U.S. History 2

The Washington Naval Conference

1921-1922, 2 goals. 1. Make sure War never happened again 2. Reduce Naval arms There were three different treaties that came out of this conference. 1. 4 Power Treaty, involves US, England, France, Japan, keeping the status quo of the pacific. These countries all had colonies in the pacific. Won't take anymore if you don't take anymore type of thing. This was a non-aggression treaty, treaty also stated if a 5th country attacked one of the 4, the 4 would TALK abut what they would do. Flaw #1, No hair enters defense from other countries. They could just talk and not do anything. #2, nothing is said about if a country in the 4, attack another member of the 4. Therefore, no talk is needed if per say Japan invades the Philippines. The there's the 9 Power Treaty, this surrounds China. China is still very week so countries in around the world but mainly in Europe have claimed and inhabited parts of China. This treaty says for those who are interested in parts of China, we shall not take anymore land. Flaw#1, No enforcement of this treaty. Flaw#2, Nothing is mentioned about countries leaving China. So they stay their and impede their trading. Then there is the most important treaty of them all, the 5 Power Treaty, deals with Naval arms reduction. They limit how big the ships can be, etc. countries involved are... US, GB, Japan, France, Italy They set a ratio that goes like... 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.75 : 1.75 The way we measure ships is buy tons. We set the maximum ship tons to be 35,000. This ratio however, defines tons ratio per country. For every 5 tons of a Naval ship the US has, GB can also have 5 tons. For every 5 tons of GB, Japan can only have 3. Then for France and Italy, for every 5, they can only have 1.75. They based this ratio with how many colonies each country had. Another restriction they put on were the guns on the ships. The barrel of the guns could not exceed 16 inches in diameter. Problem #1. This treaty only covered traditional ships. Not hybrids which Japan was very food at making, or aircraft carriers. Aircraft carriers were a new thing coming abroad. Aircraft warfare was fairly new too. The combination of the two was some luxury stuff. Japan was very interested in aircraft carriers so they were building 40, 45, 50 ton carriers and they could get away with it since they were not listed in the treaty. Japan begins building these carriers in 1929 and in he late 30s will willfully break the treaty naval vessel requirements.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928, the story about how the leader of France, Briand, wanted to get a war alliance with the US, but ended up creating a peace alliance with the entire world. Yeah... War sucks, at Oxford University in England, their debate class held a debate on would you defend your country. Hitler is rising in power rapidly and the fear of war tension is rising rapidly too. The students said no, nothing is worse than war. The French were paranoid, Germany had invaded them twice in the last lifetime, they fear they will invade Again. The leader of France, Aristide Briand, wanted to have an alliance to help them if Germany invaded them again. Briand has his sights set on the US. He sends a message to his friend, Frank Kellogg, the US Secretary of State, asking him about the alliance thing. US doesn't want that, in fact it's the last thing they wanted. So, Briand goes the extra step. In early 1928, Briand comes to the US. He tours the US making speeches to the public. He chose 1928 specifically because it was an election year. He tells the US citizens that world peace can only come if France and the US stick together. With the fear of war brewing, the fear of WW1 effects, they cheer for Briand wanting peace. Briand then said to send letters to your local candidates telling them to make a treaty with France! So they did, letters were piling up, Kellogg gripped his hair harder. By the summer, Briand is in Washington DC, he requests a meeting with Kellogg. He tells him, Frank, your people want a treaty, let's make this happen. Kellogg said he would get back to Briand, Kellogg met with his team and new he was backed into a corner. Then they came up with a brilliant plan. Kellogg preached peace, why limit peace to just the two of us, let's leave the treaty open to every country! So every country can agree to peace! Briand is like, "Sh**," there's nothing he can do either. So they make the Kellogg-Briand Pact, a treaty that basically says, we will not declare war on another country( forever peace). By 1934, almost all countries had signed this, including all offensive WWII countries. And, we don't have to make an alliance with France! The end...

US Neutrality Acts

1935,1936,1937. The Neutrality Act of 1935 was designed to keep us out of WW1! Wait... WW1? Yeah, the goal was to prevent the things that we screwed up on in our entry into WW1. We didn't want any more war so this was our response. This one says we will not sell any munitions to any belligerent country. Then, if any US citizen sales on a belligerent ship, and is sunk, you are putting your life into your own hands, the gov won't do a thing. 1936 neutrality act is a continuation of 1935, it says the US won't make any loans to belligerent countries. 1937 neutrality act says no goods will be sold to belligerent countries unless it's a cash and carry system. The US won't ship out anything to belligerent countries. If a country wants to bring their own ship to the US, pay with cash for the product, then that's totally fine.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII. MY notes, won the 1932 election. Before that he was the running mate for Vice President in 1920 but lost severely to Harding. He will serve as the New York governor from 1928-1932 appointed by Al Smith. During the beginning of the depression, he actually helped more than President Hoover. Congress saw this and in 1932, they want it to come to DC. It was no surprise the Republicans sent Hoover back for re-election. The question was for the demos. Al Smith stepped up first wanting to be repaid for the last time. Demos thought if they lost, it would be because we sent up a catholic. So, they ask Roosevelt to come down to DC. They vote him in to be their nominee. Al Smith feels betrayed after the person who he appointed now stands in his way of becoming president. When he is elected, Al Smith will become one of his biggest critics. Didn't matter. Growing up, Franklin was a mommas boy. He never got his first haircut until he was 5. He was a C student his whole life. But, wealthy families can get you anywhere so he goes to Harvard, and Harvard Law because while he was in college, cousin Teddy Roosevelt is elected president. He wants to follow in cousin Ted's footsteps. He went to a dinner party one day and met his eighth cousin Eleanor Roosevelt. They talk and eventually get married on St. Patrick's day in 1906 at the White House. Then the babies start popping out, 5 boys, 1 girl. He will be appointed secretary of the Navy as they go into WW1 just like Teddy. He will actually have an affair with the assistant lady(nanny). He says he will leave her be to Eleanor. He When they were living in NYC, there was a polio outbreak in 1921. Eleanor took the kids upstate Maine to save them. Frank would come up to visit on the weekends. Normally, polio effects young children. Frank somehow got polio, he was paralyzed from the waist down. He will continue to stay in politics, but he will try to hide his disability to the best of his ability. He will have a wheelchair that he will hide from the public. There is one picture of him in a wheelchair, that's it. If he was giving a speech, the curtains would close, when they opened he would be behind a podium standing up, nothing seemed wrong.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month. They also had to quit their jobs, when they come to claim their check, they have to show the receipts of all the 200 they spent that month. If it came out to 199, they couldn't get their check. The money would come from a national 2% sales tax on all purchases. But this is unconstitutional since it only benefits one group of people. What it did though was raise awareness to a problem. Labor groups will put pressure on gov to do more. Laborers favor the Democratic Party. The next group that wants to put pressure on gov is congress! Mainly because the senate and the house were basically democrat. In the house, there were 103 republicans out of 435 seats. In the senate, there were 69 demos, 27 republicans. Everything is a blowout. Congress will send a note to FDR telling him either lead us, or step aside, because they could do whatever they wanted.

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc. MY NOTES: 1893-1935, before the senate, long was the governor of Louisiana, he left the governor in 1930 and entered the senate in 1931. Big supporter of the 1st new deal. Overall, he wants to become president. But his fellow Democrat, Roosevelt, is already in office. If he had lived for the 36 election, he would have challenged Franklin's democratic nominee. In order to get his name out there, Long created the Share The Wealth program that he proposed would go into effect when he became president(1934). Take from the rich, give to the poor was his mindset. He proposed the income stealing up above, he also added that if you inherited say a billion dollar oil company, you get to keep you would get to keep 5 mil, the rest goes to gov. He also wanted a one time gift of $5,000 to home owners. He also wanted a basic annual income to all households. $2,000 would be sent by the US gov every year. Poverty line guaranteed income. He also wanted pensions for the elderly. He wanted to prevent working til death, open jobs for the young, give them enough money to survive. He wanted to use left over money to fund public works programs. Also free college education for worthy young men (white). He also wanted to keep women out of the workforce to have them stay home where they belong. He wanted a national minimum wage and work hour laws. He wanted 32-40 hours a week max. By mid 1935, he had about 7.5 million names to send newsletter to talking about his progress. In September of 1935, he returns the Louisiana to visit his old colleagues in Baton Rouge, he's walking down the marble steps when a man yells his name at the top, he turns around to have he man shoot him 10 times with a revolver. His bodyguards shot the man 27 times.

1936 election

Between FDR, and the governor of Kansas, Alfred Landon, FDR wins in a landslide. In fact, it's the largest landslide victory in any presidential election in US history. FDR won all but Vermont and Maine in the electoral vote. Literary Digest, a well respected magazine in the thirties decided to run a poll in the summer of 36. They CALL random people from different states in each region. They call 20,000 people for their poll. They find that Landon is going to win in a landslide, they publish their findings in October. At the same time, a man by the name of George Gallup, decide to run a poll of his own, he called a scientific polling. He killed at the data of the US, 51% male, 49% female, 70% white, 15% black, 3% Asian, etc. He looked for counties who matched this criteria. He randomly called, or went door to door for 100 people from each county. He ended up with a 2,000 person poll, he published it at the end of October, he found that FDR was going to win in a landslide. People laughed at him, saying looks the The well respected magazine's poll, you are no where close. FDR wins in a landslide, Literary Digest goes out of business after one year, Gallup is now respected.

Adolf Hitler growing up

Born on 4/20 1889 in a small town in Austria. He is in Austro Hungarian empire growing up. He had one sister, and a half sister with no brothers. When he was 14, his dad died so he became the man of the house. He was a mommas boy for sure. He got away with a lot too. School wise, he dropped out when he was 16. He doesn't even have a high school diploma! His dream was to o to the most prestigious art school in Vienna. They didn't have the money though. When he was 18, his mom died. This is when he took her remaining riches, sold the house, and went to Vienna. He took the first exam to get into the school and failed. Outraged, he tries again a few months later and fails again. This time, he gets some feedback. He didn't that's the passion of an artist, he had the skills but not the soul. Now even more outraged, he feels as if he is being overlooked for his skills. Now he is on the streets of Vienna trying to do odd jobs here and there. Whatever extra money he would get, he would go buy art supplies and sell his work on the streets. Whip this is going on, the midst of war between Austria and Serbia is abroad, there are many political street speakers. This is what inspires him the most. Hitler will be drafted by the Austrian army but he never shows up. Which is very illegal. Instead, Hitler is already very close to the border of Germany, he escapes to Germany and registers for the German army. If he was going to be in war, he was going to be in a powerful army. He will be in the army for 5 years, even past the end of WWI. Hitler loves the war. He loves the conditions of the trenches and everything. He volunteered to take the last job trenchers wanted. A relay boy. Messages needed to be spread down the trenches, of phones weren't working, mainly because that's what the enemy aimed for, someone had to deliver a message up and down the trench. This is what Hitler did the entire war. He was injured twice by gas attacks. On the second gas attack, he is recovering in the hospital when Germany surrenders. He is outraged, he believes Germany was winning the war with one valid reason. No foreign troops were in Germany, why did we surrender? Oh wait, we have a Democrat leader, this is what Hitler preached later on. Using the term Dotchtross (backstabbed) by the government. Wit the treaty of Versailles, Germany's army is only allowed to be 100,000 men. Hitler will be one of them. His main goal was to spy on other political groups. Fall 1919, he gets a new assignment of spying on a left wing political group called NSDAP. He goes to the first meeting pretending to be interested, he sees potential in this group. There were only 5-10 people at the meeting so he could tell the army there was no threat here, but he will actually quit the army and become the 7th member of the group. He will quickly take a leadership role, and starting preceding to gain followers and popularity. He will also begin to switch the group from left to right wing. He was somehow a charismatic leader, we don't know how. He preceded how the Jews would destroy Germany, preschool about the backstabbing government, he used the reasoning of no foreign soldiers were in Germany which is a valid point. In 1923, there will be a small economic crisis. Hitler sees an opportunity to overthrow the government. In November of 1923, him and his followers tried to overthrow the Bavarian Government in the southern part of Germany. But just like he still led upon this group, there were spies in his groups o they knew about the plan. The day they were about to do it, they started to emerge from the basement of their bar which is their meeting place, there were cops waiting for them. Hitler was one of the last to emerge, saw his followers getting arrested, hailed a taxi and went home. The following days, news reports of the plan comes out and the leader is still at large, one witness saw him running away. Hitler knee this wasn't good, so he turns himself in. He will be tried for treason which normally results in death, but Hitler starting preceding his ideas and the Judge agreed with his ideas so he only charged him to 5 years in prison. Hitler only spends 9 months in prison. While in prison, hitler's best friend goes up to the prison and asks to be put in prison too. He asks to be in the sell next to him, his friend had packed along many sheets of paper so he could start writing... Mein Kampf, literally the Bible of the nazis. It will be published in 1925, but it was so poorly written and long, that people missed that he explains what he is going to do with the Jews when he gets into power. Oops

Banks during the Great Depression

By March 4, 1933, 38 of the 48 states had closed all of their banks. On Sunday March 5, President Roosevelt closes all banks. In the next week, he will send educated economists out on a mission to evaluate all banks in America. They start with the ones they feel are the most likely to have a slight stock effect, primarily big city banks. Then on Sunday night on March 12, he goes on the radio at 8:00 pm. No TV yet, so lots of people listened to Radio at night. He comes on and starts what is know as, "fireside chats." He describes the room he's in sight he fire place and everything. Then he starts talking about the banks situation. He says that starting tomorrow morning, some banks may open, they will be safe to deposit or to claim all of your money. I promise you that whatever you do at the bank, it will be safe, guaranteed. Banks slowly get back in business. In three years, half of the banks in the US are reopened.

2nd New Deal (Second 100 Days)

Created in the spring of 1935, it was all demand side economics. The first new deal had something for everyone, the second has nothing for business, in fact, there will be things that hurt business, for the wealthy, this is all demand-side economics or trickle up economics. Th second new deal also didn't prioritize purchasing power. It was something helpful and still a mindset, but not the priority. The second new deal brings........ Works Progress Act (WPA), not to be confused with the PWA, the WPA is the direct opposite of PWA. Instead of large scale projects totaling $25,000 or more, this flu uses on smaller projects. Sidewalks, trails, the murals on the side of the post office. Designed to help unskilled labor. Also, there will be programs inside the WPA that help artists. Artists were not helped in the first new deal, what ever they made, no one had money to buy it. Mentioned murals, artists will be hired to paint those murals. Fox will give grants to artists, actors, directors, and more to get them going again. In 1935, there was a big boom in oral history, seeking out former slaves and getting their POV, WW1 survivors POV, and getting this all on film and eventually into novels. Of the rising groups, the most famous was the Mercury Theatre Company. Founded by Orson Wells, his group would perform Shakespeare plays for as little as a nickel to get people out of the house and doing something. Eventually, Wells was able to book a radio time from 8-10 pm Sundays, prime radio listening time. On Halloween night 1938, it's a rough time in the US. Fear of WW2 brewing, will the Germans invade us, much more tension too. Wells decides to perform War do the Worlds over the radio, but, in the form of a newscast. If someone were to miss the first minute, which most did, they would know that it was a play and not real life. So the story is told as if a Martian invasion is going on in small town, havoc breaks loose since the people who turned in late are thinking an alien invasion is going on. People call the cops, they are like what are you on? They go to the radio station to arrest Wells. But he goes to Hollywood to direct some of the most famous films in US history. Overall, about 20% of all Americans had some sort of connectional benefit to the WPA. The Social Security Act (SSA), finally getting pensions for the elderly. But not $200 like Townsend wanted, but $30, which is enough to feed you and pay electrical bill. The social security is actually funded by the younger generations. During the Baby boom, there were 8 people paying for one elderly person to withdraw their pension. By the 1960s, that number has dropped to 5 people paying to one person taking. Today it's under 4-1. Also, the life expectancy back then was 67, pensions opened at the age of 65, so they were also living one social security for just two years, today the life expectancy is 79 average. In the baby booming age, social security had risen to two trillion in savings. Gov decided to "borrow" the money for other purposes and we'll pay you back later. They still haven't, and it so predicted the social security system will go bankrupt in the next 20 years. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) ( Wagner Act), known as the single most important piece of labor legislation is US history. This enforced the labor union rules of the first new deal. Just what the labor unions asked for. In this, the National Labor Relations Board is formed. This board takes complaints from other unions or workers who say businesses are interfering with their rights. The term that is used for this is called Unfair Labor Practices. This is a list of things businesses can and cannot do. The board will take the testimony of the union or worker for what the business had done, the business would get a chance to explain why, if found guilty of interfering, they will be fined thousands and thousands of dollars. They will tell them to clean up there act because we will be watching you. This is huge because now gov has labor unions back. The Revenue Act of 1935 (RA), this is a tax bill on the wealthy, AKA, soak the rich taxes. Business kept on complaining of the first new deal so this is a slap in the face to them. Not only do they get nothing that helps them in the second new deal, FDR passes a law that hurts business and he wealthy. Up until this point, all programs and laws passed were designed to help someone, this is just a sucker punch. It raises income taxes on wealthy to the highest rate in US history to that point. Also raised business taxes, state taxes, the goal was to get money to fund the newly made programs. This will make Long happy. Rural Electrification Act (REA), just an add on the the TVA. Designed to expand electric tidy to rural areas across the country, not just along the Tennessee river. It was primarily the stinging of power lines, there were some dams built, but mostly power lines. By 1941 with REA, instead of 10% of homes in rural areas having power, now 40% of farms have power. By 1951, 90% of rural houses and farms have power. Think of all the jobs that were created through REA too. This helps Keynesian economists since we are putting money into the economy. National Banking Act of 1935 (NBA), designed to allow more governmental control over banks. Limiting how much money they can send out in loans, etc. this will also make Keynesian economists happy.

1st New Deal

FDR reformed the banking system and the stock market and made them safe. He created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) (NOT TODAYS NRA) to improve wages, working conditions and protect consumers. The codes were later struck down by the Supreme Court. He created a series of public works programs. Because of some programs such as the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) which built dams in rural areas along the Tennessee River, and her tributaries, the government was denounced as a public utility and regional planner. A conservative government shut down many ideas and it didn't help unemployment. The next deal passed the Social Security Act of 1935 which helped unemployment, families and old-age pensions. Later, FDR tried to cut funding and it led into disasters. MY NOTES: there were three basic characteristics of the first new deal. 1. All of the programs were designed to stimulate purchasing power 2. There was something for almost everyone, farmers, businesses, homeowners, working class, etc 3. There was a very strong influence of Teddy Roosevelt that is not in the second new deal. Some other things included are the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), gov has $500 million set side in funds, states could then ask for a portion of that money. It was a matching system. Say you wanted $100,000. Gov would ask what it's for, then they would give you $50,000 and say you need to provide the other $50,000 from state funds. Another is Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), the goal was to save homes from foreclosure, and keep families under roofs. In the 20s, lots of Americans bought homes since the war boys were returning and were rushing to buy homes and have kids. Lots of them didn't have an income, or very limited income so they could keep up with payments. Buy making payments easier, we can keep families in their homes, and keep the housing industry prices stable. The more houses for sale, the more the prices drop. The government will sell tons of treasury bonds. These bonds usually have a life span of 5-12 years, so you can't cash it in right away. You also don't pay for all of it. Say you want to get one for $50. You pay $37.50 right to the gov, with interest in the years following , it will be worth $50. US treasury bonds are at their smallest typically $1,000,000. They will be bought by banks, smaller govs, and corporations. This is where the gov gets their funds, through millions and millions, from treasury bonds. The gov now had this big pool of cash where they go into the mortgage business. They will buy homes from the bank so now instead of owning money to the bank, they now owe money to the government. This will also put more money in banks, so they can reopen. In order to get mortgage funding from the gov, you had to provide an answer of, how much do you owe in mortgage, how much do you owe in back taxes, and what kinds of repairs need to be done around the house, finally, what is the home income per month. I'd the total number of the first three things were under $15,000, you would qualify for refinancing. The gov will go to your bank and buy your mortgage. More money for them, more money for you, less payments for you, you get to stay under your roof. However, you will have to meet with a counselor once a year to tell them if any of you answers to any of the questions has changed. Out of either of the new deals, this is the most successful corporation. 20% of the homes in the US were refinanced through the HOLC. This will be shutdown in 1946, by that time, the gov actually made a prophet from this corporation. There is also the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), farmers have needed help since the twenties, the gov will actually start paying farmers not to grow things! They get this money from a 2% tax on all goods from food processors (Kellogg's, Oscar Meyer, etc.) there was too much food being produced so the prices were dropping. This doesn't help farmers who need to pay mortgage. These things fell under the act, Corn, Cotton, Dairy, Products, Pigs, and Wheat. The AAA doesn't get passed through congress until May 1933. Problem was, crops were already planted, babies already born, do we wait one more year? Nah, let's go kill baby cows and pigs, and plow under crops just because we can. This will look very bad, results won't start showing until 1 year after passing. However, in 1936, the AAA was ruled unconstitutional because you can't take money from one thing to benefit one particular group of people. There was also the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), this was mainly for businesses. It is a voluntary act, all businesses don't have to b apart of the NIRA OR NRA) There are two parts 1. National Recovery Administration (Part of the Act), (NRA), will put the act into effect. 2. The idea was all steel producers, all show makers, etc would meet together, representatives would meet and divvy up the market. You produce two percent of all shows in the US, you produce 5 percent of all shoes, they would see who would control what percent of the market. Those who were in the NIRA, would receive a certain sticker on their products from the US gov. The gov said publicly only buy products with that sticker on it. There was a big advantage in being in the NIRA. Then there's the Public Works Administration (PWA) the goal was to create jobs in private corporations. To provide jobs for skilled labor (steel, etc.) Gov had 3.3 billion in funds. If a corporation wanted to ask for some of the money, in order to get the money, a singular project had to cost $25,000 dollars, in 1933 money, that's buildings, bridges, dams, etc. neither of the new deals will end the Great Depression, WW2 will.

Yalta Conference

Feb 1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war. MY NOTES: Roosevelt is safely elected for his 4th term. However, his health is decaying rapidly. So quickly that he will die on the 12th of April. Roosevelt is still determined to go to Yalta and meet with Stalin. By this time however, Russia occupies all of Poland, they've influenced their Lublin gov into office, they also occupy many other parts of Eastern Europe, there isn't much either Roosevelt or Churchill could do. Here were three things again talked about. The first of which is Japan. Roosevelt is dying. He has large bags under his eyes, he has really high blood pressure, he is not doing well. Roosevelt has one big ask for Stalin. In February, there is no Atomic bomb. It's being created, but not in his back pocket. His one ask for Stalin is when Germany falls, that they will declare war on Japan. Stalin says 3 months to the day that Germany falls, I will declare war on Japan. At the time, this was a big victory. In July however, this isn't a good deal. The other topics were Germany and Poland again. By this time, the concentration camps had been found along with the mass graves. Everyone agrees to hold war crimes. What the three decided to do was to dicey up Germany into three pieces, a third to Russia, a third to US, a third to England. Churchill worries that the US won't stay in Germany for very wrong. So then it would be England VS Stalin. No bueno. Churchill asks well shouldn't France get a section? Roosevelt and Stalin laugh at Churchill. Why would France need it? They have nothing left to occupy. Stalin makes it clear that he is not giving up their 1/3. Not to mention that Russia's third has the capital, Berlin. Now Berlin is also split into three pieces. This will be important later. So the western two thirds split into three pieces so France can have a piece. But Russia keeps her one third. So it's a larger chunk. The other part of Germany's problem is reparations. How will she pay without doing what happened in WW1. Well what if she doesn't pay in cash, but in resources. Now the question is how much? Stalin has a number ready to go. 20 billion dollars worth, and we should get most of it. He was right to. Most of the fighting took place in Russia, Russia was devastated by WWII. Russia claims they lost 7 million troops and 7 million civilians. Historians say that it was more like 14 million civs. They should most definitely get most of it. Then there was the option of taking whatever you wanted from each sector. This is the answer. The western allies go in and see what the Germans need to live, and take the left overs. He right way to do it. Russia, will take everything. Not giving one F to East Germans. They will even take bathtubs from homes. Anything they can take ad load it on a flatbed train. Mainly because they needed it. The third topic was Poland. Same two issues with territory and government. There's nothing anyone can do now. Russia occupies all of Poland, and most of Eastern Europe. Stalin made it clear that he was keeping his 1/3 of Poland. Stalin had even changed the street signs in Poland. This is where people say Roosevelt sold out everything to Stalin. But in reality, there was nothing he could do. Some use the exude that he wasn't fully there due to his health.

Left-Wing Critics

Felt the 1st new deal was a good start, but not enough. This is the liberal wing. The most famous left winger was Huey Long 1893-1935.

Spanish Civil War

(1936-1939) Know as the "Dress Rehersal for WWII" this war was communists vs. non-communists resulting in a victory for the nationalists. MY NOTES: The Republicans are her Spanish government. The nationalists are the Spanish military. Weird right? The gov cut all funding to the military so that's how it all started. Some US go to help the gov but they have to go through Canada since the US was not getting involved in this. Hitler sees and opportunity to test some of his weaponry. He helps the military to test out some things for his military. Since it lasted 3 years, he could make adjustments to some things if hey didn't work the first time. The war would be won by the military and the general of the military will become the leader of Spain. He will lead until his death in 1975! During WW2, Franco will keep Spain neutral even though Hitler helped him and is asking for assistance. Then in 1944, he realizes that Hitler is going to lose and joins the allies.

Hitler Wave 2

Hitler after planning out his next set of attacks after the Sitzkrieg, in April 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands and Norway. The Netherlands suffer one dead before surrendering two days later. The leader of the Netherlands orders every citizen to wear the star however so the nazis won't know who is or isn't a Jew. He gets atta boy points for that. Now for Norway, prime target since it was the entry to the Baltic Sea, whoever controls it, controls what comes in and out. Germany will secure it, Hitler uses the excuse of the British were going to invade anyways. Why? Because they were. The British were planning an invasion that would have taken place ten days later. They had asked permission to mine the entrance so the Germans can't get submarines out and Norway said no, we are neutral. So they were going to invade them too. May 10, 1940 Germany enters Luxembourg and Belgium so they can cross into France. The French were ready for them at the Belgium border. They predicted it would be a schliefen plan all over again. There were some Germans coming they could see, nothing impressive but this was good, they would win! Welp, they didn't realize that the forest they thought no one could get through was being rummaged through by tanks. Someone in the army told his commanders that he could drive his tank through the Ardennes and no one would hear him. His commanders laughed at him. He told them to give him some money and some time and to come back later. They come back later and wonder where he is. The dude comes through the forest in his tank with ease and silence. He had made tank tunnels in the trees to get through without the trees crashing down. He commanders are still a little doubtful, he says to get hitler out here. They bring Hitler, he shows hitler, Hitler loves it, instantly brought up to a general. Most of the german troops came through the Ardennes, the Belgium troops were a diversion. The first day of fighting was all in Belgium. The second day, the Germans bust through the forest with no resistance at the other side. Instead of turning north to Paris, they keep going west to the coast. What they did was cut off all supplies that would come in form the south. This works very well, France falls in 6 weeks. Now there is Britain. Now just a coast away, Hitler doesn't want to invade Britain however. In Mein Kampf he says he wants Britain to join him and rule the world together. Winston Churchill is the new PM, he like Hitler believes in war. Hitler asks Churchill to join him, Churchill says no, we'll we will invade you then! Hitler wants to invade Britain but his advisors tell him he can't. He didn't put money into landing boats so he had to settle with bombing the crap out of southeastern England in the fall of 1940. London is included in this region. But, like all bombings, this doesn't work. After a little while, he says screw your guys and leaves Britain badly damaged, but still there. Hitler turns his back to England and focuses on Russia. May 1st is hitlers date of plan to invade Russia. This was going to be the biggest invasion in history, three different fronts, all with different goals. However, the invasion actually takes place in June. The invasion was delayed by 7 weeks. This will matter in a few seconds. It's December 7, the middle front is within 20 miles of Moscow, the other fronts are within their targets, but then the snow came on December 7. To most this wouldn't matter, but Hitler didn't provide his men with a winter uniform. He figured Russia would be captured by now. I mean they did steamroll over the Russians but the delay is what screwed them over. This was operation Barbarossa.

Hitler getting to power

Hitler gets out of prison in 1925 and starts to rebuild his group. He publishes Mein Kampf but initially it doesn't get too many purchases, and very few who buy it actually read the whole thing. Those who did would see what hitlers plan was when he got into power with the Jews, land taking and war. Oops. Germany is slowly recovering from WW1, they got a new gov, money starting to come back, things are starting to look up. Then he Great Depression hits. Germany reaches an unemployment rate of 40%. This is a perfect time for Hitler to get his groups name out there. Because, the citizens of Germany didn't want the gov anymore so they begin looking at the extremist groups. A communist group on the left wing, and a nationalist group(nazis) in the right wing. The nazis will receive the majority of the votes with 44% in the 1932 election. He is convinced by a group of politicians to become the chancellor of Germany in 1933. Now the other issue was Hitler couldn't quite do whatever he wanted. In the German legislature, hitlers people held 44% of the seats. Communists held 12.2%. If everyone in the legislature votes out the communists, then hitlers people would have a 1 vote majority. Thy did, now Hitler can do whatever he wanted. There were two people who had power limitations on him. There was an executive who will actually died of old age. Then there's the military. Hitler says he is going to rebuild he military and give them whatever they wanted so now the military is cool with him, Hitler has all the power now. The legislature will pass the Enabling Act in March 1933 which says the legislate will no longer meet in the next 4 years. Giving Hitler the representative authority to make all decisions. One of the first things Hitler does is remove Germany form the League of Nations. You may be wondering why the citizens supported Hitler, Hitler fixed the unemployment rate by rebuilding the army. He save Germany from the depression. By 1935, Hitler has increased the military from 100,000 to 1 million, direct violation of the treaty of Versailles. He also creates an Air Force, direct violation of the treaty of Versailles. Every step he takes breaks the treaty.

The Coming of WWII

If you asked the Asians when WWII started, They would say 1937. The US would say 1941. Europeans would say 1939. WWII actually started in 1931 and lasted until 1945. The war began in a place called Manchuria, China. In September of 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. They wanted to be seen as a world power by slowly taking land in Asia held by European countries. However, the invasion broke the 9 Power Treaty. The League of Nations (which the US was still not a part of), asked the US what we were going to do since we were the closest country amongst the 9 Power Treaty members to Japan. Hoover had depression stuff to focus on, Henry Stimson however, took it the next step. He said the US had no responsibility with Japan. League of Nations are confused asking aren't we in the 9 Power Treaty? Stimson says to ask another country, we have no control of Japan. In 1932, Stimson goes even further. Congress passes the Stimson Doctrine. It says, The US will not recognize as legal any land seizures that are made in violation of US Treaty rights. Basically, the US is turning a blind eye on Japan and China. Japan gets the message that they can do what they want. This is our first response to WWII. League of Nations then turns to Japan and just says shame on you. Japan will basically say screw you and will leave the League of Nations in 1933. Followed pretty quickly by Germany in the mid 1930s. The US focuses on Europe which it's a cultural thing since that's where most of us were from. While we were beginning the depression, we were dragging everybody with us. Germany had a worse depression than us. With their weak economic system, they also had a weak political system. There was an uncertainty in who was going to be in power. Germany's government was only a decade old, they got a new government when the king stepped down. With the economy crashing, the gov is too weak to keep the German people together. They will still hold elections, in 1930 and in 1932, we will see lots of extremist groups getting a lot of votes. On the left, a communist party, on a right, a nationalist party called the National Socialist German Workers Party. In German, it's the NSDAP. they were a nationalist group, not socialist, when Hitler took less of the group, he never changed the name although he changed the group from left wing to right wing. This is AKA the NAZI Party. Hitler's NAZI's run in the 1932 election and get the most votes (44%). A group of politicians will approach the nazis and they want to make Hitler the chancellor (Prime Minister) of Germany. He would be working with the other prime ministers and leaders across Europe. The politicians want to use Hitler'a power and popularity since he has had zero gov experience. Hitler agrees and is swarm into the chancellors role in 1933. Hitler did a lot of thing that he should have not been able to do let's just say that.

Japanese advancement passed Manchuria

In 1937, Japan had conquered Manchuria, and is now looking south. Japan is primarily in the Easter side of Europe so they will be advancing to the coastal cities and whatnot. During this time for China, they are having their own civil war! For the past 10 years China has been in civil war state. When the Japanese invaded, they are now fighting two wars at once. Fox is sending troops to fight Japan while trying to fend off the rebels from overthrowing them. President Roosevelt sees what Japan is doing, he makes speeches about them, but he knows no one will listen. He knows something should be done, but nothing is done.

Katyn Forest Massacre

In 1939, when Germany is invading eastern Poland, they round up anyone who might give them trouble, political leaders, social leaders, members of gov, and also all military personnel, and throw them all in the jails of Eastern Poland. This is what you do when you occupy a section of territory, put away who may be appealed to your acts and try to stop you. Some were sent to Russia, some were killed. Now in 1941, when the US joins the war, when the US and Britain become Russia's ally, we the London-Popes relay a message to Russia asking them to release the polish they arrested back in 1939, especially the military people, so they can join the western allies and help liberate Europe from the evil Nazis. The Russians release tens of thousands of people, roughly around 50,000. When heads start being counted, about 10-12,000 army officers were missing. We ask Russia where these people are. And they say oh we don't know, they aren't in any of our record so we never had them, sorry. Yeah right. Suspicion rises over Russia but there is no evidence to base any accusations off of. Now it's spring of 1943, Russia had just won a battle, now they are finally pushing the Germans back. There is a group of Germans on the retreat who decide to set up camp for the night. It's getting dark you know let's get some sleep. So they start setting up camp and of course they have to dig some poopety poop holes to put poop in. So they start digging until they start hitting something. Multiple things. They dig more and find a massive pile of bodies. Germans are wondering if they had done this and realize they had not. Their doctors say these bodies had been in the ground for at least a couple years. They looked on the map and knew they didn't do this. They are exciting after finding something like this that they didn't do. They alert the National Res across of their findings and ask them to do an investigation since they also found some Polish patches on some of the leftover material. They also see on all of the bodies a hole in the back of their skulls. A common execution style of the Russians. They tell them that they did not do this because there is what seems to be polish patches and request an investigation. When Stalin finds out about this he is furious. No we didn't do that, that was the nazis, they are lying to you, my team will do an investigation. The area was already back under Russian control since the Russians are still in the offensive and pushing the Germans back. Not surprising that Stalin's team found that the bodies were only in the ground for just a couple of months and the Germans did it. Figures. The Red Cross wanted to confirm their investigation and they snap back saying do you not trust us? We are your allies do you not trust your allies? The London poles still want Red Cross and this is how Russia withdrawals all interest either he London-Poles. In 1991, it was found that the Russians did kill the officers. The only place we had leverage over Stalin was at Teheran. Now, nothing can really stop him without war.

Two big things in 1938 in Europe

In March, "Anschluss," Hitler wanted some Germans to come home by taking the land of Austria and making it part of Germany. Austria used to be part of this big empire, but after WW1, they have shrunken down to this puny country. Austrians wanted to be part of something great, Germany was pretty great! Hitler starts sending messages to the leader of Austria to become part of Germany. The dude says no multiple times, Hitler invites him to southern Germany where they can talk. Hitler basically screams, scares the leader into having a heart attack, gets revived, the document is shoved into his barely alive eyes, the leader signs it at will before he dies 3 months later. So Austria "peacefully" becomes part of Germany. The other big thing was the Czech Sudetenland Crisis. The country of Czechoslovakia is he next target for Hitler to bring Germans home. The capital of Prague, is very vulnerable. On a plateau, entrees form all sides, no defense. There was this mountainous relation called the Sudetenland that is in a C shape form that wraps around Prague. It serves as some sort of protection. Well now Hitler wants this. Czech says absolutely no. They are pretty confident since hey have the 4th largest military in Europe, the most munitions factories in Europe, and they have a treaty of alliance with France and Russia, they are confident in their answer. Hitler gives them a deadline of October 1st, 1938 to ice up the Sudetenland or else war will break out. Well, no Russia really, so now France is pooping themselves cause they never thought they would have to help the Czechs. France turns to England for help. The PM of England, Neville Chamberlain, sees an opportunity to prevent a war. The only thing is, Chamberlain doesn't realize that Hitler is not an ordinary politician. Chamberlain starts reaching out to Hitler and wanting to talk things out. Hitler keeps on denying Chamberlain until September 29, 1938. Just 2 days before his set deadline. He tells Chamberlain to come to Germany. Chamberlain flies to Paris to pick up PM of France, then they fly to Munich where you get the Munich Conference. There were a couple problems with who was all invited to the conference. For one, Russia was not invited, the other ally. The most shockingly is that Czech wasn't there. The entire reason why the conference is happening is not there. So Hitler also brought Mussolini, the leader of Italy, what happens in the conference is even more shocking. The French and English give Hitler the Sudetenland! Without Czechs approval! Now Czechoslovakia has no choice but to say fine. Hey would be able to win against Germany in their own. Now Hitler has the Sudetenland, he says that is the last land he wants to get. He promises not to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia. The English and French call this appeasement. Give angry dictators what they want, and then hopefully the citizens will vote the dictator out. In March of 1939, Hitler invades the rest of Czechoslovakia. Chamberlain feels betrayed which that happens when it's someone like Hitler. The British and French feel like they should protect someone else so they make a treaty with Poland. The last country's in eastern Europe that Hitler has his eyes on. But when Hitler really starts showing interest, Poland is like bring it on, we got horses and alliances with France and England, come at us! France and England are like crap. Hitler gives Poland until September 1st to give up Poland. France and England come up with a good idea. Russia shares a border with Poland, they could easily get troops down very quickly, let's make a treaty with them. The treaty proposed is if Germany attacks Poland, we will all attack Germany. Stalin agrees, slightly wary of the situation. But he wants all the help he can get since his military is very weak. He replace the military who didn't support of him so tons of higher ranking military officers dead or gone. He wants a treaty. You would think they would send their top fearing policy leaders to go make a treaty. No, they send some very young politicians, and they send them in a boat, not a plane, a boat! The trip would take the politicians tow and a half weeks, Stalin leant believe either country is taking this treaty seriously. The young politicians arrive and stay to make a treaty. While they are negotiating, Stalin gets a message form his advisor saying that he has a call form Berlin coming in, from a man that goes by Hitler, you want me to patch him through? Stalin say to get his German translator, and patch him through. Hitler says he sees the treaty trying to be formed. Why not form a treaty with me? Stalin agrees and on August 23, 1929, the Nazi-Soviet Pact is announced to the public. Meanwhile, the English French and Russians are still negotiating, they are like what just happened? We should leave. While Germany is invading Poland, the boat carrying the politicians is passing on the north shore o Germany. They said screw them they aren't worth it. Stalin knee that making a treaty with Hitler is a bad idea since he is going to turn on him eventually. He just wanted to buy some time to train his military. Well he gets two more years of training. In a secret part of the treaty signed between Russia and Germany, it says when Germany conquers Poland, Russia will get the Easter 1/3 of Poland as a thank you. That's what happens. Poland is desperate when they aren't getting any help. Germany starts rolling in tanks at 3 am on September 1st. Poland is desperate in asking her allies for help. They ask to have them invade the western side of germ ay to turn their attention. They say no we can't do that. Poland then asks for them to bomb some munitions factories or something. They literally say no we can't do that, that's private property owned by private countries, we can't blow them up. The most the French and English did was drop leaflets saying your government has gone against the treaty, turn against your government! Real successful. Poland surrender son the 28th, they lasted longer than expected. While this is all going on, France and England don't declare war on Germany until September 3rd.

US before the nuke

In the spring of 1945, the US began planning an invasion of Japanese mainland. US casualties were expected to be from 250,000 to 1 million. And the war was expected to be 1-4 years long. On July 16th, Truman got a message saying the baby has been delivered. Meaning the atomic bomb had been successful in its testing. Now does Truman send young men in for an invasion, continue traditional bombing, or try to scare the japs with a test on a deserted island. On the sixth of August, the nuke is dropped on Hiroshima. 78,000 die, by the end of the year, half of the population is either dead or injured. 96% of all buildings are Floored. On the eighth of August, Russia declares war in Japan which was a previous agreement between Russia and the US that was really unnecessary. But, they invade Manchuria anyways. On the ninth of August we drop the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This was designed to scare the Russians of all things. So this was unnecessary. We told Japan that we would drop one bomb a week until they surrender. They surrender on the 15th, the deadline was the 16th. We didn't have another bomb. If they waited and saw that we didn't have another, would that make them fight harder? They do surrender though, but here's the funny thing. Nagasaki wasn't the primary target. It was cloudy when they passed over the first city, they passed Nagasaki and there was a break in the clouds, so they dropped it there. What the Japanese really wanted was to keep their empower on the throne. We say no so we keep the upper hand. But the emperor stays in power anyways.

Foreign Policy in the 1920's

Not much, mainly two things, the Washington Naval Conference (end of 1921 to the beginning of 1922), and Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928).

Sitzkrieg

October 1939-April 1940; Phony War. MY NOTES: where Hitler does nothing. Well, he doesn't invade anybody. Russia is busy during this time. They took over the Baltic Sea territories, they invaded Finland and almost lost because they complained the fins were cheating. The fins had white uniforms, painted their guns white to blend in with the snow.

Right-Wing Critics

Primarily pro-business, they felt the 1st new deal was too much.

Roosevelt Relations with Churchill

Right when Churchill became PM, he started making regular calls to Roosevelt. This relationship will be the backing behind the allies. Roosevelt wanted to help him badly but knew nothing would be passed. So he did some semi illegal stuff. Destroyers-Bases Deal, Roosevelt "surpluses" "old" battle ships to Britain. Roosevelt said publicly that these 50 ships are old, and need to be destroyed, instead of destroying them, he surpluses them to Britain. This is totally illegal btw. And he didn't single out the old ships either. He sent a few brand new top tier ships as well, this doesn't make the navy very happy. In return, the US receives 8 Naval bases in the Caribbean, so the US gets something out of it. The brits get to hang on for dear life, although this was very illegal, it helped each other pretty well. In November, Roosevelt becomes the first president to be elected to their third term. The fear of someone else continuing the relationship between Churchill is out of his worries. End of February, 1941, Churchill asks Roosevelt for some money since they cannot pay for the supplies they are getting from the US. In March, Roosevelt goes before congress since money was involved and proposed the Lend-Lease. He begins his speech with an ability of a house fire. Your neighbor's house is on fire, he comes over and asks to borrow your hose to put out the fire, you don't say only if you buy it from me, say $50, you would help your neighbor, our neighbor in Europe is in trouble. He then asks congress for 7 billion dollars. He says he will use the money to buy military supplies, tanks, destroyers, planes, ammo, and much more. With the supplies he gets, he will decide if he wants to sell it, lend it, rent it, or give it to another country. Congress will actually approve this bill. By the end of the war, we will have spent over $50 billion. We gave $31 billion in supplies to the British. The rest are split between China, and Russia after June of 1941. It was very rare for these two to go a day without some form of communication. But some bigger things were being planned. A secret meeting. Churchill could easily sneak away for a week or two without the public questioning. Roosevelt on the other hand, can't just leave. He makes a public announcement that he is going on vacation. He will go off the coast a ways and go fishing for a break from all the politics. Roosevelt actually goes to Newfoundland where his ship meets Churchill's. For three days they are anchored to each other and the two talk. Sometimes Churchill came over to Roosevelt, of ten times, Roosevelt wanted to be helped over to Churchill. On two wooden planks with ocean beneath them. Man that was dumb. But, the two old geezers were kids again for those three days. But they do talk about some serious things while at the secret meeting. It's all foreign and war related. They do create this thing called the Atlantic Charter, a mission statement of the western allies. Not quite the 14 points but just wait a sec. 1. No territory will be taken at the end of the war. 2. No territorial changes will be made without the permission of the people living in the negotiated land. 3. Everyone should be able to choose their own form of government. 4. We should work together economically to help the poorer countries. 5. Freedom of the Seas. 6. Freedom of Trade. 7. Arms reduction. The best one and last one, 8. We will be fighting this war for no more fear and want. After this war, you will no longer fear anything, or want anything. Ha... GAY. Spoiler alert, NONE OF THESE STATEMENTS ARE ACTUALLY FOLLOWED. However, everyone who fights on the allies will sign this mission statement. The big breaker of the statement was Russia. They feared Germany would invade again. They had invaded them twice in living memory now, Stalin wanted to make sure that Germany could never do this again. I mean, that aspect worked.

The US during the beginning of WW2

Roosevelt wanted to help desperately, he knew he couldn't get the house on his side. He wanted to take steps the rest of gov wasn't ready to take. He will lift some of the restrictions form the neutrality acts, he will allow cash and carry for weapons now. Allowing loans for a short amount of time (60-90 day loans). Hitler isn't doing anything to the public eye. He is however planning for the next phase of attacks. Building up things to prepare for the next step.

Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill

Stalin really wanted to meet Stalin face to face. He was jealous of Churchill who had met him before. So Roosevelt tries to get Stalin to sit down with him and talk. Stalin says um no, I'm fighting Germany while you aren't so I don't have time to chat. He was right. Roosevelt still keeps pushing for a meeting. Roosevelt thought he could influence Stalin and solve all world problems! Welp, oops. He didn't realize that Stalin just might be a dictator and not a normal politician he thought he was. Roosevelt never fully understood this. In January 1943, Russia wins a battle against Germany and starts pushing them back. Roosevelt still wanted a three way and Stalin still says he's busy. In the end of summer, 1943, Roosevelt finally says that he will go wherever Stalin wanted. Then Stalin sees that he can make time. The first big three was the Teheran (Iran) Conference. Roosevelt's goal was to just build a relationship with Stalin and get the ball rolling. Well there were som heavy politics that needed to be discussed. Some decisions could have been made where we could have stopped Stalin. But Roosevelt just wanted to be passive with these red flag demands from Stalin. This was the one chance we had the upper hand to stop Stalin. We blew it. There were three topics talked about at each conference. 1. Second front. Operation Overlord or D-Day. Roosevelt finally set a date for a France invasion to get some of the troops out of Germany. This was the big gift to Stalin. He set the date for May 4. Weather pushed the invasion back to June 6. The next two topics will appear at every conference. Beginning with Germany. What will Germany look like after the war? What kind of Reparations will she pay? They go around the table and ask what each person wanted to see Germany as. Churchill says he believes they should lose a little bit of territory, be stripped of all her remaining colonies, occupy Germany for a little while and then leave her as she was. Stalin is like you have got to be kidding me. Stalin wants Germany to be subdivided into 25 pieces, be stripped of all her military capabilities, and take away all of their industrial capabilities. Leave Germany to become this Farmersonly.com type of thing. Roosevelt and Churchill are like okay, okay, we all have our ideas. Roosevelt wants 5 pieces instead of 25, demilitarization is a good idea, but she should keep her industries. So you have three totally different views. Stalin thinks the US and Brits aren't taking this seriously, since he had been invaded twice in living memory. He get as if they wanted to keep Germany strong. Therefore, Roosevelt says we'll we haven't wind he war yet, let's decide this later. The third topic is Poland. Two big issues, 1. Territory and 2. Politics. Russia wants to keep her 1/3 of Poland they received, they won't give it up. Stalin made it clear that they won't give that up. In case Germany invaded again, no negotiations, we are keeping that land. Roosevelt has a dilemma. He is planning on running for a 4th term as president. There are about 6 million polish-American voters. If he just gives up Poland, he may lose all of their support. Roosevelt says let's wait to decide this. Now who will govern Poland? Stalin says that his Lublin Polish government will. Although they weren't the original rulers. The Lublin are Russian and communists. The London-Poles are the original government. They fled to London during war. There they remain. The Lublin gov moves into the third sector of Poland and starts settling in. The allies support the London-Poles, Russia supports the Lublin. How did this all happen?

The Japanese in 1941

The japs see that France is captured, and see her territories and see free game. They invade the French held colonies to secure them for Japan. There was diplomatic push back about this, taking advantage of a countries downside to benefits your own. The main one was the US. So the US decides to cut all oil sales to Japan. Japan relies on US oil. They have access to some but not enough. There is a lot of oil in Indonesia under German control. Japan feared the US Navy would prevent them from invading Indonesia. This was the goal of Pearl Harbor, to destroy, or badly wound the US Navy at her closest port to Japan. Pearl Harbor was almost more of a diversion to what they were doing in Indonesia. There were some US code breakers who were analyzing Japanese messaging. They kept on thinking they were seeing Pearl Harbor but weren't curtain. Before the first wave on December 7th, there were 4 survey boats that are sunk outside of Pearl Harbor and aren't thought of too much. Then someone alerts the highest member of one of the ships that they are marking many aircrafts heading their way. The highest dude said he was expecting a fleet from California, don't worry about them, oops. Japan chose a Sunday for the attack. When either people are sleeping in, or at church. Not ready at their battle stations. There were 12 destroyers in Pearl Harbor, the rumor that Japan was planning something caused the navy and air force to organize their destroyers and their planes side by side to keep and eye on them. So one of the Japanese savage US citizens don't sneak on board and plant any type of bomb. Everything was organized side by side so a chain reaction could occur. Oops. The radar man could have bought the Japanese about 15 minutes if the general or someone said to man their stations. Oops. 4 destroyers would be sunk, 4 would be badly damaged, and 300 planes will be destroyed. 2500 Americans die, we shoot down about 27 Japanese planes, and kill around 50. Although this seems weird, Japan wasn't very successful. Their goal was to basically destroy our Navy. They wanted retaliation to be about 4-6 years so they have to like to become a great superpower and not have to worry about a tiny US. But there were some things that Japan failed to do. 1. Kill the pilots. They destroyed the planes, but one plane will take a day to build, a pilot has to be trained over the years so they did not kill them. They didn't sink the aircraft carriers. Well, they weren't there. One week before, Roosevelt ordered them to take the carriers out and do some training. So they were out at sea right as the bombs dropped. They didn't destroy repair facilities. Theres this thing called a tank farm. On one of the islands, they store all of their fuel. Plane fuel and bunker fuel. These things caused the japs to only get 6 months until retaliation. On the 8th Roosevelt will go before congress and ask for a declaration of war. On the 10th, Hitler declares war on the US since Japan is their ally. The US declares war on Germany in the 11th. Now, the US is officially and fully in WWII. How'd those neutrality acts work for ya?

Right-wing critics

The most important was business. Business starts doing better, so now they start chipping at gov to cut spending, to get out of their way. Another is the US Supreme Court. Right wingers are primarily conservative. On the Supreme Court, there are 7 conservatives out of 9. They are most definitely not pro business. Businesses will come to them, suing the gov for something, and they only overturned the ruling on two cases. One in May of 1935, when the NIRA was ruled unconstitutional, then in January of 1936, when the AAA was ruled unconstitutional.

Labor Unions

They like the first new deal, especially with the fact that they now get to gather as a labor union, and bargain collectively. Problem was, gov was not enforcing this, so business was still limiting labor unions. Labor unions wanted gov to enforce their rights.

Bombings of Japan

Traditional bombing the crap out of Japan. Including the napalm bombing in Tokyo. 83,000 killed, 41,000 injured. Traditional bombings continue while the US is getting closer and closer to Japanese mainland. Victory with the battle of midway, victory in Iwo Jima, Okinawa, all put us within bombing range of Japanese mainland.

supply-side economics

Trickle down, AKA Reaganomics. The idea is, if the government gives money or reduces taxes of the businesses, and the wealthy. The money will trickle down to the poorer classes. This effect only happens when the economy is down. When the economy starts picking back up, the gov starts easing back the reduction of taxes and money giving. This is what the US economic system was until 1933.

demand-side economics

Trickle up, AKA Keynesian. This idea is, give money directly to the poor. Businesses aren't guaranteeing they will spend the extra money in their business. They may take that vacation, or spend it on family, not to explains or hire workers. By giving money to the poor, they will give it right back to the economy since they will buy food, clothes, gas, and more to help stimulate the economy. You will see welfare programs, public works programs, (CCC). Another thing about supply side is it takes time for businesses to expand. To buy the land, meet with architects and all that. Then there's the hiring of more questioned workers. The first new deal will bring a little bit of both supply and demand side economics. The second new deal is strictly demand side.

The first US steps in WWII

We needed to make an alliance with Russia. Oh no not the commies, but it was necessary. What Stalin really wanted was a second front in Germany to reroute some of the German troops in Russia. Problem was, Roosevelt promised troops on the ground in Germany by the end of 1942. Problem is, this wasn't possible. There weren't enough landing boats for an invasion. To build those will take time. Instead, there was a large supply of oil in North Africa under German control. So we go invade North Africa instead and claim hey we are fighting Germans. Stalin is mad about this and who wouldn't? Then Roosevelt says by the end of 1933, but his advisors say they still can't do that. So the US invaded Italy instead. The goal was to sweep through Italy but they were still fighting when Germany surrendered. Stalin is now furious that a second front is taking so long. So finally on the 6 of June, 1944, the US, and other countries all fight in DH beaches of Normandy. D-Day. 6/6/44. Before this, there was a senator who was preaching to let the complies and nazis keep killing each other so they can both die out. Yep, that was Harry S Truman, the next President. Oops. When he gets to visit Stalin after the war. Oops. The war will end on the 8 of may, 1945. Hitler kills himself in the end of April. Aka known as V-E Day.

US after WW1

We wanted nothing to do with foreign policy, we focused on domestic which was a big mistake. Coming out of the war, the US was the most powerful country on Earth. Not military wise, but economically wise. If we had stayed in foreign policy, we could have become the leader of the world, but we chickened our and disappeared to our own country. We will refer to this time period as Isolationism. We are done with foreign policy, we are isolating ourselves to just ourselves. Here was another thing about foreign policy recovery role for us. This was our generation's first true war. Very few war survivors of the civil war are still alive. There's quite a few form the Spanish American war, but only 380 died from that war. WW1 brought home the memories of having the man right next you get blown away and your left wondering why was that not me? Not PTSD, but she'll shock, war fatigue, etc. Not to mention the new weaponry and ways of warfare that will change war forever. 1. Submarine. The Germans had a real advantage with their submarines. We have seen submarines before in war, but never had they had a specific goal and to have so much success. 2. Airplane. Never before had we been able to fly over enemies and drop things on them. 3. Gas. Mustard gas, chlorine gas, introduced by Germany in the spring of 1915. Other countries quickly followed in their footsteps. Chucking gas bombs into trenches in hopes to suffocate your enemy. All of these things happened within 6 weeks, all of this new weaponry and war tactics. With the desire for isolationism, there is also the desire for peace. We had 2 goals of foreign policy. 1. Limiting obligations which we were very successful in 2. Promote peace which were kinda successful.