaid - Social Security - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

How does the presidential veto influence legislation?

Correct: - Members of Congress may adjust the bill to suit the president's preferences. - Members of Congress are less likely to pass bills the president objects to. Incorrect: - Members of Congress can easily override a president's veto. - Members of Congress cannot pass any bill if the president objects to it.

Which of the following statements about criminal law are accurate?

Correct: - Most criminal law begins and ends at the state level. - The government serves as the plaintiff in a criminal case. Incorrect: - Criminal law deals with felony crimes or higher; offenses such as traffic violations are civil matters. - An individual may charge another individual for violating a statute.

Unless subsequently heard by the Supreme Court, the decisions made by federal appeals courts are final. How does the system attempt to mitigate the danger of such a provision?

Correct: - Multiple judges serve on every appeals case. - Each circuit has a Supreme Court justice assigned to it to handle special requests for action by the Supreme Court. Incorrect: - Appeals court decisions must be validated by a circuit court judge who did not actively serve on the case. - Each circuit must have a percentage of its decisions reviewed by another circuit annually.

Which statements regarding multiple referral are true?

Correct: - Multiple referral is more common in the U.S. House than the U.S. Senate. - Complex bills that concern many different issues may be assigned to different standing committees. - Multiple referral increases the power of the leadership. Incorrect: - Multiple referral reduces the leaders' power and increases committee power. - Multiple referral gives each individual legislator a veto over legislation and therefore produces more bipartisan legislation.

Which of the following statements about the civil rights of Native Americans are correct?

Correct: - Native American reservations are not subject to state laws prohibiting gambling - Native Americans can be taught in their own language Incorrect: - Native Americans have the right to form their own state - The federal gov has recognized Native American sovereignty but still does not consider Native Americans to be full citizens

Which statements correctly reflect the characteristics of traditional and online media?

Correct: - Online media have a higher potential for misinformation than traditional media. - Traditional media are often forced to account for online media reports in their own stories. Incorrect: - Online media cannot frame stories about political candidates in the way that traditional media can. - Traditional media tend to have more diverse opinions than online media.

Which of the following statements about political action committees (PACs) are accurate?

Correct: - PACs are private groups that raise and distribute funds for use in election campaigns. - PACs are allowed to make larger contributions than an individual can make to a campaign. Incorrect: - PACs are mostly set up by labor groups and neighborhood associations. - PACs are mostly unregulated and do not have contribution limits.

Which of the following statements about the size and growth of the federal bureaucracy are accurate?

Correct: - Several recent presidents have made a point of campaigning against the size of the federal workforce. - The federal civilian workforce has decreased over the last 60 years. Incorrect: - Although the federal workforce has stayed relatively the same in numbers, it has grown as a percentage of the population. - The federal workforce has nearly doubled because of programs like health care and education reform.

Which of the following statements about tax expenditures are accurate?

Correct: - Tax expenditures are foregone federal income rather than spending. - Tax expenditures are often used to incentivize particular activity. Incorrect: - Tax expenditures tend to be progressive in nature. - Tax expenditures have a small overall impact on the budget.

How does the "wall of separation" apply to the establishment clause?

Correct: - The "wall of separation" refers to the dissociation between church and state Incorrect: - The "wall of separation" refers to a recent law that keeps religious individuals from persecuting nonreligious individuals - The "wall of separation" separates the establishment clause from the free exercise clause - The "wall of separation" protects the rights of the nonbelievers

Which of the following statements about the president's Cabinet are correct?

Correct: - The Cabinet consists of the secretaries of the major departments of the federal government. - The Cabinet makes no formal group decisions. - Each Cabinet member appointed by the president must be approved by the Senate. Incorrect: - The Cabinet is partially responsible to the Senate. - The Constitution calls for a Cabinet but does not make specific requirements for its procedure.

Under the law, Section 527 committees, or Super PACs, can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money, as long as which of the following provisions are met?

Correct: - The Section 527's activities are not coordinated with the formal party organization. Incorrect: - The Section 527's activities are designed in tandem with the candidate's strategy. - People who donate to the Section 527s are registered voters.

Which statements about the death penalty are correct?

Correct: - The Supreme Court has temporarily banned the death penalty in the past - Death penalty usage and sentences have decreased over time - The Supreme Court has restricted the cases in which the death penalty can be applied Incorrect: - Procedural changes in the 1970s remedied the uneven application of the death penalty

Which of the following statements on the balance between state and federal power today are accurate?

Correct: - The Supreme Court often must intervene to resolve balance-of-power issues between the states and the federal government - Conservatives are willing to increase federal power, just as liberals are willing to expand state autonomy Incorrect: - The federal government requires states to carry out actions to enact federal policy, but it always provides states the money to do so - Fearing preemption, state and local governments tend to wait for the federal government to act before addressing an issue

Which of the following were shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation?

Correct: - The U.S. government had no power to intervene when radical factions began influencing some state governments - The U.S. government could not enforce treaties Incorrect: - The national government failed to organize westward expansion - Foreign commerce suffered because the national government had too many restrictive policies

Which of the following statements accurately characterize America's approach to human rights policy?

Correct: - The United States has a long-standing general commitment to human rights. - The United States usually overlooks human rights violations by its major trading partners. - The United States typically provides assistance to nations facing crises and emergencies. Incorrect: - The United States always welcomes refugees and people displaced by humanitarian crises.

Which statements accurately describe the Annapolis Convention?

Correct: - The attendees recognized the need to revise the Articles of Confederation - It initiated the movement toward the Constitutional Convention Incorrect: - The convention benefited from broad attendance - The delegates resolved to replace the Articles of Confederation

Which statements are accurate regarding the leadership positions in the Senate and House?

Correct: - The majority leader in the Senate holds a higher position of power than does the majority leader in the House. - The minority party leader in the Senate generally has more power than the minority party leader in the House. - The House has more party leadership positions than does the Senate. Incorrect: - The House elects its leadership every two years, and the Senate every six. - The Speaker of the House's counterpart in the Senate is the president pro tempore.

Which of the following statements about poverty rates are true?

Correct: - The poverty rate for American households headed by a female is higher than for households headed by a male. - The poverty rate for minorities is higher than for White Americans. - The poverty rate for children is higher than for the overall American population. Incorrect: - The poverty rate for American people aged 18 to 64 is lower than for those over 65.

Which of these statements are true about the relationship between public opinion and government policy?

Correct: - The relationship between public opinion and government policy varies by issue with a weaker relationship on complex issues. - It is a dynamic relationship in which public opinion influences policy and policy also influences public opinion. Incorrect: - There is generally not a strong relationship between public opinion and government policy because the public lacks political knowledge. - Because everyone has one vote, each person's opinion matters the same and has the same influence on government decisionmaking.

Why are Republican and Democratic politicians more likely to respond to the wealthy?

Correct: - The wealthy are more likely to contribute money to campaigns. - The wealthy vote at higher rates. Incorrect: - The wealthy generally have better policy ideas and are better able to articulate these ideas to government officials. - The poor typically vote at higher rates but are more prone to single-issue voting.

What makes the House Rules Committee so unique?

Correct: - There is no counterpart committee in the Senate. - The Rules Committee focuses on procedural, rather than substantive, matters. - The Rules Committee does not process proposed legislation into official bills. Incorrect: - It only meets once a year.

How do 527s and 501(c)(4)s differ from more traditional campaign finance groups such as political action committees?

Correct: - These groups cannot coordinate directly with campaigns. - These groups are not subject to the spending limits of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act. Incorrect: - These groups have been ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. - These groups do not have to disclose where they get their money.

In which ways can bureaucracies pose a challenge to democratic governance?

Correct: - They are not elected by the people. - They can become entrenched organizations that serve their own interests. - They can interpret laws and create rules in ways that a majority might oppose. Incorrect: - They hold expertise that is valuable in making good policy.

The first spouse's role in the government has changed over time. Which of the following statements accurately describe the role they play today?

Correct: - They often serve the head-of-state function of the presidency. - Most first spouses adopt a policy area to focus on. Incorrect: - First spouses typically manage the day-to-day affairs of the White House staff. - They often serve the head-of-government function of the presidency.

What are the consequences of people's lack of political knowledge?

Correct: - Those with less knowledge can be more easily manipulated by elites. - The lack of knowledge makes it more difficult for voters to act consistent with their interests. Incorrect: - It produces less polarization because these individuals are less likely to receive elites' messages. - It produces greater representation.

Identify the standards and practices that traditional journalists believe are important.

Correct: - Treat both sides of an issue objectively. -Rely on original sources whenever possible. -Verify sources to provide the most accurate reporting. Incorrect: - As long as a source has interesting information, accuracy is not important. - Most journalists believe investigative journalism has little value.

Which of these statements about elections are true?

Correct: - Turnout in midterm elections is lower than in presidential elections. - Elections are administered by state and local governments. Incorrect: - Primary elections have the same rules across the states because the parties implement their own primaries. - State election laws have attempted to make voting much easier and more convenient.

What is true regarding socialization, the attitudes about political issues, and underlying political values?

Correct: - Underlying values tend to shape specific attitudes. - Underlying values are formed through political socialization. Incorrect: - Specific issues are formed through political socialization. - Specific attitudes tend to shape underlying values.

Which of the following cases can be heard only in a federal court?

Correct: - a case involving a federal law - a case involving interpretation of the U.S. Constitution Incorrect: - a case involving citizens from multiple states - a case appealed out of a state trial court

Which of the following are examples of material benefits?

Correct: - a mug or tote bag that you receive for donating to National Public Radio (NPR) or the Public Broadcasting System (PBS) - travel discounts for being a member of AARP Incorrect: - the good feelings you get for helping a cause you believe in - meeting new friends who share your interests

Which of the following news stories are examples of "alarm mode" media coverage?

Correct: - a reporter receiving leaked information about a political scandal - breaking news of a major campaign event Incorrect: - continuing coverage on flooding in Louisiana - a story updating viewers about an ongoing investigation

Which of the following has caused an increase in the executive branch's delegated powers?

Correct: - an inability for Congress to administer the programs it creates - the expansion of the federal government's responsibilities Incorrect: - the shift toward a more bipartisan political environment in Congress - a series of Supreme Court decisions that have reinterpreted Article II of the Constitution - recent constitutional amendments broadening the president's powers

Which of the following programs are tax expenditures?

Correct: - child tax credit - tax-exempt employer-sponsored health insurance - mortgage interest deduction Incorrect: - Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

What factors influence the Supreme Court's decision-making practices?

Correct: - concern over protecting the Court's reputation - law and precedent on relevant cases - political ideology Incorrect: - deference to lower court rulings

Which of the following are checks on the president that the framers wrote into the Constitution?

Correct: - congressional control over spending - congressional veto override - term limits - Senate advice and consent authority - congressional impeachment powers - Senate treaty ratification authority

Which of the following are external sources of influence on congressional policies?

Correct: - constituency concerns - interest-group coalitions Incorrect: - Supreme Court review - leadership PAC proposals

Every year, Martha's Social Security payment goes up by a small amount. That amount is based on the rate of inflation in the past year. This kind of adjustment is an example of which of the following?

Correct: - cost-of-living adjustment Incorrect: - means testing - a noncontributory program

Which of the following are advantages to online news?

Correct: - depth - diversity - convenience - currency - cost Incorrect: - fake news

Which powers does the Constitution grant the president?

Correct: - granting pardons - appointing major departmental personnel - recognizing foreign countries - vetoing legislation passed by Congress Incorrect: - closing federal courts during emergency declarations - regulating commerce - declaring laws unconstitutional

When does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction over a case?

Correct: - in a case between two or more states - in cases in which a foreign ambassador is involved - in a case between the federal government and a state government - when a state government brings a case against citizens of another state Incorrect: - in a case in which a member of Congress is involved - in cases brought by the federal government against a citizen

The FCC prohibits radio and television stations from airing what types of content between 6 A.M. and 10 P.M.?

Correct: - indecency - profanity - obscenity Incorrect: - political

Which functions do the media serve in a democracy?

Correct: - monitor the government and politicians for wrongdoing - inform the public about current political issues - provide a forum for politicians to debate policies Incorrect: - rule on whether actions of the federal government are constitutional

Sandy, who has little interest in politics, is completing a survey questionnaire about the Republican tax cuts. Which factors would likely influence her opinion on the policy?

Correct: - partisanship - a good friend's Facebook post supporting the tax cut Incorrect: - Congressional Budget Office's analysis - economic self-interest

Which of the following methods for amending the Constitution are provided in Article V?

Correct: - passage in the House and Senate, followed by. ratification by the three-fourths of the states - passage in a national convention, followed by. ratification by conventions in three-fourths of the states Incorrect: - proposal by the Supreme Court, followed by ratification by national convention - proposal by the president, followed by two-thirds majority in the Congress

Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the media wrote many stories about President Bush's performance on protecting the nation from terrorism and few stories on the economy. What two means of media influence was this an example of?

Correct: - priming - agenda setting Incorrect: - framing - whistleblowing

Which of the following groups or organizations can initiate oversight of executive branch bureaucracy?

Correct: - private citizens - Congressional Budget Office - congressional committees - individual members of Congress Incorrect: - Supreme Court

If a state gave its residents preference in obtaining work at the state's utility provider, this would likely violate which of the following constitutional clauses?

Correct: - privileges and immunities clause incorrect: - full faith and credit clause - supremacy clause - interstate compact. clause

In which of the following ways can a vice president help a president?

Correct: - provide electoral support in regions of the country where a presidential candidate is weak - strengthen a presidential candidate in an area where they lack experience - provide gender, ideological, or ethnic balance to a ticket Incorrect: - vote for presidential legislation as it moves to the floor of the House of Representatives

Lobbying Congress involves engaging in which two main activities?

Correct: - testifying at legislative hearings - meeting with legislators and staffs Incorrect: - offering money to members of Congress to support their bill - convincing members of Congress to support a bill that the member is strongly opposed to

Which of the following institutional features limit the national government's power?

Correct: - the Bill of Rights - federalism - the separation of powers Incorrect: - establishment of the executive branch

What are two most common ways third parties can influence politics?

Correct: - the major parties absorbing their programs and their popular ideas - splitting the vote of a party's candidate in a close election. Incorrect: - winning gubernatorial elections - winning a majority in Congress

What successes did the Antifederalists have in influencing the Constitution?

Correct: - the ratification of the Bill of Rights Incorrect: - the limitations of the supremacy clause - the appointment of senators - the creation of the Supreme Court

What is the goal of a push poll?

Correct: - to shape the respondent's perception of the candidate or issue in question Incorrect: - to correct an error in a simple random sample that did not have enough respondents in it - to distinguish between people giving true responses and socially desirable responses - to collect as much public-opinion data as quickly as possible

When is party identification most likely to influence a person's vote choice?

Correct: - when that person knows little about the candidates - when that person is unfamiliar with the issues - when that person is voting on state legislative candidates Incorrect: - when that person is voting on presidential candidates

Which of the following elements do pollsters have to consider before conducting a poll that will forecast the election?

Correct: - wording of survey questions - a large sample - ability to randomly select respondents Incorrect: - ensuring that respondents make socially desirable answers

The gender gap, which was substantial in the 1980s, has decreased over time, and currently men and women voters have indistinguishable preferences.

False

A trade deficit means a country is exporting more than it is importing.

False

American foreign ambassadors have become increasingly powerful in providing information and advice to presidents.

False

Lobbying refers to direct contact by an interest group specifically with a member of Congress.

False

Over time, the Supreme Court has been more restrictive in its protection of the right to privacy.

False

Presidential authority for executive orders derives solely from the Constitution.

False

Senator Bedfellow is concerned that a bill Congress is considering might be unconstitutional. He can ask the Supreme Court for its opinion to save Congress the time of passing an unconstitutional law.

False

States prefer categorical grants to block grants.

False

The Bill of Rights was essential for protecting rights because the original Constitution lacked any protected rights.

False

The Supreme Court is an active participant in the legislative process, as seen by how they often rule acts of Congress unconstitutional.

False

The United States uses a proportional representation system.

False

Which of the following beliefs did the Federalists hold, and which did the Antifederalists hold? Match each faction to its beliefs.

Federalists: - believed that direct democracy was problematic Antifederalists: - believed that most governments became "aristocratic" - wanted to limit. the power of the national government - preferred small republics of existing states

Which examples meet the definition of a government?

Government: - The population of an island gather once per year to settle grievances and find solutions to common problems. - A group of tribal elders meets to discuss issues and make decisions for the tribe. - A military commander seizes a country by force, replacing the existing government. Not a Government: - A nonprofit organization manages extracurricular and recreational activities throughout a country.

Match each example of presidential power to the type of power it demonstrates.

Inherent power: - use U.S. troops to initiate military conflicts delegated power: - reduce "unreasonable" risks of injury from household products - remove officers of the United States from their position expressed power: - veto acts of Congress - appoint executive officers and federal judges (with Senate approval)

Sort the following attributes into whether they are more characteristic of interest groups or of political parties.

Interest groups: - try to influence the policies of government through lobbying - more limited in scope Political parties: - more interested in the personnel of government - run candidates in elections

One of the more famous quotes in political science (yes, there are famous quotes among political scientists) is Schattschneider's "[t]he flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-class accent.″ What did he mean by this?

Interest-group politics tends to favor business and corporate interests

Identify whether these programs are considered mandatory spending or discretionary spending.

Mandatory spending: - Medicare - Social Security Discretionary spending: - foreign aid - bridge upgrade funds - Pell grants to college students

Match each Supreme Court case to its description(s). Note that every item may not have a match, while some items may have more than one match.

Mcdonald v. Chicago: - For the first time, the court extended second amendment rights beyond the national level to the state and local levels District of Columbia v. Heller: - For the first time, the court ruled that second amendment provides a constitutional right to keep a loaded handgun at home for self-defense Both: - The court left room for some restrictions to gun ownership

Which group, organized within the Executive Office of the President and made up of designated Cabinet officials, offers advice to the president on national security?

National security council

In 2001, a major piece of education legislation, titled ----, passed with ---- support.

No child left behind, bipartisan

Rep. Stevens has sponsored a bill for universal background checks for the purchase of all firearms. Stevens is a party leader and views gun control as a top priority for the majority party. What type of rule—open or closed—would the following members of Congress prefer as they take up the bill?

Open rule: - Rep. Jones is testifying before the Rules Committee because she would like to offer an amendment that exempts individuals who participate in the TSA pre-check clearance program from background checks. - The National Rifle Association has gotten Rep. Davis to present an amendment that exempts gun shows from the requirement. Closed rule: - Rep. Stevens is testifying before the Rules Committee after his legislation was reported out of the Judiciary Committee.

How is power distributed in the U.S. federal system?

Power is divided between the national and state governments

Suppose that Congress passed the "Block Billionaires from Buying Elections Act" that restricts the amount of money candidates can use to finance their own campaigns to $999,999. The Supreme Court has agreed to hear the case. Is the law constitutional?

Probably not. The Supreme Court has equated campaign spending to free speech, so this type of restriction would be held as an unconstitutional restriction on free speech.

Which of the following taxes are regressive taxes and which are progressive taxes?

Progressive tax: - income tax - wealth tax on assets above $50 million Regressive tax: - Social Security tax - sales tax

Different political parties rely on different groups for support. Match the each group with the political party that has most often relied on its support.

Republicans: - religious and social conservatives - business owners Democrats: - organized labor - non-white racial and ethnic groups

Match each of the following procedural steps to its appropriate chamber, indicating whether it occurs exclusively in the House, the Senate, or both.

Senate only: - filibuster - cloture vote House only: - processing by Rules Committee House and Senate: - undergoes debate in subcommittee - bill dies in committee

Contrast the roles that the House and Senate play in the impeachment and conviction process by matching each chamber to its correct roles.

Senate: - involves a vote requiring a two-thirds majority - convicts or acquits the individual charged House: - involves a vote requiring a simple majority - initiates the impeachment process - charges an individual with "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"

What is the name of the government program that provides cash benefits to senior citizens?

Social Security

How does the White House staff differ from the Executive Office of the President?

The White House staff performs work and gives advice that is generally broader and more political in nature

What was most responsible for the development of professionalized journalists and the norm of "objectivity" in newspapers?

The best way to appeal to a large audience is to produce a standardized, neutral news product

Which statement about interest groups is accurate?

The presence of a large number of interest groups would suggest a more pluralistic society

In the 1960s, state governments began to lose power relative to the federal government. What was the primary cause of this change?

The states saw their power to decline as the federal government worked to counteract state policies of racial segregation.

Match each feature to the committee it describes: 527 committees (Super PACs), 501(c)(4) committees, or both.

both: - cannot coordinate with a campaign or candidate - can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money 501(c)(4): - cannot spend more than half its revenue for political purposes 527 committee/Super PAC: - are required to dislose donors

Imagine two government actions. The first is a Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot prevent someone from sending out pamphlets protesting a war. The second is a government agency that reviews complaints about racial and gender discrimination by employers. The first example deals primarily with ----, whereas the second deals with ----.

civil liberties, civil rights

For much of the first half of the twentieth century, presidents and journalists had a fairly ---- relationship. This changed with ---- when journalists became more ---- with government officials.

close, the Vietnam War, adversarial

Programs in which people pay now for some potential future benefit are known as ----, whereas programs in which recipients are not expected to pay for the program and instead are awarded based on need are called ----.

contributory, noncontributory

Moira supports Senator Hanzo because the senator shares a similar demographic background with her, which is an important part of ---- representation. Brigitte, on other hand, does not share these characteristics but still supports Senator Hanzo because she knows she can always vote against the senator if needed. This is an example of ---- representation.

descriptive, substantive

Under President George W. Bush, and in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11 and related concerns, America's security policy changed from one of ---- to a policy of ----.

deterrence, preventative war

Party organizers often have a(n) ---- time recruiting political candidates, especially at the ---- levels.

difficult, state and local

Match each type of media source to its relevant characteristics.

digital media: - the most open to new participants such as citizen journalists - features the most interaction between audience and the press newspaper: - oldest form of media broadcast media: - broadest reach of all news sources

The Antifederalists were particularly concerned about tyranny of ----, whereas Federalists were primarily concerned about tyranny of ----.

elites, the majority

Match the form of media to its level of government regulation.

essentially free from government interference: -online media - newspapers - magazines subject to federal regulation: - radio - television

Match the frequency of the election cycle to the corresponding election type.

four years: - presidential elections two years: - congressional elections - midterm elections

Complete the following statement about the two ways the news media can influence the public. One way the news media affect the public is through ----, which is the power of the media to influence how events or issues are interpreted and understood. Through ----, the news media can influence the opinions that people form on a particular issue or policy. Another way the news media can shape politics is through ----, which occurs when an issue or other criteria becomes important in evaluating political candidates as a result of news coverage.

framing, framing, priming

Match the source of media power to its influence on public opinion.

framing: - what opinions Americans hold on issues priming: - what issues Americans use to evaluate political officials agenda setting: - what issues Americans think about

Label each scenario of government action or public policy with the aspect of the First Amendment it most likely violated: the free exercise clause, the establishment clause, or both. Note that every item may not have a match, while some items may have more than one match.

free exercise: - Two officers with beards worn for their Sunni Muslim beliefs were dismissed because of a policy banning facial hair for employees with only an exception for health reasons - A law is passed that bans Muslims from running for public office establishment: - A law prohibits the teaching of evolution in public schools - A state law requires individuals convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) to attend a faith-based alcohol abuse recovery and treatment program

Presidential power has ---- in the last hundred years, often ---- of Congress and the federal judiciary.

grown, with the acceptance

Programs such as Medicaid and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are examples of what kind of benefits?

in-kind

Match each type of agency or bureau to its correct example.

independent agency: - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) government corporation: - U.S. Postal Service (USPS) cabinet department: - Department of Homeland Security (DHS) independent regulatory commission: - Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Which economic system involves little government regulation or interference?

laissez-faire capitalism

Identify whether each geographic area has gotten more or less populous over time.

less populous: - rural areas - Midwest - Northeast more populous: - South - urban areas - Southwest

The American political culture emphasizes the values of ------.

liberty, equality, and democracy.

Match each political value to its definition.

liberty: - Government interference in individuals' lives should be kept to a minimum. equality of opportunity: - All individuals should be allowed to seek personal and material success. democracy: - Every citizen should have the opportunity to take part in the government process.

Identify whether each example illustrates the enforcement, rule-making, or implementation function of the federal bureaucracy.

making rules: - In 2020, the EPA rescinded standards that specifically regulate methane emissions. enforcing laws: - In 2015, the EPA fined Volkswagen billions of dollars for installing devices that helped their cars cheat on emissions test standards that were implemented in the 1970s. implementing laws: - In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress passed legislation that provided cash payments to qualifying Americans. The Internal Revenue Service carried out this law, ensuring those eligible Americans received their stimulus checks.

Label the each example of an interest group benefit with the type of benefit it represents.

material: - An interest-group member receives a free T-shirt for joining. - An interest-group member receives discounts from local businesses related to the interest group. purposive: - An individual draws pride from having contributed to an interest group's introduction of a particular piece of legislation. solidarity: - An individual joins an environmental protection organization to meet and network with other local environmentalists.

Match each foreign policy tool with the correct example of its use.

military force: - The United States sends a carrier battle group to conduct flight operations during a crisis with Iran over access to the Strait of Hormuz. collective security: - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization specifies that an attack against one country is an attack against all member nations. economic aid: - Australia gives Indonesia money to help the Indonesian government provide basic services to its citizens after a typhoon. arbitration: - Nigeria asks the International Court of Justice to resolve a long-standing dispute it has with a neighboring country.

Identify the examples of majority rule, minority rights, and/or direct democracy. Note, some instances can encompass more than one concept.

minority rights: - Several lawmakers want to protect the Senate filibuster because it allows a single member to hold up legislation unless a supermajority votes for cloture. majority rule: - Ten states have legalized marijuana for adult. recreational use through ballot initiatives. - U.S. House passed the CARES Act as a response to COVID-19. direct democracy: - Ten states have legalized marijuana for adult. recreational use through ballot initiatives.

Complete the following statement. The shift to digital media has most hurt ----, which have shifted to ---- as a major source of revenue.

newspapers and magazines, online subscriptions

Match each term to its correct definition.

police powers: - power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens expressed powers: - specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the president concurrent powers: - authority possessed by both state and national governments reserved powers: - powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states implied powers: - powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of the constitution

What method of selection would make the president the most responsive to the public?

popular election

Winners of ---- elections go on to face each other in the ---- election.

primary, general

Suppose that a unit of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for subsidizing pharmaceutical companies to develop new drugs for treating certain difficult cancers. Because of the expense, most drug companies are reluctant to take on this work, and the few that do complain that it is more expensive than they anticipated given all the safety regulations they must follow. In response, the FDA decides to waive certain safety trials so that the remaining companies do not drop out of the initiative. The FDA's decision has the desired effect: most of the companies stay in the program. However, six months after the new drugs are released, they are found to have serious side effects, side effects that typically would have been noticed during some of the safety trials. What term describes the FDA's behavior in this situation?

regulatory capture

Label these examples as either instances of representative or direct democracy.

representative democracy: - congress votes to impeach an unpopular president - a major bill supported by the majority of citizens passes a state legislature - a major bill that many legislators campaigned on passes congress direct democracy: - California's citizens vote to recall their governor - A state constitution is amended following a referendum

Match each committee type to the appropriate description(s).

standing committee: - typically match the issue focus of an executive branch agency - source of the most important congressional policy making conference committee: - members appointed by the Speaker of the House and the presiding officer of the Senate joint committee: - contains four permanent committees that cannot report legislation

In either chamber, after a bill passes committee, it goes to ----. Later, after a Hearings Committee markup, in the House it goes to the ----, and in the Senate it goes to the ----.

subcommittee, rules committee, majority leader

Complete the following statements to correctly describe the processes involved in apportionment and redistricting. The process of apportionment occurs every ---- years and may grant additional seats to those states with ----. The process of ----- occurs as part of redistricting and may intentionally give power to a specific political or demographic group.

ten, population growth, gerrymandering

President Trump expressed which of the following concerns when he removed the United States from the Paris Agreement?

the agreement's effect on the economy

Which of the following is the best definition of a party organization?

the formal structure of a political party, including its leadership, election committees, active members, and paid staff

Match each type of governmental system to its correct description(s).

unitary system: - Lower levels primarily implement central government decisions. - A central government makes the most important decisions federal system: - A central government shares power with lower levels of government - This system tends to occur in states with diverse ethnic or language groupings