US History 10613 TEST #2

Spanish-American War

(1898) War fought between the us and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines; fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain; it lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the us annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, fired many of Roosevelt's men, ran for re-election but lost to Wilson; didn't care for being president (fattest resident); Republicans split when he was prez—he sided w/ conservatives

Election of 1908

1) Roosevelt supports Taft; stronger interstate commerce; stronger Sherman anti-trust act; improved highways; revised tariff conservation reforms 2) Bryan doesn't win (3rd attempt) called the GOP party of the privileged; federal income tax; lower tariff. 3) first time a union supports a candidate

Pendleton Civil Service Act

1. (1883) first federal regulatory commission; passed under Chester A Arthur; 2. Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based. 3. Law that created a civil service commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Populist Party

1. (People's Party) 1st party to develop platform; 1st plank—to help farmers/raise their standard of living; graduated income tax; wanted federal ownership of railroads, telegraph/phone; advocated unlimited supply of silver (flexible federal currency) 2. 2nd plank—Appealed to urban workers; believed in short work weeks; restrictions on immigration 3. 3rd plank—to make gov more responsive/friendly to the people. Advocated secret ballots, initiative & referendum, and popular election of senators

State level reform

1. 1st type: Voters get More Control Over Government— States adopted initiative and referendum; women's suffrage (right to vote) laws; laws requiring direct election of senators ; established direct primaries 2. 2nd type: use government as instrument of reform—workman's compensation laws; Factory safety legislation—minimum requirements; old age pension laws, child labor laws

The Grange (Granger Laws)

1. A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. 2. Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads

Mugwumps

1. Algonquian word for "big chiefs"—people were corrupt but wanted reform (hypocrite) 2. Republican political activists who supported democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with republican candidate, James Blaine.

Hawaii

1. An American owned land with sugar cane and pineapple plantations; sold sugar duty/tax free to the US and leased Pearl Harbor (naval base) to the US under President McKinley 2. America attained Hawaii by forcing the Hawaiian king to sign a constitution and reduced his power; the Queen Liliuokalani gave up her country because she didn't want to go to war with America.

William Jennings Bryan

1. Democrat; pro silver; Populist leader; cross of gold 2. Cross of Gold—famous speech that criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on a gold cross; pro silver

Grover Cleveland

1. Democrat; wins election of 1884; believe the president should stop bad things from happening; believed the powers of government in economic and social matters to be strictly limited. 2. Honorable personality; reformer; man of integrity; married in White House; Conservative/very unpopular; Alienated millions of Union veterans, put control on Union Bureau by putting on restrictions, vetoed several pension acts

Farmer's Movement

1. Farming went from subsistence to commercial; prosperity for farmers due to urban growth and railroad/transportation system. 2. Goals: to bring social functions to farmers; introduce newest technology advances; to improve political/economic power of farmers

Progressive Era

1. Important period because it was such a broad response of the American people to the problems created by post-Civil War industrialization, massive immigration, and urbanization 2. Reform movement during the early 1900s (15 - 20 years) and it ended at the end of WWI

Platform and Planks

1. Platform—a series of statements expressing the party's principles, beliefs, and positions on election issues 2. Plank—each individual part/section of a political party's platform

Dollar Diplomacy

1. President Taft—wanted the dollar to spread American diplomacy, i.e., American companies to set up businesses in South America; encouraged companies, gave them tax breaks and paid subsidies; if problems, business could apply economic pressure instead of Marines; thought it would make corporations big tax payers and benefit locals; 2. Great growth of companies + expansion in other countries (Tin & silver mines, banks, plantations); The US becomes more economically powerful

Difference between populism and progressivism

1. Progressivism a very broad movement appealing to the American people at large rather than special groups such as farmers 2. Progressivism never operated as a 3rd party as did populism - instead it worked within the major parties 3. Progressivism was urban, middle class, and nationwide while populism was rural, agrarian, and sectional

James A. Garfield

1. Republican; assassinated shortly (6 months) after inauguration; lived 2 months after being shot 2. Known for speaking skills, handsome, good @ everything; considered "Dark Horse"—wasn't known before election; didn't care for being president

Chester A. Arthur

1. Republican; took over after Garfield; Mugwumps unhappy with him and decide to vote democrat in 1884 2. Fired by Hayes b/c of corruption before Presidency; fought against corruption when he became president; supported "Civil Service reform"—passed Pendleton Act; wasn't renominated because he did a good job

Panic of 1893

1. Serious economic recession/depression; Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures; was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point; 2.Businesses failed, unemployment raised—Cleveland did nothing, thought problem was silver and gold

Gilded Age

1. Term coined by Mark Twain—gold & greed; era of serious social problems hidden by a thin layer of gold 2. the period following Civil War, running from late 1860s -1896 3. Huge shift back to conservative ideas; no parties/leaders; era was marked by weak presidents; neither party solved problems nor gained majority; Called "politics of dead party" 4. American's favored big business; didn't expect/want anything from federal government; gained power from new arrivals; poor immigrants

Tammany Hall

1. a political organization w/in the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption 2. Won solid control of almost all of the elected positions in a city government—"political machines." 3. They gave immigrants help of various kinds. In return, the immigrants felt grateful and voted for the organization's candidates 4. Tammany men watched immigrants so they voted for the Tammany candidates; voters bribed for their votes

Rutherford B. Hayes

1. president from 1877-1881; Republican; against Tilden (played role to crush Tweed Ring) 2. Civil War vet, honorable, interested in reform; "de facto president"; noted how bad Indians were treated; proposed programs for south; wasn't popular, but was fair; wanted a balance between Legislative/Executive Branch—ended Reconstruction; favored Gold standard

Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

1. the "Boss" of Tammany Hall and the Democratic political machine in NYC until sent to prison in the 1870s; a symbol of political corruption 2. From 1860-1872, he had a great talent for mixing politics with schemes to get rich through bribery and fraud 3. Arrested for his crimes in 1871. Convicted of stealing millions of dollars from the city through various schemes. He died in jail in 1878

William McKinley

1897-1901 Republican; last civil war veteran president; against free silver/pro-business; stood for expansion, high tariffs, and the gold standard; President during the Spanish-American war, Filipino Revolt, Hawaiian annexation, and was assassinated in 1901 by a radical political anarchist.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

1st independent regulatory system created by US government; controlled RR, pipelines, and truck companies; used against unions; passed Sherman Antitrust Act

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 uprising in China by the "righteous and harmonious" religious group aimed at ending foreign influence in the country; attempt to restore china's old ways; foreigners killed and forced into compounds

Emilio Aguinaldo

A Filipino who led both the Philippine revolt against Spain and the United States

Farmer's Alliance

A farmers' organization founded in late 1870s, powerful during 1800s-1890s; influential in South; worked for lower railroad freight (shipping & storing) rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy; forced people to deal with Co-ops (groups rather than individual)

Australian Ballot

A secret ballot printed by the state/government; had a uniform size/shape; was adopted by many states around 1890 to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.

Roosevelt Corollary

Added to Monroe Doctrine 1904; "gun boat diplomacy"; European nations will stay out of Caribbean even to collect debts; The US will fix and/or settle the debt - in effect, an American take-over; This made the US the international policeman of the Caribbean & collect money for European powers

Triple Entente

Allied Powers; alliance between France, Great Britain and Russia—later Italy—signed this agreement that meant that if one of these countries were to be attacked, the others would help defend them. Wanted to stop Germany's growing of power, prior to WWI.

USS Nashville

Brought American troops to stop Colombian troops from stopping revolution in panama; Ship sent to help the rebels; Panama declared independence & joined US, immediately negotiated a canal agreement

Triple Alliance

Central Powers; military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WWI

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia until he became chancellor of Germany; goal was took keep Germany unified/safe; mastermind behind Bismarckian system; did this by signing secret peace treaties with all the surrounding territories; worked for 20 years, until it the secret alliances led to war. Was responsible for the creation of the German empire.

John Fiske

Darwinist historian and expansionist who argued that, with the superiority if its democracy, the United States was destined to spread over "every land in the earth's surface."

Woodrow Wilson

Democrat; won election of 1912; believed in small government; smartest/best educated of all modern president; lots in common with Roosevelt—had morals/believed in right and wrong. known for WW1 leadership, created federal reserve, federal trade commission, Clayton antitrust act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly); adopted progressive ideals because of his failure in midterm election

Election of 1912

Election with the following parties: Progressive "Bull Moose" party—Roosevelt and "new nationalism" platform. Democrats—Wilson and the "new freedom" platform: limited federal government and opposition to monopoly powers. Socialist party—Eugene Debs. Republicans—Taft. WILSON WON.

Phillippe Bunau-Vasilla

French engineer and soldier; went to Panama in 1903 to set up government, went to New York to get men to help him; caused a revolt in Columbia; greatly influenced the US decision concerning the construction site for the famed panama canal

Imperialism

Gaining control of a country w/o having any intention of making it part of a nation; A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

General Valeriano Weyler

General sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt; referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics such as concentration camps and shooting civilians

Robert M. La Follette

Great progressive leader; Wisconsin governor whose agenda for state level reform was known as the "Wisconsin Plan"; He was the governor from 1900 until becoming a U. S. senator in 1906

Hay-Herran Treaty 1903

Had it been ratified by Colombia, it would have allowed the US a lease on a 6-mile wide strip across panama for $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000; So Panama revolted/declared independence and gave US control to build canal

Coxey's Army

Jacob S. Coxey wanted gov. to hire unemployed workers; so the unemployed workers marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief; their demands were ignored

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers/sway public opinion; ignited the Spanish-American War

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Kaiser of Germany at the time of the WWI reigning from 1888-1918; was 29 when he came into power—was mean; wanted Germany to be dominant power, expansionist; pushed for an aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. Actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe. He wanted to establish more autocratic government. he supported the growth of German military and the stockpiling of armaments

Filipino Revolt, 1899-1902

Lead by Emilio Aguinaldo; A Philippine revolution against the Spanish for independence; they also revolted against the US; McKinley wanted to keep them for military reasons and to Christianize them; thousands killed—horrific/guerrilla warfare

Ida Tarbell

Leading muckraker; gifted writer who used her talent to expose the alleged corruption and greed of big business; famous for exposing the corruption of the Standard Oil Company owned by John D. Rockefeller; her father was one of the competitors that Rockefeller drove out of business; She wrote History of Standard Oil in 1903 that was first published in serial form in McClure's

Teller Amendment

Legislation that declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged that the US would leave the island alone/not take any territory

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty (letting another European power have an influence on Cuba), if this happened US had the right to intervene; Cuba had to lease Guantanamo Bay for ($4000/month)

McCormick Reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots/less people; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest

New Nationalism

Name of Roosevelt programs/philosophy—favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs—favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions and the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington—favored women's suffrage and social welfare programs (including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance).

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer/historian whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote that the greatest civilizations were sea powers (military and commercial)

Dingley Tariff of 1897

Passed under McKinley by republicans; increased tariff rates to counteract the tariff that the democrats passed that lowered tariffs; highest tariff of last half of the 19th century

Insular Cases, 1900-1904

People sued to get the islands free; but the Supreme Courts couldn't do anything—gave congress the power; most colonies were given self-government control; Puerto Rico decided to stay under US control, but didn't want to be states—didn't pay taxes

Expansionism

Policy of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country

Bull Moose

Progressive republican political party created by Roosevelt; the party platform was tariff reduction, women's suffrage, 8 hour workday, end child labor, regulation of business, direct election of senators, and worker's compensation

Benjamin Harrison

Republican; won election of 1888 over Cleveland; had a very passive administration; passed unpopular McKinley tariff; poor leader, increased federal spending to a billion dollars

Election of 1900

Repubs nominated McKinley—platform advocated imperialism; Dems chose Jennings-Bryan—platform of free silver. Repubs said that free silver would end US prosperity. McKinley won election—overwhelming victory in the urban areas. (Roosevelt became pres. b/c McKinley killed)

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt; wrote letter to European powers and japan, asking to have open trading policy with china; that railroad tracks be open; that china collect their duties; also involved with Panama Canal

"Splendid Little War"

Term used by John Hay in a letter to Teddy Roosevelt; war was short and effective even though Americans also died (more of disease than in battle); greatly increased American territory at very little loss of life

National level reform

The two approaches of these presidents: Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom" were examples of this

Treaty of Paris 1898

Treaty ended Span-American War—US paid Spain $20 million; Cuba granted independence; Cuba agreed to US staying in Guantanamo Bay as naval station; US gained Guantanamo Bay, Philippines, and Puerto Rico

USS Maine

US battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by yellow journalism; the incident was a catalyst for the Spanish-American War

Panama Canal

US built the canal to have a quicker passage to the pacific from the Atlantic; cost $400,000,000 to build; Colombians wouldn't let the US build it, but with the assistance of US, a Panamanian revolution occurred; the new ruling people allowed the US to build the canal. Was difficult to build/innovational success

New Freedom

Wilson's policies—broke down monopolies to restore business competition; wanted small government; reduced tariffs; passed Federal Reserve act; created min. reserve requirements—sought to reign in federal authority; passed Clayton antitrust acts. Echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

Wisconsin Plan

Workman's compensation; Limited hours of work for women and children; Effective regulation of railroads, insurance companies, and banks; Civil service reform; Income & inheritance taxes; Passed direct primary laws - party candidates selected by all the voters; Initiative and referendum - by-passes the legislature; Recall of ineffective or corrupt elected officials; Direct election of senators - 17th Amendment

Upton Sinclair

Wrote The Jungle exposing the meat packing industry; President Roosevelt was alarmed; Resulted in the passage of federal legislation to regulate the meat industry - Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act; Sinclair was surprised at this result writing that he had intended to expose the inhuman conditions the workers labored in and wage exploitation

Muckrakers

Young, investigative journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform; saw themselves as crusaders in the war against all kinds of corruption

Commodore George Dewey

a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War; captured the Philippines and Guam

City level reform

break up political machines; reorganize city governments; wanted to use governments for reform (as a tool)—to curb corruption, lower tax, lessen influence of special interest groups • city commissioners—found after Galveston hurricane—elected 5 commissioners, each in charge of a part of government—Individually an administrator -spread all over the country—higher a city manager

Theodore Roosevelt (before presidency)

leader of rough riders, vice president (under McKinley) was never supposed to be president but McKinley assassinated; and very famous president

President Theodore Roosevelt

president from 1901-1909; big stick diplomacy (military force); Roosevelt corollary; bull moose party-new nationalism; fought trusts, aided progressive reforms, built panama canal; increased us influence overseas; Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "square deal," panama canal, great white fleet; loved being president

Joseph Pulitzer

publisher of "New York World"; used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers; very critical of the Spanish; published the first comic, the yellow kid.

William Randolph Hearst

publisher of New York Journal; introduced large headlines and sensational reporting called "yellow journalism"; his reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American war.

Open Door Policy w/ China

the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries; it worked but china had horrible working conditions; ended in 1941

Samoa

the small group of islands halfway between Asia & US, valued for its naval station Pago Pago; the US, Great Britain, and Germany all competed over control; Germany lost it during WWI; Now is divide into 2—independent and US controlled, but it governs itself

Texas Seed Bill, 1887

vetoed by President Cleveland because he believed in a limited government, an effort to appropriate funds to meet Texas drought victims' urgent need for seed grain

Election of 1896

• Election in which Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan; the free silver question played a big role • Significance: millions of $ spent on campaigns; 1st time candidate actively campaigned (Bryan); marked end of Populist Party; 1st time president was an urban/industrial supported

Initiative and Referendum

• Initiative—the citizens proposed laws by signing petitions. • Referendum—the citizens voting on laws passed down by their legislation.

Rough Riders

• Led/Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt; the first united states volunteer cavalry, a mixture of ivy league athletes/ cattlemen/Indians, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American war. • San Juan/Kettle Hill—the 2 battles in which the rough riders became famous; they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Progressive Era goals

• Revitalize democratic institutions by getting rid of bosses and machines and making public officials more responsive to voters • Create some public control of monopolies to protect the interests of the farmers, workingmen, and small businessmen, and consumers

William Seward

• Secretary of State under Lincoln; was responsible for purchasing Alaskan territory from Russia; he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price; saw it as a way to get into Asia called "Seward's folly"

Cuba

• This was acquired when Americans went to war with Spain because they wanted to protect their investments and they wanted independence; Guerilla warfare was use during war