US HIST 140- Ch.18

Carnegie Steel achieved the tremendous productivity that Andrew Carnegie insisted on

By forcing employees to work long hours under extremely dangerous conditions for low pay

The turn of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States yield to

Finance capitalism

Why were Irish Catholic voters offended by James G. Blaine's campaign?

He neglected to respond to a slur on Catholic voters

How did Morgan achieve his stunning reorganization and consolidation of businesses in the late nineteenth century?

He sometimes formed a community of interest comprised of a handful of directors

What idea was promoted by the theory of social Darwinism in the late nineteenth century?

Progress is the result of competition where the strong survived and the week died out

Which of the following big businesses came to dominate American life in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Railroading

Which group of Republicans fiercely supported the patronage system?

Stalwarts

Morgan acquired the core of what would be the largest corporation in the world when he purchased

Steel interests formerly controlled by Andrew Carnegie

Which relatively new building material both improved railroading in the late nineteenth century and depended on it?

Steel produced through the Bessemer

The economic theory of laissez-faire gained political clout in the late nineteenth century because

The Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to protect business

The industries that grew up around the revolutionary inventions of Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison demonstrated that

The age of the inventor was becoming the age of the corporation

The Greenback Labor party believed that the government should issue paper currency based on

The country's total wealth

What was evident in the call for a New South in the decades after Reconstruction?

The desire among some southerners to shift to an industrial economy

Which of the following developments was a key factor in the rise of the Gilded Age?

The growth of industrialism in the United States

To what did the term solid South refer in the decades after Reconstruction?

The states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next sevenety years

Which of the following factors explains the high voter turnout in national elections during

Voting was an important way to get a government job

President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform when he

Was shot by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker

The presidents who served in the last part of the nineteenth century—Rutherford B. Hayes through William McKinley—

Were overshadowed by party politics at state and local levels

Who wrote the social Darwinist book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other?

William Graham Sumner

In her History of the Standard Oil Company published in McClure's Magazine, Ida M. Tarbell characterized John D. Rockefeller as

a man who used illegal methods to take over the oil industry

Democrats dubbed the Republican-dominated Fifty-first Congress the "Billion Dollar Congress" because it spent the nation's surplus on

lawmakers' own constituents

The Supreme Court's decision in Wabash v. Illinois (1886), which reversed its ruling in Munn v. Illinois (1877),

led to passage of the first federal law regulating the railroad industry

Which statement describes the oil industry before John D. Rockefeller's rise to power?

Low entry costs allowed riotous competition

What was the main purpose of crude oil in the United States before the advent of the automobile?

Lubrication and lighting in the form of kerosene

The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the Civil Service Commission and

Made it impossible to remove people in civil service jobs for political reasons

Which of the following describes the Gilded Age?

An era marked by personal greed and a corrupt partnership between business and poltics

What was the outcome of the notion that black men were a threat to white women in the South in the late nineteenth century?

An increasing number of lynchings across the South

Where did the South's iron and steel industry develop?

Birmingham, Alabama

What did the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act have in common?

Both testified to the nation's growing willingness to use federal measures to intervene in big business on behalf of the public interest

What was an important consequence of the civil service reform of the 1880s?

Business became even more influential in politics than before

Prominent business leader of the late nineteenth century J. P. Morgan believed that

Consolidation and central control were preferable to competition

According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in

Economics and the shifting social structure of the South

How did Alexander Graham Bell's telephone revolutionize both communications and business in America?

He used a complicated organizational structure in his new company allowed both local and cross-country communication

How was it possible that Jay Gould was described as both the world's richest man and the most hated man in America when he died in 1892?

He was a symbol of all the most troubling aspects of big business in America

Which group enthusiastically supported the tariff in the nineteenth century?

Industrialists

Which of the following was true of Standard Oil in the 1890s?

It controlled more than 90 percent of the oil business

The tariff posed a threat to America's prosperity in the 1880s because

It created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services

How did the Republican party attempt to foster unity for the election of 1880?

It nominated a Stalwart, Chester A. Arthur, for vice president

What was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century?

It placed all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer

According to American businessmen who subscribed to the economic theory of laissez-faire, what was the role of the government in the economy?

It should not interfere in economic affairs except to protect private property

How effective was the Interstate Commerce Commission, the nation's first federal regulatory agency?

It was so weak in its early years that it served as little more than a historical precedent

What message did Andrew Carnegie promote in his gospel of wealth?

Millionaires should be trustees and agents for the poor

Which of the following factors boosted nineteenth-century railroad construction in America significantly?

Monetary aid and land grants from federal and state governments

Where had electricity been put to use in the United States by the late nineteenth century?

Mostly in urban areas

How did American women respond to the denial of their right to vote in the late nineteenth century?

They participated in the political process though the anti lynching, suffrage, and temperance movements

Why did John D. Rockefeller first organize Standard Oil as a trust?

To control the key elements of production and corner the marker for oil

Why did Rockefeller ultimately reorganize Standard Oil as a holding company in the late nineteenth century?

To legally combine competing companies under a central administration

Having stated that "the paramount issue this year is moral rather than political," supporters of Grover Cleveland in 1884 were chagrined to learn that Cleveland had

fathered a child out of wedlock

When advocates of bimetallism referred to the crime of '73, they were talking about

the decision by Congress in 1873 to stop buying and minting silver

President Grover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation's flagging gold reserves during the economic depression in the winter of 1894-95

through making a deal with a private group of bankers who would buy government bonds with gold